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124 results for “shrubland”
Automated total and heterotrophic soil respiration in semi-arid shrubland and annual invasive patches
<p>Soil respiration (Rs) is the largest terrestrial source of carbon (C) flux to the atmosphere but our understanding of Rs controls with shifts in plant-community composition remains limited. We used high frequency soil respiration measurements and root exclusion to evaluate how Rs component fluxes, autotrophic respiration (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh), vary between a perennial semi-arid shrub community and annual invasive community. </p>
Evidence for a fungal loop in shrublands
<p>1. Dryland communities may mitigate the loss of limited resources by exchanging nutrients through subterranean fungal connections, termed fungal loops. In arid grasslands, fungal loops can influence community composition and primary productivity, yet their ecological significance across dryland systems remains unexplored. We investigated the functional role of fungal loops in nutrient translocation in a North American shrubland ecosystem.</p> <p>2. We traced the movement of 15N from moss-dominated biocrusts to the dominant xeric shrub Larrea tridentata, and the movement of 13C from L. tridentata to biocrusts in plots established in situ in the Sonoran Desert. Measurements occurred at three time points spanning one week following a simulated 2.5 mm rainfall event, and at distances up to 1 m from tracer application. We also used ITS sequencing to investigate changes in fungal community composition in soils over the one-week period.</p> <p>3. We discovered movement of 15N from biocrusts into L. tridentata foliage as well as 15N movement to other spatially isolated moss-dominated biocrust patches, yet this movement did not occur until 4-6 days post-rainfall, when significantly higher δ15N was observed in L. tridentata and biocrusts compared to previous days. We did not observe consistent patterns of 13C movement from L. tridentata into neighboring shrubs or biocrusts, suggesting differential environmental drivers for carbon movement in this system. Fungal communities exhibited a decrease in alpha diversity on the last day of the study, indicative of a delayed community response to rainfall concomitant with nutrient translocation. Fungal endophyte orders Pleosporales and Pezizales dominated all plot soils, and order Pleosporales was significantly more abundant in 15N enriched plots, suggesting that dark-septate endophytic fungi were involved in nitrogen translocation. The delay in nutrient translocation may reflect a rainfall-triggered rebuilding of mycelial networks between community members following drought.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: Our results point to fungal-mediated nutrient exchange pathways in a previously uninvestigated vegetation type, shrublands, where nutrients are translocated between moss-dominated biocrusts and nearby shrubs. We provide the first evidence that nutrient transfer may be delayed up to six days following rainfall, consistent with pulse-dynamic responses in drylands, and that moss-dominated biocrusts play a role in fungal loops.</p>
Data from: Are forest‐shrubland mosaics of the Cape Floristic Region an example of alternate stable states?
The idea of alternate stable states (ASS) has been used to explain the juxtaposition of distinct vegetation types within the same climate regime. ASS may explain the co‐existence of relatively inflammable closed‐canopy Afrotemperate Forest patches ("Forest") within fire‐prone open‐canopy Fynbos in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) on sandstone‐derived soils. We evaluated the hypothesis that although fire and local topography and hydrology likely determined the paleogeographic boundaries of Forest, present‐day boundaries are additionally imposed by emergent edaphic properties and disturbance histories. We studied vegetation and edaphic properties of Forest‐Transition‐Fynbos vegetation at two sites within the CFR on sandstone‐derived soils and tracked historical change using aerial photography. Whereas Forest and Fynbos have changed little in extent or density since 1945, Transition vegetation increased into areas formerly occupied by Fynbos. Forest soils were ubiquitously more nutrient‐rich than Fynbos soils, with Transition soils being intermediate. These edaphic differences are not due to geological differences, but instead appear to have emerged as a consequence of different nutrient cycling within the different ecosystems. Soil nutrients are now so different that a switch from Fynbos to Forest is unlikely, in the short term (i.e. decades). Floristically and nutritionally, Transitional vegetation is more similar to Fynbos than Forest and may be less resilient to changes in exogenous drivers (e.g., fire). Our findings are consistent with the idea that geologically Forest and Fynbos are largely fire‐derived long‐term ASS, with the stability of each state reinforced by marked soil nutrient differences. In contrast, the intermediate Transitional vegetation that might switch states is unlikely to be stable.
FIGURE. Landscape in the Bermejense biogeographical sector. Shrublands dominated by Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus and serpentine endemic scrublands in the Cerro Corona (1,299 m). (Photo authors). in Vascular flora of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park and its surroundings (Andalusia, Spain)
FIGURE. Landscape in the Bermejense biogeographical sector. Shrublands dominated by Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus and serpentine endemic scrublands in the Cerro Corona (1,299 m). (Photo authors).
Data from: Classification and mapping of low-statured 'shrubland' cover types in post-agricultural landscapes of the US Northeast
<p>Novel plant communities reshape landscapes and pose challenges for land cover classification and mapping that can constrain research and stewardship efforts. In the US Northeast, emergence of low-statured woody vegetation, or 'shrublands', instead of secondary forests in post-agricultural landscapes is well-documented by field studies, but poorly understood from a landscape perspective, which limits the ability to systematically study and manage these lands. To address gaps in classification/mapping of low-statured cover types where they have been historically rare, we developed models to predict 'shrubland' distributions at 30m resolution across New York State (NYS), using machine learning and model ensembling techniques to integrate remote sensing of structural (airborne LIDAR) and optical (satellite imagery) properties of vegetation cover. We first classified a 1m canopy height model (CHM), derived from a "patchwork" of available LIDAR coverages, to define shrubland presence/absence. Next, these non-contiguous maps were used to train a model ensemble based on temporally-segmented imagery to predict 'shrubland' probability for the entire study landscape (NYS). Approximately 2.5% of the CHM coverage area was classified as shrubland. Models using Landsat predictors trained on the classified CHM were effective at identifying shrubland (test set AUC=0.893, real-world AUC=0.904), in discriminating between shrub/young forest and other cover classes, and produced qualitatively sensible maps, even when extending beyond the original training data. After ground-truthing, we expect these shrubland maps and models will have many research and stewardship applications including wildlife conservation, invasive species mitigation and natural climate solutions. Overall our results compared favorably in terms of accuracy with existing LULC products, suggesting that incorporation of airborne LiDAR, even from a discontinuous patchwork of coverages, can improve LULC classification of historically rare but increasingly prevalent 'shrubland' habitats across broader areas.</p>
Effects of spatial distance and woody plant cover on beta diversity point to dispersal limitation as a driver of community assembly during post-fire succession in a Mediterranean shrubland
<p><span>Beta diversity, and its components of turnover and nestedness, reflect the processes governing community assembly, such as dispersal limitation or biotic interactions, but it is unclear how they operate at the local scale and how their role changes along post-fire succession. Here, we analyzed the patterns of beta diversity and its components in a herbaceous plant community after fire, and in relation to dispersal ability, in Central Spain. We calculated multiple site beta diversity (β<sub>SOR</sub>) and its components of turnover (βSIM) and nestedness (β<sub>SNE</sub>) of all herbaceous plants, or grouped by dispersal syndrome (autochory, anemochory, zoochory), during the first three years after wildfire. We evaluated the relationship between pairwise beta diversity (β<sub>sor</sub>), and its components (β<sub>sim</sub>, β<sub>sne</sub>), and spatial distance or differences in woody plant cover, a proxy of biotic interactions. We found high multiple-site beta diversity dominated by the turnover component. Community dissimilarity increased with spatial distance, driven mostly by the turnover component. Species with less dispersal ability (i. e. autochory) showed a stronger spatial pattern of dissimilarity. Biotic interactions with woody plants contributed less to community dissimilarity, which tended to occur through the nestedness component. These results suggest that dispersal limitation prevails over biotic interactions with woody plants as a driver of local community assembly, even for species with high dispersal ability. These results contribute to our understanding of post-fire community assembly and vegetation dynamics.</span></p>
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).
FIGURE 1 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 1. Sampling localities of populations included for morphological (a) and DNA (b) collections within the hydrological Great Basin and surrounding states. a) Colors indicate species-specific populations measured for morphological analysis. b) Colors correspond with localized species and B. boreas colors correspond with major mtDNA haplotype clades (ONV- Oregon- NW Nevada (yellow), HL-Humboldt-Lahontan (blue), M-Mojave (aqua)) identified in Tracy et al. (in progress) molecular study of B. boreas diversity. Maps created using ArcGIS software by ESRI (2011: Release 10).
FIGURE 5 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size corrected morphological characters measured from 380 live adult toads (Fig. 1a) examined within the hydrological Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red circle), B. nelsoni (blue diamond), B. exsul (green circle), and B. williamsi (yellow square).
FIGURE 4 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male toad presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view. Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon.
FIGURE 3 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 3. Molecular examination of Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex.The TCS haplotype network was constructed using 246 sequences (1622 aligned sites) obtained from toad sampling (Fig.1b) resulting in 72 unique haplotypes, with circle sizes corresponding with the number of individuals of a particular haplotype. Haplotype colors correspond geographically (Fig. 1b) and to localized species (B. canorus (purple), B. exsul (green) and B. nelsoni (orange)) and highlight the genetic divergence of B. williamsi (red). The condensed phylogeny identifying Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex major haplotype clades: maximum likelihood of 10 samples (1436 aligned sites) using GTR +G+I evolutionary model. The terminals are identified by taxon name and followed by locality of collection for B. boreas. Bufo williamsi, noted with a red circle, is sister to boreas of the HL clade. Heavy bars correspond with major haplotype clades.
FIGURE 2 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.
FIGURE 6 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 6. Major and minor groups identified: Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree constructed from analyses from unique haplotype sequences of 1622bp fragment of the control region of the mitochondrial genome (Fig. 1b; n = 308). Posterior probabilities are shown. Haplotype number (n = 72) and sampling locality comprise terminal ends of tree and two haplotypes of the root are shown. Minor groups include localized species: Bufo (Anaxyrus) nelsoni (green), B. exsul (orange), B. canorus (purple), B. williamsi (red) and undescribed divergent species (black). Large bars identify major groups, which include populations of B. boreas, sampled within the hydrological Great Basin (Fig. 1b).
FIGURES 1–5 in A new Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from Brazil: the peculiar colour of Petrolina bifasciata gen. nov., sp. nov., from the Caatinga xeric shrubland of northeastern Brazil
FIGURES 1–5. Petrolina bifasciata gen. nov., sp. nov., male and female terminalia paratypes (MNRJ [lost]). 1. Male cerci, dorsal view. 2. Syntergosternite 7+8, epandrium, cercus and surstylus, lateral view. 3. Male sternite 5. 4. Female terminalia, ventral view. 5. Spermatheca. Abbreviations: ar, arm; bs, base; ce, cercus; ep, epandrium; hp, hypoproct; sur, surstylus; st5, sternite 5; st 6, 7 and 8, sternites 6, 7 and 8; stg 7+8, syntergosternite 7+8; tg 6+7, tergite 6+7; tg 8, tergite 8.
FIGURES 6–9 in A new Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from Brazil: the peculiar colour of Petrolina bifasciata gen. nov., sp. nov., from the Caatinga xeric shrubland of northeastern Brazil
FIGURES 6–9. Petrolina bifasciata gen. nov., sp. nov., male terminalia, paratype. 6. Phallus and associated structures, lateral view. 7. Distiphallus, dorsal view. 8. Distiphallus, lateral view. 9. Distiphallus, ventral view. Abbreviations: bp, basiphallus; ea, ejaculatory apodeme; hp, hypandrium; ga, postgonal apodeme; j, juxta; ls, lateral stylus; ms, median stylus; ph, phallapodeme; po, postgonite; pr, pregonite; pp, paraphallus; v, vesica.
FIGURES 10–16 in A new Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from Brazil: the peculiar colour of Petrolina bifasciata gen. nov., sp. nov., from the Caatinga xeric shrubland of northeastern Brazil
FIGURES 10–16. Petrolina bifasciata gen. nov., sp. nov. 10–12 and 16. Holotype. 13–15. Female paratype (UFPE) and male paratype (MNRJ [lost]). 10. Male habitus, lateral view. 11. Male habitus, dorsal view. 12. Male terminalia, lateral view. 13. Female terminalia, ventral view. 14 Distiphallus, ventral view (SEM). 15. Distiphallus, lateral view (SEM). 16. Cerci, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ce, cercus; ep, epandrium; j, juxta; ls, lateral stylus; ms, median stylus; po, postgonite; pr, pregonite; phl, phallus; sur, surstylus; pp, paraphallus; st 6, 7 and 8, sternites 6, 7 and 8; tg 5, tergite 5; tg 6+7, tergite 6+7; tg 8, tergite 8; v, vesica.
Data from: Mechanisms of severe dieback and mortality in a classically drought-tolerant shrubland species (Arctostaphylos glauca)
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Evidence for a fungal loop in shrublands
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Interactive effects of shading and disturbance on plant invasion in an arid shrubland: assembly processes and CSR-strategies
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Data from: Differential impacts of nitrogen addition on rhizosphere and bulk-soil carbon sequestration in an alpine shrubland
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Allen Brain Atlas
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