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148 results for “temporal effects”
Data from: Temporal dynamics of direct reciprocal and indirect effects in a host-parasite network
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Data from: Long-lived marine species may be resilient to environmental variability through a temporal portfolio effect
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Data from: Temporal variation in genetic diversity and effective population size of Mediterranean and subalpine Arabidopsis thaliana populations
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Data from: Quantifying temporal isolation: a modelling approach assessing the effect of flowering time differences on crop-to-weed pollen flow in sunflower
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Temporal changes in the potential geographic distribution of Histiotus velatus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), the “decade effect"
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Data from: Effects of sun angle, lunar illumination, and diurnal temperature on temporal movement rates of sympatric ocelots and bobcats in South Texas
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Predator pheromone elicits a temporally dependent non-consumptive effect in prey
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Data for: Spatial and temporal genetic variation in an exploited reef fish: The effects of exploitation on cohort genetic structure
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Temporal and sociocultural effects of human colonisation on native biodiversity: Filtering and rates of adaptation
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Data from: Temporal genetic stability and high effective population size despite fisheries-induced life-history trait evolution in the North Sea sole.
Heavy fishing and other anthropogenic influences can have profound impact on a species' resilience to harvesting. Besides the decrease of the census and effective population size, strong declines in mature adults and recruiting individuals may lead to almost irreversible genetic changes in life-history traits. Here, we investigated the evolution of genetic diversity and effective population size in the heavily exploited sole (Solea solea), through the analysis of historical DNA from a collection of 1379 sole (Solea solea) otoliths dating back from 1957. Despite documented shifts in life-history traits, neutral genetic diversity inferred from 11 microsatellite markers showed a remarkable stability over a period of 50 years of heavy fishing. Using simulations and corrections for fisheries induced demographic variation, both point and temporal estimates of effective population size (Ne) were always higher than 1000, suggesting that despite the severe census size decrease over a 50 year period of harvesting, genetic drift is probably not strong enough to significantly decrease the neutral diversity of this species in the North Sea. However the ratio of effective population size to the census size (Ne/Nc) was very small (10-5), suggesting that overall only few adults contribute to the next generation. The high Ne level together with the low Ne/Nc ratio is most likely caused by a combination of an equalized reproductive output of younger cohorts, a decrease in generation time and a large variance in reproductive success typical for marine species. Because strong evolutionary changes in age and size at first maturation have been observed for sole, changes in adaptive genetic variation should be further monitored to detect the evolutionary consequences of human-induced selection.
Data from: Adaptation to temporally fluctuating environments by the evolution of maternal effects
All organisms live in temporally fluctuating environments. Theory predicts that the evolution of deterministic maternal effects (i.e., anticipatory maternal effects or transgenerational phenotypic plasticity) underlies adaptation to environments that fluctuate in a predictably alternating fashion over maternal-offspring generations. In contrast, randomizing maternal effects (i.e., diversifying and conservative bet-hedging), are expected to evolve in response to unpredictably fluctuating environments. Although maternal effects are common, evidence for their adaptive significance is equivocal since they can easily evolve as a correlated response to maternal selection and may or may not increase the future fitness of offspring. Using the hermaphroditic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we here show that the experimental evolution of maternal glycogen provisioning underlies adaptation to a fluctuating normoxia–anoxia hatching environment by increasing embryo survival under anoxia. In strictly alternating environments, we found that hermaphrodites evolved the ability to increase embryo glycogen provisioning when they experienced normoxia and to decrease embryo glycogen provisioning when they experienced anoxia. At odds with existing theory, however, populations facing irregularly fluctuating normoxia–anoxia hatching environments failed to evolve randomizing maternal effects. Instead, adaptation in these populations may have occurred through the evolution of fitness effects that percolate over multiple generations, as they maintained considerably high expected growth rates during experimental evolution despite evolving reduced fecundity and reduced embryo survival under one or two generations of anoxia. We develop theoretical models that explain why adaptation to a wide range of patterns of environmental fluctuations hinges on the existence of deterministic maternal effects, and that such deterministic maternal effects are more likely to contribute to adaptation than randomizing maternal effects.
Data from: Dissociable temporal effects of bupropion on behavioural measures of emotional and reward processing in depression
Background: Antidepressants remediate negative biases in emotional processing early in treatment, prior to mood improvement. However, the effects on reward processing potentially relevant to the treatment of anhedonia are less clear. Here we investigate the early and sustained effects of the dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor bupropion on behavioural measures of emotional and reward processing in currently depressed individuals. Methods: 46 currently depressed patients and 42 healthy controls participated in a repeated measures study, during which open-label bupropion was administered to only the patient group over a 6 week period without a placebo group. All participants completed the Emotional Test Battery and a probabilistic instrumental learning task at week 0, week 2 and week 6. Results: Currently depressed patients displayed negative biases in emotional processing and blunted response bias for high-probability wins compared to the healthy controls at baseline. Bupropion was found to reduce the negative biases in emotional processing early in treatment, including a significant decrease in the percentage misclassification of other face emotions as sad and the number of negative self-referent words falsely recalled between baseline and week 2. Conversely, bupropion was found to initially further reduce the response bias for high-probability wins between baseline and week 2. This effect reversed with 6 weeks bupropion treatment and reward processing was normalised compared to the healthy controls. Conclusions: Early in treatment, bupropion acts to reduce negative biases in emotional processing but exacerbates impaired reward processing. The beneficial actions of bupropion on reward processing then occur later in treatment. Such dissociation in the temporal effects of bupropion on emotional and reward processing has implications for the treatment of the different symptom domains of negative affect and anhedonia in depression.
The cost effectiveness of surgery for drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy in the US
<p><strong>Objective:</strong> Surgery is an effective but costly treatment for many patients with drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DR-TLE). We aim to evaluate whether, in the United States, 1) surgery is cost-effective compared to medical management for patients deemed surgical candidates, 2) surgical evaluation is cost-effective for DR-TLE patients in general.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We use a semi-Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of surgery and surgical evaluation over a lifetime horizon. We use 2<sup>nd</sup> order Monte Carlo simulations to conduct probabilistic sensitivity analyses to estimate variation in model output. We adopt both healthcare and societal perspectives, including direct healthcare costs (e.g. surgery, AEDs) and indirect costs (e.g. lost earnings by patients and care providers.) We compare incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to societal willingness-to-pay (~$100,000 per Quality Adjusted Life Year) to determine whether surgery is cost-effective.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Epilepsy surgery is cost effective compared to medical management in surgically eligible patients by virtue of being cost saving ($328K vs. 423K) and more effective (16.6 QALY vs. 13.6 QALY) than medical management in the long run. Surgical evaluation is cost-effective in DR-TLE patients even if the probability of being deemed a surgical candidate is only 5%. From a societal perspective, surgery becomes cost effective within 3 years and 89% of simulations favor surgery over the lifetime horizon.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> For surgically eligible DR-TLE patients, surgery is cost-effective. For DR-TLE patients in general, referral for surgical evaluation (and possible subsequent surgery) is cost-effective. DR-TLE patients should be referred for surgical evaluation without hesitation on cost-effectiveness grounds.</p>
Figure 4 from: Lessel T, Marx M, Eisenbeis G (2011) Effects of ecological flooding on the temporal and spatial dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and springtails (Collembola) in a polder habitat. ZooKeys 100: 421-446. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1538
Figure 4 - Mean number of individuals of hygrophilic (A/B) and xerophilic/mesophilic (C/D) carabid beetle species at the fallow (A/C) and ruderal area (B/D) during different moisture conditions. Abbreviations: ef = ecological flooding (higher Rhine water levels); spe = flood caused by a strong precipitation event; dc = drought conditions; ° outliers. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (Mann-Whitney U-test).
Figure 3 from: Lessel T, Marx M, Eisenbeis G (2011) Effects of ecological flooding on the temporal and spatial dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and springtails (Collembola) in a polder habitat. ZooKeys 100: 421-446. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1538
Figure 3 - Mean number of individuals per trap and day (± SE) and total carabid beetle species number at location 1 (fallow area) and location 6 (ruderal area) (n=3) during the vegetation period of 2008. Hygrophilic species (black bars) and xerophilic as well as mesophilic species (grey bars) are shown. Abbreviations: ef = ecological flooding; spe = strong precipitation event.
Figure 1 from: Lessel T, Marx M, Eisenbeis G (2011) Effects of ecological flooding on the temporal and spatial dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and springtails (Collembola) in a polder habitat. ZooKeys 100: 421-446. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1538
Figure 1 - Location of the polder "Ingelheim" in Germany and location of the different areas and pitfall trap localities (L1–L6) within this polder (A). Abbreviations: LA 0: ruderal area; HB 0: fallow area; LA 0 + HB 0: transition area between LA 0 and HB 0; HA 0: agricultural fields; L1–6: locations of the six pitfall trap groups (three pitfall traps per locality). The pictures show the main flood gate (left) and the ecological flood gate (right), and an ecological flooding in March 2007 (B) and the fast drying event in the ruderal area after ecological flooding in April 2007 (C).
Figure 6 from: Lessel T, Marx M, Eisenbeis G (2011) Effects of ecological flooding on the temporal and spatial dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and springtails (Collembola) in a polder habitat. ZooKeys 100: 421-446. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1538
Figure 6 - PCA of springtail communities in the fallow area (location 1) and the ruderal area (location 6) during ecological flooding, the flood caused by a strong precipitation event and drought conditions. Only species with more than 1% dominance value in at least one area are included. Abbreviations of the species: I.pal=Isotomurus palustris; I.vir=Isotoma viridis; L.cya=Lepidocyrtus cyaneus; O.vil=Orchesella villosa; P.aqu=Podura aquatica; S.aqu=Sminthurides aquaticus. Percentage variation explained by the two PCA axes are included.
Figure 2 from: Lessel T, Marx M, Eisenbeis G (2011) Effects of ecological flooding on the temporal and spatial dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and springtails (Collembola) in a polder habitat. ZooKeys 100: 421-446. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1538
Figure 2 - PCA of carabid beetle communities in the fallow area (location 1) and the ruderal area (location 6) during ecological flooding, the flood caused by a strong precipitation event and drought conditions. Only species with more than 1% dominance value in at least one area are included. Abbreviations of the species: A.mar=Agonum marginatum; A.bif=Amara bifrons; A.sim=Amara similata; B.lam=Bembidion lampros; B.pro=Bembidion properans; B.qua=Bembidion quadrimaculatum; C.pur=Carabus purpurascens; H.aff=Harpalus affinis; H.ruf=Harpalus rufipes; H.sma=Harpalus smaragdinus; N.bre=Nebria brevicollis; O.ard=Ophonus ardosiacus; P.cup=Poecilus cupreus; P.ant=Pterostichus anthracinus; P.mel=Pterostichus melanarius; P.nig=Pterostichus nigrita. Percentage variation explained by the two PCA axes is included.
Figure 5 from: Lessel T, Marx M, Eisenbeis G (2011) Effects of ecological flooding on the temporal and spatial dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and springtails (Collembola) in a polder habitat. ZooKeys 100: 421-446. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1538
Figure 5 - Mean individual numbers per trap and day (± SE) and total species numbers of springtails of the pitfall traps of location 1 and location 6 (n=3) over the vegetation period 2008. Hygrophilic and hygrotolerant species (black bars) and xerotolerant as well as mesophilic species (grey bars) are shown. Abbreviations: ef = ecological flooding; spe = strong precipitation event.
Figure 7 from: Lessel T, Marx M, Eisenbeis G (2011) Effects of ecological flooding on the temporal and spatial dynamics of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and springtails (Collembola) in a polder habitat. ZooKeys 100: 421-446. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1538
Figure 7 - Mean number of individuals of hygrophilic/hygrotolerant (A/B) and xerotolerant/mesophilic (C/D) collembolan species at the fallow (A/C) and ruderal area (B/D) during different moisture conditions. Abbreviations: ef = ecological flooding (higher Rhine water levels); spe = flood caused by a strong precipitation event; dc = drought conditions; ° outliers. Different letters represent statistically significant differences (Mann-Whitney U-test).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.