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FIGURE 9 in A rare new treefrog of the genus Sarcohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Guerrero, Mexico
FIGURE 9. Call analysis of Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov. from 11.4 km (by road) SW of Puerto de Gallo, Municipio de Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero, Mexico.
FIGURE 6 in A rare new treefrog of the genus Sarcohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Guerrero, Mexico
FIGURE 6. Map showing the type localities and distribution of the Sarcohyla hazelae group in southern Mexico. Red triangle represents the type locality of Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov. and red circle represents additional locality. Pink triangle represents the type locality of Sarcohyla thorectes and pink circle represents additional locality. Brown triangle represents the type locality of Sarcohyla hazelae and brown circles represent additional localities. Blue triangle represents the type locality of Sarcohyla sabrina and blue circles represent additional localities.
FIGURE 5 in A rare new treefrog of the genus Sarcohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Guerrero, Mexico
FIGURE 5. Comparative photos of Sarcohyla hazelae group in life. (A) Dorsal perspective of head of Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov., MZFC 34661 (CIG-0924). (B) Dorsal perspective of head of Sarcohyla thorectes, MZFC 34669 (CIG-1060). (C) Dorsal perspective of head of Sarcohyla hazelae, MZFC 34672 (CIG-1247). (D) Lateral perspective of head Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov., MZFC 34664 (CIG-1064). (E) Lateral perspective of head Sarcohyla thorectes, MZFC 34668 (CIG-1059). (F) Lateral perspective of head Sarcohyla hazelae, MZFC 34670 (CIG-1245). (G) Cloacal tubercles and groin coloration of Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov., MZFC 34662 (CIG-1062). (H) Cloacal tubercles and groin coloration of Sarcohyla thorectes, MZFC 34674 (CIG-1061). (I) Cloacal tubercles and groin coloration of Sarcohyla hazelae, MZFC 34672 (CIG-1247).
FIGURE 2 in A rare new treefrog of the genus Sarcohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Guerrero, Mexico
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Sarcohyla toyota, sp. nov. in preservative, MZFC 34666 (CIG-1066) from 11.4 km (by road) SW of Puerto de Gallo, Municipio de Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero, Mexico.(A) Dorsal perspective. (B) Ventral perspective.
FIGURE 1 in A rare new treefrog of the genus Sarcohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Guerrero, Mexico
FIGURE 1. Holotype of Sarcohyla toyota, sp. nov. in life, MZFC 34666 (CIG-1066) from 11.4 km (by road) SW of Puerto de Gallo, Municipio de Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero, Mexico.(A) Dorso-lateral perspective. (B) Dorsal perspective. (C) Lateral perspective.
FIGURE 4 in A rare new treefrog of the genus Sarcohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Guerrero, Mexico
FIGURE 4. Comparative photos of Sarcohyla hazelae group in life. (A) Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov., MZFC 34661 (CIG-0924). (B) Sarcohyla thorectes, MZFC 34669 (CIG-1060). (C) Sarcohyla hazelae, MZFC 34670 (CIG-1245). (D) Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov., MZFC 24664 (CIG-1064). (E) Sarcohyla thorectes, MZFC 34668 (CIG-1059). (F) Sarcohyla hazelae, MZFC 34672 (CIG-1247). (G) Ventral perspective of Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov., MZFC 34661 (CIG-0924). (H) Ventral perspective of Sarcohyla thorectes, MZFC 34673 (CIG-1058). (I) Sarcohyla hazelae, MZFC 34670 (CIG-1245). (J) Ventral perspective of Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov., MZFC 34664 (CIG-1064). (K) Ventral perspective of Sarcohyla thorectes, MZFC 34669 (CIG-1060). (L) Ventral perspective of Sarcohyla hazelae, MZFC 34672 (CIG-1247).
Data from: Topography, more than land cover, explains genetic diversity in a Neotropical savanna treefrog
<p><b><span>Aim</span></b><span>: </span>Effective conservation policies rely on information about population genetic structure and the connectivity of remnants of suitable habitat. The interaction between natural and anthropogenic discontinuities across landscapes can uncover the relative contributions of different barriers to gene flow, with direct consequences for decision-making in conservation. Therefore, we aimed t<span>o quantify the relative roles of land cover and topographic variables on the population genetic differentiation and diversity of a stream-breeding savanna treefrog (<i>Bokermannohyla ibitiguara</i>) across its range.</span></p> <p><b><span>Location</span></b><span>: Serra da Canastra mountain range, Cerrado of Minas Gerais State, Brazil.</span></p> <p><b><span>Methods</span></b><span>: We collected and extracted DNA samples from 12 populations within and outside a strictly protected park, and used 17 microsatellite markers to assess genetic structure, among-population differentiation, and within-population diversity measures. We incorporated landscape data derived from digital models and satellite images to create connectivity matrices to correlate with genetic differentiation using Mantel tests. We used generalized linear models and path analyses to assess the roles of each landscape variable in shaping genetic diversity in this species.</span></p> <p><b><span>Results</span></b><span>: </span>Populations within and outside the park boundaries belonged to four genetic clusters. Most populations showed evidence of limited gene flow, with significant genetic differentiation, except for those within the park, which also had higher levels of allelic richness and heterozygosity. However, genetic differentiation among populations in this landscape was primarily explained by topographic complexity. Likewise, within-population genetic measures were best explained by models including elevation and topographic complexity, and not the amount of natural habitat or gallery forests.</p> <p><b><span>Main conclusions</span></b><span>: </span>Our results underscore that topography may be a strong historical factor shaping genetic structure among amphibian populations. Therefore, effective conservation strategies for endangered amphibians should avoid focusing exclusively on habitat suitability, and incorporate topographic complexity, which seems to be a key factor for the fauna of the extremely threatened Brazilian savanna.</p>
Multimodal mechanosensing enables treefrog embryos to escape egg-predators
<p><span>Mechanosensory-cued hatching (MCH) is widespread, diverse, and improves survival in many animals. From flatworms and insects to frogs and turtles, embryos use mechanosensory cues and signals to inform hatching timing, yet mechanisms mediating mechanosensing <i>in ovo</i> are largely unknown. The arboreal embryos of red-eyed treefrogs, <i>Agalychnis callidryas, </i><span>hatch prematurely to escape predation, cued by physical disturbance in snake attacks. When otoconial organs in the developing vestibular system become functional, this response strengthens, but its earlier occurrence indicates another sensor must contribute. </span>Post-hatching, tadpoles use lateral line neuromasts to detect water motion. We ablated neuromast function with gentamicin to assess their role in <i>A. callidryas</i>' hatching response to disturbance<span>. </span>Prior to vestibular function, this<span> nearly eliminated the hatching response to a complex simulated attack cue, egg-jiggling, revealing that neuromasts mediate early MCH. Vestibular function onset increased hatching, independent of neuromast function, indicating young embryos use multiple mechanosensory systems. MCH increased developmentally. All older embryos hatched in response to egg-jiggling, but neuromast function reduced response latency. In contrast, neuromast ablation had no effect on timing or level of hatching in motion-only vibration playbacks. It appears only a subset of egg-disturbance cues stimulate neuromasts; thus embryos in attacked clutches may receive uni- or multimodal stimuli. <i>A. callidryas</i> embryos have more neuromasts than described for any other species at hatching, suggesting precocious sensory development may facilitate MCH. </span>Our findings provide insight into the behavioral roles of two mechanosensory systems <i>in ovo </i>and open possibilities for exploring sensory perception across taxa in early life stages.</span></p>
The complex history of genome duplication and hybridization in North American gray treefrogs
<p>Polyploid speciation has played an important role in evolutionary history across the tree of life, yet there remain large gaps in our understanding of how polyploid species form and persist. While systematic studies have been conducted in numerous polyploid complexes, recent advances in sequencing technology have demonstrated that conclusions from data-limited studies may be spurious and misleading. The North American gray treefrog complex, consisting of the diploid <em>Hyla chrysoscelis</em> and the tetraploid <em>Hyla versicolor</em>, has long been used as a model system in a variety of biological fields, yet all taxonomic studies to date were conducted with only a few loci from nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Here, we utilized anchored hybrid enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to capture hundreds of loci along with whole mitochondrial genomes to investigate the evolutionary history of this complex. We used several phylogenetic and population genetic methods, including coalescent simulations and testing of polyploid speciation models with Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), to determine that H. versicolor was most likely formed via autopolyploidization from a now extinct lineage of H. chrysoscelis. We also uncovered evidence of significant hybridization between diploids and tetraploids where they co-occur, and show that historical hybridization between these groups led to the re-formation of distinct polyploid lineages following the initial whole genome duplication event. Our study indicates that a wide variety of methods and explicit model testing of polyploid histories can greatly facilitate efforts to uncover the evolutionary history of polyploid complexes.</p>
Asymmetric acoustic signal recognition led to asymmetric genetic introgression between two parapatric rhacophorid treefrogs
<p><span>Correct discrimination between courtship signals could help maintain genetic integrity between closely related species. However, asymmetric usage of signals might cause asymmetric magnitude of gene flow across the contact zone. <i>Buergeria japonica </i>and <i>B. otai </i>are sibling species with parapatric distribution pattern in Taiwan, forming two narrow contact zones in eastern and western sides of the island. Both species use a shared acoustic signal of calls (Type 1a/1b), whereas <i>B. otai </i>presents another unique call type (Type 2) which never appears in <i>B. japonica</i>. Combining behavioral experiments with genome-wide RAD-seq analyses, we aim to test whether the ability of signal recognition influences genetic introgression across their species boundary. The playback experiments showed that the western population of <i>B. otai</i> has evolved a stronger level of reproductive character displacement by showing the inclusive usage of their unique Type 2 signal. In contrast, the eastern population used both unique and shared signals and has a stronger preference for the latter. Consistent with behavioral difference, genetic introgression across the contact zone was detected only in the eastern boundary but not in the western one. Furthermore, the gene flow in this contact zone tends to be unidirectional from <i>B. japonica</i> toward <i>B. otai</i>. Our results support the prediction that a more specialized signal user might have a higher probability to maintain their genetic integrity compared to a generalized signal user.</span></p>
FIGURE 1 in The advertisement call of Boana freicanecae (Carnaval & Peixoto, 2004) (Anura Hylidae), an endemic and poorly known treefrog from northeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Color in life and advertisement call of Boana freicanecae. (A and B) Calling males (MUFAL 10855 above and MUFAL11077 below) recorded at the ESEC Murici, Municipality of Murici, State of Alagoas, Brazil. (C) Oscillogram, (D) spectrogram, black arrows indicate the energy in between the sparse harmonic bands and (E) power spectrum of a call composed of two notes (Boana_freicanecaeMurici_AL1aBSL, date 01 May 2013, local horary 22:32h, air temperature 23.4ºC, air relative humidity 92%).
Diversification of a polyploid complex: the biogeography and acoustic communication evolution of North American gray treefrogs throughout the Quaternary
<p>Polyploid speciation and whole genome duplications are major drivers of biological diversity. After polyploid species are formed, the interactions between diploid and polyploid lineages may generate additional diversity in novel cytotypes and phenotypes. In anurans, mate choice by acoustic communication is the primary method by which individuals identify their own species and assess suitable mates. As such, the evolution of acoustic signals is an important mechanism for contributing to reproductive isolation and diversification in this group. The North American gray treefrog complex, consisting of the diploid Hyla chrysoscelis and the tetraploid Hyla versicolor, has long been used to study reproductive isolation and research on this system has consistently driven this field forward. Here, we estimate the biogeographic history of this group, focusing specifically on the geographic origin of whole genome duplication and the expansion of lineages out of refugia following climate oscillations and retreats of the Laurentide ice sheet. We then test for lineage-specific differences in mating signals by applying comparative methods to a large acoustic data set collected over 52 years that includes >1500 individual frogs. Finally, we expand upon our results in light of recent estimates of the complex's genomic evolution to describe the history of diversification in gray treefrogs throughout the Quaternary.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary history of Scinax treefrogs on land-bridge islands in south-eastern Brazil
AIM: We investigated how Pleistocene refugia and recent (~12,000 years ago) sea level incursions shaped genetic differentiation in mainland and island populations of the Scinax perpusillus treefrog group. LOCATION: Brazilian Atlantic Forest, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Using mitochondrial and microsatellite loci, we surveyed population structure and genetic diversity in Scinax from five mainland populations and three land-bridge islands to understand the roles of Pleistocene forest fragmentation and sea level incursions on genetic differentiation. We calculated metrics of relatedness and genetic diversity to assess whether island populations exhibit signatures of genetic drift and isolation. Two of the three island populations in this study have previously been described as new species based on a combination of distinct morphological and behavioural characters, thus we used the molecular datasets to determine whether phenotypic change is consistent with genetic differentiation. RESULTS: Our analyses recovered three distinct lineages or demes comprised of northern mainland São Paulo populations, southern mainland São Paulo populations, and one divergent island population. The two remaining island populations clustered with samples from adjacent mainland populations. Estimates of allelic richness were significantly lower, and estimates of relatedness were significantly higher, in island populations relative to their mainland counterparts. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Fine-scale genetic structure across mainland populations indicates the possible existence of local refugia within São Paulo state, underscoring the small geographic scale at which populations diverge in this species rich region of the Atlantic Coastal Forest. Variation in genetic signatures across the three islands indicates that the populations experienced different demographic processes after marine incursions fragmented the distribution of Scinax perpusillus. Genetic signatures of inbreeding and drift in some island populations indicate that small population sizes coupled with strong ecological selection may be important evolutionary forces driving speciation on land-bridge islands.
Data from: Systematics of spiny-backed treefrogs (Hylidae: Osteocephalus): an Amazonian puzzle
Spiny-backed tree frogs of the genus Osteocephalus are conspicuous components of the tropical wet forests of the Amazon and the Guiana Shield. Here, we revise the phylogenetic relationships of Osteocephalus and its sister group Tepuihyla, using up to 6134 bp of DNA sequences of nine mitochondrial and one nuclear gene for 338 specimens from eight countries and 218 localities, representing 89% of the 28 currently recognized nominal species. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal (i) the paraphyly of Osteocephalus with respect to Tepuihyla, (ii) the placement of 'Hyla' warreni as sister to Tepuihyla, (iii) the non-monophyly of several currently recognized species within Osteocephalus and (iv) the presence of low (<1%) and overlapping genetic distances among phenotypically well-characterized nominal species (e.g. O. taurinus and O. oophagus) for the 16S gene fragment used in amphibian DNA barcoding. We propose a new taxonomy, securing the monophyly of Osteocephalus and Tepuihyla by rearranging and redefining the content of both genera and also erect a new genus for the sister group of Osteocephalus. The colouration of newly metamorphosed individuals is proposed as a morphological synapomorphy for Osteocephalus. We recognize and define five monophyletic species groups within Osteocephalus, synonymize three species of Osteocephalus (O. germani, O. phasmatus and O. vilmae) and three species of Tepuihyla (T. celsae, T. galani and T. talbergae) and reallocate three species (Hyla helenae to Osteocephalus, O. exophthalmus to Tepuihyla and O. pearsoni to Dryaderces gen. n.). Furthermore, we flag nine putative new species (an increase to 138% of the current diversity). We conclude that species numbers are largely underestimated, with most hidden diversity centred on widespread and polymorphic nominal species. The evolutionary origin of breeding strategies within Osteocephalus is discussed in the light of this new phylogenetic hypothesis, and a novel type of amplexus (gular amplexus) is described.
Data from: Modality interactions alter the shape of acoustic mate preference functions in gray treefrogs
Sexual selection takes place in complex environments where females evaluating male mating signals are confronted with stimuli from multiple sources and modalities. The pattern of expression of female preferences may be influenced by interactions between modalities, changing the shape of female preference functions, and thus ultimately altering the selective landscape acting on male signal evolution. We tested the hypothesis that the responses of female gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor, to acoustic male advertisement calls are affected by interactions with visual stimuli. We measured preference functions for several call traits under two experimental conditions: unimodal (only acoustic signals presented), and multimodal (acoustic signals presented along with a video-animated calling male). We found that females were more responsive to multimodal stimulus presentations and, compared to unimodal playbacks, had weaker preferences for temporal call characteristics. We compared the preference functions obtained in these two treatments to the distribution of male call characteristics to make inferences on the strength and direction of selection expected to act on male calls. Modality interactions have the potential to influence the course of signal evolution and thus are an important consideration in sexual selection studies.
Data from: A treefrog with reproductive mode plasticity reveals a changing balance of selection for non-aquatic egg-laying
Non-aquatic reproduction has evolved repeatedly, but the factors that select for laying eggs on land are not well understood. The treefrog Dendropsophus ebraccatus has plasticity in reproductive mode, laying eggs that successfully develop in or out of water. This permits the first experimental comparison of the selective agents that shape adult oviposition behavior and embryo developmental capacity. I quantified the sources and strength of arboreal and aquatic egg mortality, how mortality varies with weather patterns, and assessed 39 years of daily rainfall patterns to infer historic levels of egg mortality and effects of climate change on the selective balance between aquatic and non-aquatic egg deposition. Aquatic predators and desiccation were the strongest selective agents in water and air, respectively. Egg mortality varied with weather such that aquatic oviposition was advantageous when rainfall was low, but laying eggs out of water increased survival when rainfall was high. Additionally, I found that since 1972 there have been significant changes in the patterns of rainfall in central Panama, which has altered the selective landscape acting on egg-laying behavior. This work provides insight into both the evolution and maintenance of adaptive phenotypic plasticity as well as historic and current selection on reproduction.
Data from: Fire does not strongly affect genetic diversity or structure of a common treefrog in the endangered Florida scrub
Fire regimes influence natural populations of organisms in diverse ways, via direct effects on population dynamics as well as indirect effects on habitat and ecosystem processes. Although many amphibian species have evolved to persist in fire-dependent ecosystems, the effects of fire on the genetic diversity of amphibian populations remain relatively unexplored. We examined how different aspects of fire history relate to population genetic diversity and structure of an abundant anuran, Hyla femoralis, in a large, intact area of Florida scrub containing hundreds of seasonally inundated ponds. Specifically, we assessed the overall population genetic structure and examined whether variation in time since fire, fire intensity, or historical fire frequency at breeding sites explained spatial variation in genetic diversity. Based on our sampling of 17 breeding aggregations within the 2,100-ha study area, neither recent nor frequent fire reduce genetic diversity or restrict connectivity among ponds for H. femoralis. Overall, mean effective population sizes were large (average range = 68–572). We detected a positive trend between effective population size (Ne) and average intensity of the most-recent fire, with this factor explaining 42% of the variation in Ne. Our results contrast with previous studies that consistently demonstrate strong relationships between fire history and population genetic structure of scrub-associated lizard species, suggesting that H. femoralis is resilient to a wide range of fire regimes. More generally, our study contributes to understanding the roles of life-history characteristics and environmental unpredictability in shaping organisms' responses to fire.
Data from: Geographic variation in the Pine Barrens Treefrog (Hyla andersonii): concordance of genetic, morphometric, and acoustic signal data
Delimiting species is important to every subfield in biology. Templeton's cohesion species concept uses genetic and ecological exchangeability to identify sets of populations that ought to be considered as the same species, and the lack of exchangeability helps determine which populations can be grouped as evolutionarily significant units (ESU) in conservation science. However, previous work assessing genetic and ecological interchangeability among populations has been limited in scope. Here, we provide a method for assessing exchangeability that incorporates multiple, independent lines of multivariate evidence in genetic, behavioural and morphological data. We use this approach to assess exchangeability across three disjunct groups of populations of the Pine Barrens Treefrog (Hyla andersonii) from the eastern United States. This species is considered threatened by each state in which it occurs and conservation management of this taxon requires a clearer understanding of how populations in these three regions may differ from one another. We find a strikingly concordant pattern in which the first axis of variation for each of the three types of data distinguishes populations along a latitudinal gradient and the second axis distinguishes the set of populations occurring in the Carolinas from those occurring in the New Jersey and Florida/Alabama regions. We know of no comparable data set that displays such concordance among different types of data across so large a geographic range. The overlap in trait values (i.e. exchangeability) between neighbouring regions, however, is substantial in all three types of data, which supports continued consideration of this taxon as a single species.
Figure 5 in The Amapá treefrog Boana dentei (Bokermann, 1967): diagnosis and redescription (Hylinae: Cophomantini)
Figure 5. Typical habitat of Boana dentei at Parque Natural Municipal do Cancão (Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil): a slow-moving body of water on muddy bottom associated with a temporary pond, flowing through a forest clearing next to a brook (not shown in the photograph).
Figure 3 in The Amapá treefrog Boana dentei (Bokermann, 1967): diagnosis and redescription (Hylinae: Cophomantini)
Figure 3. Tadpole of Boana dentei (lot UFMG 2444) at Gosner stage 29: (a) lateral, (b) dorsal, (c) ventral views (scale bar = 5 mm), and (d) oral disc (scale bar = 0.5 mm).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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