Find research datasets worth reusing

Figures 35–43. Ametor scabrosus, first instar larva. 35–37 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 35–43. Ametor scabrosus, first instar larva. 35–37, head capsule (35, dorsally; 36, ventrally; 37, labroclypeus). 38, antenna, dorsal view. 39, right mandible, dorsal view. 40–41, maxilla (40, dorsal view; 41, ventral view). 42–43, mentum and prementum (42, dorsal view; 43, ventral view). Scale bars: Figs 35–36: 0.1 mm, Figs 37–43: 0.05 mm.

Figures 31–34 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 31–34. Larva of Hydramara argentina, first instar (31–32) and third instar (33–34). 31, 33, mentum and prementum, dorsal view. 32, 34, mentum and prementum, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

Figures 1–12 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 1–12. Hydrobiusini larvae, third instar larval habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral view: 1–3, Hydramara argentina. 4–6, Limnohydrobius melaenus. 7–9, Sperchopsis tessellata. 10–12, Limnoxenus niger. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figures 17–22 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 17–22. Larva of Hydramara argentina, first instar (17–19) and third instar (20–22). 17, 20, clypeolabrum. 18, 21, head capsule in dorsal view. 19, 22, head capsule in ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 17, 20: 0.05 mm, Figs 18–19, 21–22: 0.1 mm.

Figures 13–16. 13–14 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 13–16. 13–14, cuticular projections on head capsule: 13, Ametor scabrosus. 14, Sperchopsis tessellata. 15, Hydramara argentina, antenna of third instar larva showing secondary setae on A1 (gAN2) and basal pores on A2 (AN6 refers to the pore that is on the antennal segment). 16, Hydramara argentina, symmetrical nasale of one atypical first instar larva.

Figure 10 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 10. Frame sequences of videos showing feeding behavior. A, Tropisternus latus Brullé, 1837, note that the larvae raise the head out of water while feeding. B, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837. C, Hemiosus dejeanii (Solier, 1849). D, Oocyclus magnifica Hebauer & Wang, 1998. See also Supporting Information, Videos S1–S4.

Figure 7 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 7. Labroclypeal region of Laccobius larvae. A, B, Laccobius kunashiricus Shatrovskiy, 1984, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: A, labroclypeus; B, left epistomal lobe. C–E, Laccobius (Microlaccobius) sp., third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: C, left epistomal lobe; D; detail of gFR2 setae; E, seta-like cuticular projections of the latero-ventral membranous lobe. Abbreviations: EpLb, epistomal lobe; NS, nasale. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.

Figure 4. Piercing-sucking mandibles. A–C in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 4. Piercing-sucking mandibles. A–C, Hybogralius hartmeyeri (Régimbart, 1908), third-instar larva, light microscope photographs, dorsal view: A, left mandible; B, detail of mandibular teeth; C, right mandible. D–F, Epimetopus mendeli Fikáček et al. 2011, first-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: D, left mandible; E, detail of mandibular teeth; F, right mandible. Abbreviations: rc1, first retinaculum; rc2, second retinaculum; rc3, third retinaculum; pt, prostheca.

Figure 1 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 1. Head capsule of larvae with chewing (A–C) and piercing-sucking (D–I) feeding system, SEM micrograph, dorsal view. A, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837, second-instar larva. B, Tropisternus setiger Germar, 1824, firstinstar larva. C, Derallus paranensis Oliva, 1981, first instar larva. D, Berosus sp., third-instar larva. E, Hemiosus bruchi Knisch, 1924, third-instar larva. F, Oocyclus iguazu (Oliva 1996), third-instar larva. G, Laccobius kunashiricus Shatrovskiy, 1984, third-instar larva. H, Hybogralius hartmeyeri (Régimbart, 1908), third-instar larva, light microscope photograph. I, Epimetopus mendeli Fikáček et al. 2011, first-instar larva.

Figure 3. Piercing-sucking mandibles. A–C in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 3. Piercing-sucking mandibles. A–C, Berosus patruelis Berg, 1885, first-instar larva, SEM micrograph: A, left mandible, ventral view; B, detail of mandibular teeth, ventral view; C, right mandible, dorsal view. D–F, Laccobius hammondi Gentili, 1984, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: D, left mandible; E, detail of mandibular teeth; F, right mandible. G–I, Oocyclus iguazu (Oliva, 1996) third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view; G, left mandible; H, detail of mandibular teeth; I, right mandible.

Figure 15 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 15. Phylogeny of the Hydrophiloidea with mapped evolution of tracheal system (A) and mouthparts (B, C). Two alternative ancestral state reconstructions of mouthparts, considering mouthparts of the Pelthydrus-group as: B, piercingsucking; C, chewing (only tribe Laccobiini shown). D, number of species of aquatic genera of Hydrophilidae with known larvae. Colors of branches/bars/pie-charts indicate functional morphology of mouthparts (red = piercing-sucking, blue = chewing, green = filter-feeding) and development of the tracheal system (grey = open; orange = closed).

Figure 6 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 6. Labroclypeal region of Hemiosus larvae. A, B, Hemiosus bruchi Knisch, 1924, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: A, labroclypeus; B, left epistomal lobe. C–E, Hemiosus multimaculatus (Jensen-Haarup, 1910), third-instar larva, dorsal view: C, left epistomal lobe, SEM micrograph; D, detail of gFR2 serrated setae, SEM micrograph; E, left epistomal lobe, light microscope photograph. Abbreviations: EpLb, epistomal lobe; NS, nasale. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.

Figure 5 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 5. Labroclypeal region of larvae with chewing feeding system, SEM micrograph, dorsal view. A, Tropisternus acaragua Bachmann, 1969, first-instar larva. B, Hydrochara caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758), first-instar larva. C, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837, second-instar larva. D, Derallus paranensis Oliva, 1981, first instar larva. E, Helochares ventricosus Bruch, 1915, first-instar larva. F, Hydroglobus puncticolle Bruch, 1915, third-instar larva. G, Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), third-instar larva. H, Cercyon quisquilius (Linnaeus, 1761), third-instar larva, white arrow indicates labroclypeal notch. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.

Figure 2 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 2. Chewing mandibles, SEM micrograph, dorsal view. A, Derallus sp., first-instar larva. B, Enochrus sp., firstinstar larva. C, Tropisternus sp., second-instar larva. D, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837, first-instar larva. E, Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), third-instar larva. F, Cercyon quisquilius (Linnaeus, 1761), third-instar larva. Abbreviations: rc1, first retinaculum; rc2, second retinaculum; rc3, third retinaculum.

Figure 12 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 12. Schematic drawing of the piercing-sucking feeding mechanism: 1, sucking channel; 2, epistomal-mandibular coupling system; 3, flexible area.

Figure 11 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 11. Summary of the main structures related with piercing-sucking feeding mechanism, SEM micrograph. A, B, Berosus sp., third-instar larva: A, lobular-mandibular coupling system, dorsal view; B, detail of lobular-mandibular coupling system, ventral view. C, Laccobius (Microlaccobius) sp., third-instar larva, left epistomal lobe, dorsal view.

Figure 9 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 9. Labium of larvae with chewing (A–B) and piercing-sucking (C–D) feeding system, dorsal view. A, Enochrus sp., first-instar larva, SEM micrograph. B, Derallus sp., first-instar larva, SEM micrograph. C, Berosus sp., third-instar larva, SEM micrograph. D, Oocyclus sapphirus Short & García, 2010, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph.

Figure 14 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 14. Summary of the main structures related with apneustic respiratory system. A–C, Berosus decolor Knisch, 1924, light microscope photograph: A, habitus, first-instar larva, dorsal view; B; terminal spiracle, third-instar larva, dorsal view; C; detail of the abdominal spiracular trachea and tracheal gill, dorsal view. D, Berosus pallipes Brullé, 1841, abdominal spiracle, third-instar larva, dorsal view. E–H, Berosus sp., third-instar larva, SEM micrograph: E, spiracular chamber, ventral view; F; first abdominal segment bearing tracheal gill, dorsal view; G, detail of tracheal gill surface; H, abdominal spiracle. I, J, Hemiosus bruchi Knisch, 1924, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph: I, last abdominal segments, dorsal view; J, abdominal spiracle. K, Hemiosus multimaculatus (Jensen-Haarup, 1910), spiracular chamber, third-instar larva, ventral view.

Figure 13 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 13. Summary of the main structures related with metapneustic respiratory system. A, Tropisternus latus (Brullé, 1837), spiracular chamber, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph, dorsal view. B, Helochares ventricosus Bruch, 1915, spiracular chamber, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph, dorsal view. C, Tropisternus latus (Brullé, 1837), spiracular chamber, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph, dorsal view. D, Helochares ventricosus Bruch, 1915, abdominal spiracle, first-instar larva, light microscope photograph, dorsal view. E–H, Tropisternus setiger Germar, 1824, SEM micrograph: E, spiracular chamber, third-instar larva, ventral view; F, detail of the terminal spiracle with dust filter, third-instar larva, ventral view; G, abdominal spiracle, first-instar larva, dorsal view; H, detail of the closed abdominal spiracles, first-instar larva, dorsal view. I, J, Oocyclus iguazu (Oliva 1996) third-instar larva, SEM micrograph: I, spiracular chamber, dorsal view; J, biforous abdominal spiracle, dorsal view. K, Laccobius kunashiricus Shatrovskiy, 1984, spiracular chamber, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view.

Figure 8. Labroclypeal region. A, B in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 8. Labroclypeal region. A, B, Hybogralius hartmeyeri (Régimbart, 1908), third-instar larva, light microscope photographs, dorsal view: A, labroclypeus; B, left epistomal lobe. C, D, Epimetopus mendeli Fikáček et al. 2011, first-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: C, labroclypeus; D, right epistomal lobe. Abbreviations: EpLb, epistomal lobe; NS, nasale. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.