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Fig. 9 in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 9. Terenochiton nomurai, holotype (NSMT-Mo79027), Japan, Okinawa, Iriomote Id. BL 6.0 mm. A – valve I, ventral view; B – close up of square portion in A, showing rudiment of insertion plate; C – valve II, ventral view; D – close up of square portion in C, showing rudiment of insertion plate; E – same rudiment in D, slightly anterior view; F, G – valve VIII, rudiment of insertion plate, ventral and ventro-lateral views. r – rudiment of insertion plate.

Fig. 7. Terenochiton nomurai, A in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 7. Terenochiton nomurai, A – holotype (NSMT-Mo79027), Japan, Okinawa, Iriomote Island. BL 6.0 mm; B – paratype (NSMT-Mo 79028), Japan, Okinawa, Kuroshima Island. BL 3.4 mm. A, B – whole animals, arrow head indicating intersegmental needle.

Fig. 10. Terenochiton nomurai, A, B, D, E in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 10. Terenochiton nomurai, A, B, D, E – holotype (NSMT-Mo79027), Japan, Okinawa, Iriomote Island. BL 6.0 mm; C, F – paratype (NSMT-Mo 79028), Japan, Okinawa, Kuroshima Id. BL 3.4 mm. A – dorsal girdle scales; B, E – head of major lateral teeth; C – radula, dorsal view; D – central part of radula; F – marginal part of radula.

Fig. 5 in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 5. Leptochiton pumilus, paratype (MNHM-IM-2013-850), Papua New Guinea, Madang, east of the airport, Expédition PAPUA NIUGINI, stn PD4, BL 2.0 mm. A – scales around girdle margin; B – dorsal scales and intersegmental needle.

Fig. 3 in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 3. Leptochiton pumilus, holotype (MNHM IM-2013-2051), Papua New Guinea, Kranket Island, Expédition PAPUA NIUGINI, stn PB12. BL 2.5 mm. A – dorsal girdle scales; B – central portion of radula, dorsal view; C – ditto, posterior view; D – central portion of radula, close up.

Fig. 4 in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 4. Leptochiton pumilus, paratype (MNHM-IM-2013-850), Papua New Guinea, Madang, east of the airport, Expédition PAPUA NIUGINI, stn PD4, BL 2.0 mm (A–D); paratype (MNHM-IM-2013- 49553), the Philippines, Bohol Island, Maribohoc Bay, PANGLAO 2004, stn P1, BL 2.0 mm (E). A – valve III, dorsal view; B – valve III, rostral view; C – portion of radula, dorsal view; D – valve III, detail of tegmentum surface of central area; E – central portion of radula, dorsal view.

Fig. 8 in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 8. Terenochiton nomurai, holotype (NSMT-Mo79027), Japan, Okinawa, Iriomote Island. BL 6.0 mm. A – valve I, dorsal vies; B – valve IV, dorsal view; C – valve IV, rostral view; D – valve VIII, dorsal view; E – valve VIII, lateral view; F – valve I, detail of tegmentum surface; G – valve IV, detail of tegmentum surface of central area, arrow head showing tubular extension for aesthete pore.

Fig. 2 in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 2. Leptochiton pumilus, paratype (MNHM IM-2013-49553), the Philippines, Bohol Island, Maribohoc Bay, PANGLAO 2004, stn P1, BL 2.5 mm (B, D); holotype (MNHM IM-2013-2051). Papua New Guinea, Kranket Island, Expédition PAPUA NIUGINI, stn PB12, BL 2.5 mm (A, C). A – whole animal, lateral view; B – dorsal girdle scales; C – dorsal scales and intersegmental spicule; D – scales around girdle margin.

Fig. 6 in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 6. Leptochiton pumilus, holotype (MNHM-IM-2013-2051), Papua New Guinea, Kranket Island, Expédition PAPUA NIUGINI, stn PB12. BL 2.5 mm (A–H, J, L); paratype (MNHM-IM-2013-49553), the Philippines, Bohol Island, Maribohoc Bay, PANGLAO 2004, stn P1, BL 2.0 mm (I); paratype (MNHM IM-2013-850), Papua New Guinea, Madang, east of the airport, Expédition PAPUA NIUGINI, stn PD4, BL 2.0 mm (K). A – intersegmental needle; B – dorsal girdle scale of intersegmental area; C – ribbed dorsal needles; D – dorsal girdle scale; E – marginal needle; F – ventral scale near girdle margin; G – ventral scale; H – central and first lateral teeth; I–K – heads of major lateral teeth; L – arrangements of granules and aesthete pores (schematic drawing). Scale bar 100 µm.

Fig. 1 in Two new species of the family Leptochitonidae (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the tropical and subtropical shallow waters of the West Pacific

Fig. 1. Leptochiton pumilus, holotype (MNHM IM-2013-2051), Papua New Guinea, Kranket Island, Expédition PAPUA NIUGINI, stn PB12. BL 2.5 mm. A – valve I, dorsal view; B – valve II, dorsal view; C – valve VIII, dorsal view; D – valve IV, ventral view; E – valve II, detail of tegmentum surface of central area; F – valve II, rostral view; G – valve VIII, lateral view.

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Physical seed damage, not rodent's saliva, accelerates seed germination of trees in a subtropical forest

Many tree species adopt fast seed germination to escape the predation risk by rodents. Physical seed damage and the saliva of rodents on partially consumed seeds may also act as cues for the seed to accelerate the germination process. However, the impacts of these factors on seed germination rate and speed remain unclear. In this study, we investigated such impacts on the germination rate and speed (reversal of germination time) of four tree species (Quercus variabilis, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, and Q. glauca) after partial consumption by four rodent species, through a series of experiments. We also examined how seed traits may affect the damage degree by rodents by analyzing the relationship between the germination rate and time of rodent-damaged seeds and the traits. We found that artificially and rodent-damaged seeds exhibited a significantly higher seed germination rate and speed, compared to intact seeds. Also, the rodent saliva on seeds showed no significant effect on seed germination rate and speed. Furthermore, We observed significant positive correlations between several seed traits (including seed mass, coat thickness, and protein content) and seed germination rate, but these seed traits had a positive correlation with the germination rate and speed. These correlations are likely due to the beneficial traits countering seed damage by rodents. Overall, our results highlight the significant role of physical seed damage by rodents (rather than their saliva) in facilitating seed germination of tree species and potential mutualism between rodents and trees. Additionally, our results may have some implications in forest restoration, such that intentionally sowing or dispersing slightly damaged seeds by humans or drones may increase the likelihood of successful seed regeneration.

Figure 1 in Herbivory and leaf expansion of Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil

Figure 1. Accumulated monthly rainfall (columns) and monthly mean temperature (line) during monitoring of leaf expansion and herbivory on Cyathea phalerata from October 2014 to September 2015.

Figure 2 in Herbivory and leaf expansion of Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil

Figure 2. Monitoring of herbivory on Cyathea phalerata from October 2014 to September 2015: monthly damaged leaves (A), cumulative leaf blade consumption (B), leaves in each consumption class (C), monthly leaf blade consumption (D). Bars: standard deviation.

Fig. 4 in Sipha maydis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the humid subtropical region of Brazil: distribution, seasonality and biology

Fig. 4. Survival rate (lx) and specific fertility (mx) of Sipha maydis on different host plants in Brazil.

Fig 3 in Sipha maydis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the humid subtropical region of Brazil: distribution, seasonality and biology

Fig 3. (A) Effects of average air temperature (°C) on occurrence of winged Sipha maydis in yellow tray traps. (B) Average estimated (red dot) occurrence probability of winged S. maydis per wk (shaded areas indicate the 95% confidence interval).

Fig. 2 in Sipha maydis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the humid subtropical region of Brazil: distribution, seasonality and biology

Fig. 2. Method to evaluate life history of Sipha maydis (Passerini, 1860) on different hosts. (A) Detail of the clip cage containing the nymphs attached to the leaf. (B) Overview of plants growing in pots with the cages containing the nymphs attached to the leaves.

Fig. 1 in Sipha maydis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the humid subtropical region of Brazil: distribution, seasonality and biology

Fig. 1. Map of Sipha maydis (Passerini, 1860) distribution in Brazil. Shaded area enclosed by blue squares indicates plant sampling area. Black dots indicate the places with occurrence of Sipha maydis. Red star indicates winged aphid monitoring area using yellow tray traps.

Fig 1 in Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) adapted to new climate regime: differential gene expression from farmed tambaqui juveniles raised in subtropical and tropical regions

Fig 1: Relative gene expression in tambaqui juveniles farmed in two Brazilian regions: Northern (Balbina; BA) and Southeast (Brumado; BRU). Different letters represent statistical differences between populations. The graphs show expression of A) hif-1α (p = 0.137), B) hsp-70 (p = 0.465), C) mstn (p = 0.907), D) ube3a (p = 0.205), E) ras (p = 0.041), F) cry-1 (p = 0.001), G) per-1 (p = 0.001), H) ogt (p = 0.001) and I) acly (p = 0.025).

Fig 3 in Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) adapted to new climate regime: differential gene expression from farmed tambaqui juveniles raised in subtropical and tropical regions

Fig 3: IBR analyses of relative gene expression in Balbina (BA) and Brumado (BRU) populations. The IBR values are 42.7 (Balbina) and 6.79 (Brumado).

Fig 2 in Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) adapted to new climate regime: differential gene expression from farmed tambaqui juveniles raised in subtropical and tropical regions

Fig 2: Heatmap of relative expression in Balbina (BA) and Brumado (BRU) populations. The colour scale ranges from blue (low transcript levels) to red (high transcript levels).