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FIGURE 1. Homalolepis planaltina. A. Habit, vegetative stage. B. Stem thickened with underground development. C in Two new dwarf species of Homalolepis (Simaroubaceae) from the Brazilian Cerrado (Neotropical savanna)
FIGURE 1. Homalolepis planaltina. A. Habit, vegetative stage. B. Stem thickened with underground development. C. Portion of a leaf showing the opposite and subopposite leaflets. D. Habit, reproductive stage; the inflorescence grows near ground level. E. Flower F. and G. Stamens with anther, filament and filament appendage. H. Flower with petals removed showing the gynoecium on top of a gynophore and style (A–H. Devecchi & Bordon 320).
Dataset for Underground Hydrogen Storage Simulations
<h1>UHS Dataset</h1> <p>This repositry stores a dataset intended for training machine learning models on the task of predicting underground hydrogen storage. It is the dataset used in the paper ''Deep Learning for Subsurface Flow: A Comparative Study of U-Net, Fourier Neural Operators, and Transformers in Underground Hydrogen Storage''.</p> <p>The dataset is also available on GitHub: https://github.com/AlvaroC-ML/ml4uhs-dataset.</p>
Data from: Stable isotope signatures of underground seedlings reveal the organic matter gained by adult orchids from mycorrhizal fungi
1.Orchids produce dust seeds dependent on the provision of organic carbon by mycorrhizal fungi for their early development stages. Hence, all chlorophyllous orchids experience a dramatic switch in trophic strategies from initial mycoheterotrophy to either autotrophy or partial mycoheterotrophy during ontogeny. Yet, the degree to which partially mycoheterotrophic orchids gain carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi is unclear based on existing approaches. 2.Here, we propose a novel approach to quantify the fungal-derived organic matter gain of chlorophyllous mature orchids mycorrhizal with rhizoctonia fungi using the stable isotope signatures of their fully mycoheterotrophic (FMH) seedlings in a linear two-source mixing model. 3.We conducted a field germination experiment with seven orchid species and measured carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen stable isotope natural abundances and nitrogen concentrations of mature orchids, underground seedlings and autotrophic references. 4.After in situ burial for 19 – 30 months, germination rates varied considerably among five orchid species and failed for two. On average, underground seedlings were enriched in 13C and 15N relative to mature orchids and had higher nitrogen concentrations. Using the mean enrichment factors ε13C and ε2H of seedlings as FMH endpoint, the organic matter gain derived by mature orchids from mycorrhizas was ca. 20%. 5.Chlorophyllous orchids mycorrhizal with rhizoctonias are predisposed to partially mycoheterotrophic nutrition due to their initially mycoheterotrophic seedling stage. We show that the carbon and hydrogen isotope abundances of underground seedlings can be used in an improved mixing-model to identify a significant proportion of fungal-derived organic matter in mature orchids.
FIGURE 1. Neomarica eburnea. A. Young specimen habit. B. Curved horizontal underground rhizome. C in Two New Species of Neomarica Sprague (Trimezieae-Iridaceae) from Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Neomarica eburnea. A. Young specimen habit. B. Curved horizontal underground rhizome. C. Flowering stem apical part in lateral view, with first bract longer than the three rhipidia. D. Flowering stem apical part in lateral view, with first bract shorter than the single rhipidium. E. Flower seen from above. F. Reproductive column in lateral view. G. Rhipidium with immature fruit. Illustration by Samira Rolim based on photographs of cultivated material of Gil & Aona 161 (UEC) - A, B, E, F, G; Gil et al. 186 (UEC) - D; and Cardoso & França 1426 (HUEFS) - C.
Figure 3 in An underground burst of diversity - a new look at the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Talpidae) as revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial genes
Figure 3. The Bayesian phylogeny of the genus Talpa as inferred from the complete cytb gene sequence. The designations are as in Figure 3. The outgroup (representatives of the genera Euroscaptor, Mogera, Parascaptor, Scaptochirus and tribes Desmanini, Scalopini and Condylurini) is not shown.
Figure 4 in An underground burst of diversity - a new look at the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Talpidae) as revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial genes
Figure 4. Species tree of Talpa produced by the *BEAST algorithm using the Bayesian multispecies coalescent approach. Values above the branches correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities.
Figure 2 in An underground burst of diversity - a new look at the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Talpidae) as revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial genes
Figure 2. The Bayesian phylogeny of the genus Talpa as inferred from a concatenated alignment of four nuclear genes. Values above the branches correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) in MrBayes and bootstrap support (1000 pseudoreplicates) in ML and MP analyses, correspondingly. Representatives of the genera Euroscaptor, Mogera, Parascaptor, Scaptochirus and tribes Desmanini, Scalopini and Condylurini are used as outgroups.
Figure 1 in An underground burst of diversity - a new look at the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Talpidae) as revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial genes
Figure 1. Map of sampling localities for specimens of the genus Talpa used in this study. Localities 1–37 are listed in Table 1 (original material), localities 38–57 correspond to the sequences retrieved from GenBank and are listed in Supporting Information 1.
Figure 5 in An underground burst of diversity - a new look at the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Talpidae) as revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial genes
Figure 5. Timescale of major divergence events among Talpa based on nuclear concatenation (BEAST). The divergence times correspond to the mean posterior estimate of their age in Myr. The grey bars represent the 95% HPD interval. Numbers above the branches correspond to posterior probabilities for each node.
FIGURE 1 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China
FIGURE 1. Map of China showing the location of the study area, Baimo Cave in Bama County, Guangxi, China, where samples of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. were collected.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China
FIGURE 4. Caloglossa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) maximum likelihood tree based on the rbcL DNA sequences data. Bootstrap supports for maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference (ML/BI) are shown on branches. '*' denotes the branch differed in the BI topology (data not shown).
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China
FIGURE 3. Drawing of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. thallus at the node follows Kamiya et al. (1999, 2003). Transverse pericentral cells are omitted. Axial cells are brown, wing cells are purple, and rhizoids are cyan. AB, abaxial side; AD, adjacent side to the lateral branch; AX, adaxial side; FLA, first axial cell of the lateral axis; FMA, first axial cell of the main axis; LA, lateral axis; LPC, lateral pericentral cell; MA, main axis; NA, nodal axial cell; OP, opposite side to the lateral branch; WC, wing cell; Rhizoids form from groups of second and third-order cells arising from the first three axial cells of the main and lateral axes (type B in Kamiya et al. 2003). Scale bar = 200 µm.
Fig. 1 in Secondary metabolites from the underground parts of Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl. and their in vitro cytotoxic activities
Fig. 1. Structures of the compounds (1–12) isolated from the underground parts of V. sisymbriifolia.
Fig. 6 in Comprehensive characterization of polyacetylenes and diterpenes from the underground parts of Solidago altissima L. and their contribution to the overall allelopathic activity
Fig. 6. Effects of the n-hexane extract (A), cis-dehydromatricaria ester (cis-DME, 1) (B), 13E-7α-acetoxy kolavenic acid (7) (C), (2Z, 8Z)-10-tigloyloxy matricaria ester (8) (D), (2Z, 8Z)-10-angeloyloxy matricaria ester (9) (E), and 13E-kolavenic acid (10) (F) on the root and shoot lengths of Italian ryegrass seedlings. The bioassays of isolated compounds B–F were performed at their concentrations in the n-hexane extracts shown in (A). The values are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Different letters represent significant differences between treatments (p <0.05, one-way ANOVA via Tukey's multiple comparison test).
Fig. 1 in Comprehensive characterization of polyacetylenes and diterpenes from the underground parts of Solidago altissima L. and their contribution to the overall allelopathic activity
Fig. 1. High-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection, total ion current (TIC), and extracted ion current chromatograms of the extract of the underground parts of S. altissima. (A) Monitored at 254 nm; (B) monitored at 230 nm; (C) monitored at 330 nm; (D) operated in positive ion mode. a) TIC, b) m/z 273.111 ([M H]+ of compounds 8 and 9), c) m/z 261.113 ([M H]+ of compound 6), d) m/z 259.095 ([M H]+ of compounds 2–4), e) m/z 173.061 ([M + + + + H–C H O]+ of compound 4), f) m/z 159.045 ([M + H–C H O]+ of compounds 2 and 3); (E) TIC in negative ion mode. The scale factors of the chromatograms are 4 6 2 5 8 2 indicated in parentheses. The numbers in the figure correspond to the compounds listed in Table 1.
Fig. 5 in Comprehensive characterization of polyacetylenes and diterpenes from the underground parts of Solidago altissima L. and their contribution to the overall allelopathic activity
Fig. 5. Effects of the n-hexane extract (A), cis-dehydromatricaria ester (cis-DME, 1) (B), 13E-7α-acetoxy kolavenic acid (7) (C), (2Z, 8Z)-10-tigloyloxy matricaria ester (8) (D), (2Z, 8Z)-10-angeloyloxy matricaria ester (9) (E), and 13E-kolavenic acid (10) (F) on the root and shoot lengths of lettuce seedlings. The bioassays of isolated compounds B–F were performed at their concentrations in the n-hexane extracts shown in (A). The values are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Different letters represent significant differences between treatments (p <0.05, one-way ANOVA via Tukey's multiple comparison test).
Fig. 4. Key 1H–1H in Comprehensive characterization of polyacetylenes and diterpenes from the underground parts of Solidago altissima L. and their contribution to the overall allelopathic activity
Fig. 4. Key 1H–1H COSY (bold dark lines), HMBC (red arrows), and NOESY (blue arrows) correlations of compounds 2–4. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 8 in Ecdysteroids from the underground parts of Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC
Fig. 8. Displacement ellipsoid plot of the molecular structure of 4a (50% probability ellipsoids; only the major disorder conformation of the acetyl substituent at C- 11 is shown).
Fig. 9 in Ecdysteroids from the underground parts of Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC
Fig. 9. The packing of 4a⋅H2O viewed down the a-axis and showing the hydrogen-bonding network (uninvolved H-atoms have been omitted for clarity).
Fig. 4 in Ecdysteroids from the underground parts of Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC
Fig. 4. The packing of 1a⋅2.5H2O viewed down the b-axis and showing the hydrogen-bonding network (uninvolved H-atoms have been omitted for clarity).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.