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181 results for “water relations”
Data from: Following the water? landscape-scale temporal changes in bat spatial distribution in relation to Mediterranean summer drought
Understanding how the spatial distribution of ecological resources shape species' diversity and abundance in human-modified landscapes is a central theme in conservation biology. However, studies often disregard that such patterns may vary over time, thereby potentially missing critical environmental constraints to species persistence. This may be particularly important in highly mobile species such as bats, which are able to track temporal variations in spatial resource distribution. Here we test the hypothesis that bats in Mediterranean landscapes are strongly affected by the progressive reduction in water availability during the seasonal summer drought. We analysed the effects of landscape composition and structure on bat diversity and activity, during Pregnancy, Lactation and Post-lactation periods, and identified the most influential variables within and across periods. Water bodies showed the strongest positive effect on bats, followed by riparian habitats and areas with steeper (>30%) slopes. However, while during Pregnancy there were only small landscape effects, these increased during Lactation and Post-lactation, highlighting a progressively stronger association with water habitats during the summer drought. The spatial projection of habitat models showed that the landscape distribution of bat diversity and activity hotspots changed markedly over time. During Pregnancy the spatial pattern of hotspot distribution was weakly defined, while during Lactation and particularly Post-lactation there was a concentration of hotspots along permanently flowing watercourses. Our study highlights that permanently flowing watercourses are critical for bat conservation in Mediterranean landscapes, calling for measures to counteract their ongoing degradation due in particular to climate change, water abstraction and damming. More generally, our study underlines the importance of considering the temporal dimension in habitat selection studies, without which there is the risk of overlooking the importance of habitats that are key for species persistence only at certain times of the year.
FIGURES 39–42 in New Neotropical and Nearctic species of water beetles in the genera Hydraena Kugelann and Ochthebius Leach, a key to North American genera and subgenera of the family, new distribution records, and a synopsis of ecology, behavior and morphology related to aquatic life (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURES 39–42. Behavior and morphology of exocrine secretion delivery systems of Hydraena and Ochthebius. 39–40) Hydraena americana Jäch. 39) Schematic. a) Beetle balanced on edge, tibiae of the right legs resting on the surface of a wet leaf, the left legs performing secretion-grooming. b) Secretion-grooming movements of left tibiae (note pivotal role of middle leg). c) Locations of exocrine gland pore areas. 40) Venter of left side of prothorax, external and internal, showing components of exocrine secretion delivery system. 41) Ochthebius arenicolus Perkins, ventral aspect of head and prothorax. 42) Ochthebius glaber Montes & Soler, ventral aspect of left side of head and adjacent area of prothorax, showing external cuticular features of antennal pocket and internal end-apparatus and ductules. For more context and SEMs see Perkins (1997).
FIGURES 34–35. Habitus and male genitalia.34 in New Neotropical and Nearctic species of water beetles in the genera Hydraena Kugelann and Ochthebius Leach, a key to North American genera and subgenera of the family, new distribution records, and a synopsis of ecology, behavior and morphology related to aquatic life (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURES 34–35. Habitus and male genitalia.34. Ochthebius (Gymnochthebius) falli (Perkins).35. Ochthebius (Gymnochthebius) fossatus LeConte.
FIGURE 33 in New Neotropical and Nearctic species of water beetles in the genera Hydraena Kugelann and Ochthebius Leach, a key to North American genera and subgenera of the family, new distribution records, and a synopsis of ecology, behavior and morphology related to aquatic life (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 33. Ochthebius (Asiobates) cascadeus, new species, holotype habitus and aedeagus (inset: aedeagal apex of Ochthebius (Asiobates) mimicus Brown).
FIGURES 43–44 in New Neotropical and Nearctic species of water beetles in the genera Hydraena Kugelann and Ochthebius Leach, a key to North American genera and subgenera of the family, new distribution records, and a synopsis of ecology, behavior and morphology related to aquatic life (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURES 43–44. Behavior and morphology of exocrine secretion delivery system of Limnebius. 43) Limnebius piceus Horn, schematic, beetle balanced on edge, tibiae of the left legs resting on the surface of a wet leaf, the right legs performing secretiongrooming, anterior (left) and posterior aspects; dorsal areas groomed by legs: a) protibia and protarsus, b) protibia, c) mesotibia, d) metatibia and metatarsus. 44) Limnebius truncatellus (Thunberg). Head and adjacent area of prothorax, ventral aspect of left side showing external cuticular features and internal end-apparatus and ductules of exocrine glands. For more context and SEMs see Perkins (1997).
An Analytical Formulation for Correcting the Relative Permeability of Gas-Water Flow in Propped Fractures Considering the Effect of Brinkman Flow
<p>Brinkman flow can impose a strong effect on the fluid transportation within propped fractures, as well as on the well productivity.</p>
An Analytical Formulation for Correcting the Relative Permeability of Gas-Water Flow in Propped Fractures Considering the Effect of Brinkman Flow
<p><span><span>·<span> </span></span></span><span>The viscous shear from fracture walls and the resistance from propping materials induce Brinkman flow in propped fractures</span><span>.</span></p> <p><span><span>·<span> </span></span></span><span>Neglecting the effect of Brinkman flow can cause significant errors in evaluating the gas-water relative permeability in propped fractures.</span></p> <p><span><span>·<span> </span></span></span><span>An analytical formulation is proposed to correct the relative permeability of gas-water flow in propped fractures considering Brinkman flow.</span></p>
A Refined Supply-demand Framework to Quantify Variability in Ecosystem Services Related to Surface Water in Support of Sustainable Development Goals
<p>This database relies on the article entitled "A Refined Supply-demand Framework to Quantify Variability in Ecosystem Services Related to Surface Water in Support of Sustainable Development Goals " to be published in Earth's Future. The file named 'Results' stores the data produced in this study. The file named 'Scripts' stores the python codes used in this study. The file named 'Software' stores the software installation package (Windows 64-bit system). The file named '3basin' stores the shapefile data of Level 3 basin in Xinjiang. The file named "Supplementary Data" contains the necessary Water Bulletin and Statistical Yearbook data.</p>
Distribution. Throughout the warmest waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, it has a cross-equatorial distribution occurring from as far N as the Arabian Sea, S India, Japan, and Mexico to as far S as South Africa and Australia; its occurrence appears to be relatively continuous within its distribution; it has not been recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Throughout the warmest waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, it has a cross-equatorial distribution occurring from as far N as the Arabian Sea, S India, Japan, and Mexico to as far S as South Africa and Australia; its occurrence appears to be relatively continuous within its distribution; it has not been recorded in the Atlantic Ocean.
Distribution. Restricted to the cooler waters of the N Atlantic Ocean from 71° 30" N in the Norwegian Sea, Iceland, and [Labrador (Canada) in the N, to Madeira, Azores, and NE USA to the S; single records from the Gulf of Mexico and E Mediterranean Sea are thought to represent vagrant individuals. In general, this species appears to be more widespread in E Atlantic Ocean than in W Atlantic Ocean, which may be related to preferences for cooler water temperatures. in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Restricted to the cooler waters of the N Atlantic Ocean from 71° 30" N in the Norwegian Sea, Iceland, and [Labrador (Canada) in the N, to Madeira, Azores, and NE USA to the S; single records from the Gulf of Mexico and E Mediterranean Sea are thought to represent vagrant individuals. In general, this species appears to be more widespread in E Atlantic Ocean than in W Atlantic Ocean, which may be related to preferences for cooler water temperatures.
Distribution. Endemic to cold temperate and subpolar waters of N Pacific Ocean, from the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea in the N to S Japan (W Pacific Ocean) and C California (E Pacific Ocean); itis the only species of Mesoplodon that commonly occurs in the Sea ofJapan. in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Endemic to cold temperate and subpolar waters of N Pacific Ocean, from the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea in the N to S Japan (W Pacific Ocean) and C California (E Pacific Ocean); itis the only species of Mesoplodon that commonly occurs in the Sea ofJapan.
Distribution. Subantarctic and Antarctic waters from Antarctica to South Africa, S Australia, N New Zealand, and South America. Its occurrence appears to be relatively continuous within its distribution. in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Subantarctic and Antarctic waters from Antarctica to South Africa, S Australia, N New Zealand, and South America. Its occurrence appears to be relatively continuous within its distribution.
Distribution. Restricted to the cooler waters of the N Atlantic Ocean, as far N as the Davis Strait, Jan Mayen, and Spitsbergen, and as far S as NE USA, Azores, and Canary Is; in E Atlantic Ocean, this species appears to be relatively rare S of Bay of Biscay. Although its occurrence seems to be relatively continuous in some parts of its distribution, such as in the E Atlantic Ocean, it appears to be more fragment ed in others, such as in the waters off E Canada. in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Restricted to the cooler waters of the N Atlantic Ocean, as far N as the Davis Strait, Jan Mayen, and Spitsbergen, and as far S as NE USA, Azores, and Canary Is; in E Atlantic Ocean, this species appears to be relatively rare S of Bay of Biscay. Although its occurrence seems to be relatively continuous in some parts of its distribution, such as in the E Atlantic Ocean, it appears to be more fragment ed in others, such as in the waters off E Canada.
Distribution. Cooler waters of the N Pacific Ocean, N limit apparently determined by the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea and recorded S to La Paz in Baja California, Mexico (E Pacific Ocean), and S Japan (W Pacific Ocean). The S limit in central N Pacific Ocean remains unclear. in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Cooler waters of the N Pacific Ocean, N limit apparently determined by the relatively shallow waters of the Bering Sea and recorded S to La Paz in Baja California, Mexico (E Pacific Ocean), and S Japan (W Pacific Ocean). The S limit in central N Pacific Ocean remains unclear.
Elevated CO2 alleviates adverse effects of drought on plant water relations and photosynthesis: a global meta-analysis
<p><span>1. </span><span>The elevated CO2 concentration (eCO2) is expected to improve plant water relations and carbon (C) uptakes, with a potential to mitigate drought stress. However, the interactive effects of eCO2 and drought on plant physiology and growth are not clear. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We performed a meta-analysis on the interactive effects of eCO2 and drought on plant water relations, photosynthesis, biomass production and allocation. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found that eCO2 did not lead to conservation of soil water, but improved leaf water status under drought conditions as evidenced by a higher leaf relative water content and a less negative midday leaf water potential, resulting from reduced stomatal conductance (gs) and increased root to shoot ratio. Elevated CO2 retarded gs response to drought, which may be mediated by decreases in leaf abscisic acid concentration under eCO2 and drought. Drought imposed stomatal limitations on photosynthesis (A), which was alleviated by eCO2 via increasing intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). This led to a stronger A response to eCO2 under drought, supporting the "low Ci effect". However, no interaction of eCO2 and drought was detected on plant biomass production. Intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) increased proportionally with eCO2, while plant-scale WUE was less responsive to eCO2 regardless of water availability. The advantages of eCO2 on C3 plants over C4 plants under well-watered conditions diminished under drought conditions. Within C3 plants, drought caused a greater reduction in biomass for woody plants than for herbs. Biomass declined progressively as drought prolonged for plants growing in both ambient CO2 and eCO2. The physiology and biomass of plants growing in pots showed more negative responses to drought than those growing in field. Biomass increase in free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiments was significantly less than those in growth chamber and open top chamber experiments. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis</span><span>. These findings suggest that eCO2 can alleviate the adverse impacts of drought on plant water relations and C sequestration, and are of significance in the prediction of plant growth and ecosystem productivity under global changes.</span></p>
Data related to: Global land-water competition and synergy between solar energy and agriculture
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Figure 2 in Nest survival of black-backed water tyrant Fluvicola albiventer in relation to nest morphometry and nest site features
Figure 2. Nest site, nest, eggs and chicks of the black-backed water tyrant Fluvicola albiventer during three breeding seasons (2016–2019) in a wetland of Argentina. (a) A nesting site near the water, (b) a nest in Solanum glaucophyllum, (c) eggs found in October 2018, (d) 5-day-old chicks found in January 2018, and (e) 9-day-old chick found in November 2016.
Figure 1 in Nest survival of black-backed water tyrant Fluvicola albiventer in relation to nest morphometry and nest site features
Figure 1. Monthly temporal distribution of black-backed water tyrant Fluvicola albiventer nests in a wetland of central Argentina (2016–2019 breeding seasons).
Fig. 2 in Survival of termites (Isoptera) exposed to various levels of relative humidity (RH) and water availability, and their RH preferences
Fig. 2. Materials for determining relative humidity (RH) level preferences of four termite species. A) Arena with chamber lids in place: a: chamber lid; b: rubber stopper; c: jar chamber. B) Arena with chamber lids removed: d: filter paper semicircle; e: Drierite introduction chamber; f: H2O chamber; g: MgCl2 camber; h: Mg(NO3)2 chamber; i: NaCl chamber. C) Close-up of arena components housing termites: j: connecting tube; k: holding dish; l: filter paper food source.
Fig. 1 in Survival of termites (Isoptera) exposed to various levels of relative humidity (RH) and water availability, and their RH preferences
Fig. 1. Experimental units to examine termite survival when exposed to various relative humidity (RH) levels: A) Humidity chambers with lids removed: a: H2O dish with filter paper ring (92.0 ± 0.07% RH); b: NaCl dish (72.9 ± 0.08% RH); c: Mg(NO3)2 dish (55.7 ± 0.09% RH); d: MgCl2 dish (34.3 ± 0.04% RH); e: silica gel layer (18.2 ± 0.14% RH); f: wood food source; g: holding dish with modified lid. B) Humidity chambers with lids in place: h: rubber stopper; i: temperature/humidity probe; j: chamber lid.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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