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Figure 4 in New specimens of Baurutitan britoi and a taxonomic reassessment of the titanosaur dinosaur fauna (Sauropoda) from the Serra da Galga Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Brazil

Figure 4 Posterior cervical vertebrae of the BR-262 specimens. CPPLIP-040 in (A) right lateral; (B) anterior and (C) dorsal views. CPPLIP-049 in (D) right lateral; (E) anterior and (F) dorsal views. Abbreviations: eprl, epipophyseal-prezygapophyseal laminae; le, longitudinal excavation; prz, prezygapophyses; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14333/fig-4

Figure 15 in New specimens of Baurutitan britoi and a taxonomic reassessment of the titanosaur dinosaur fauna (Sauropoda) from the Serra da Galga Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Brazil

Figure 15 Humeri of the BR-262 specimens. CPPLIP-008 (right humerus) in (A) anterior; (B) lateral; (C) posterior; (D) proximal and (E) distal views. CPPLIP-007 (left humerus) in (F) anterior; (G) posterior and (H) proximal views. Abbreviations: dc, deltapectoral crest; lpc, laterally projected crest; rac, radial condyle; ulc, ulnar condyle. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14333/fig-15

Figure 14 in New specimens of Baurutitan britoi and a taxonomic reassessment of the titanosaur dinosaur fauna (Sauropoda) from the Serra da Galga Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Brazil

Figure 14 Scapular girdle and sternal plate of the BR-262 specimens. CPPLIP-038 (right scapula) in (A) lateraland (D) medial views. CPPLIP-140 (right coracoid) in (B) lateraland (E) medial views. CPPLIP-138 (right sternal plate) in (C) ventral and (F) dorsal views. Abbreviations: ac, acromion; acr, acromial ridge; cf, coracoid foramen; dsc, dorsoventrally projected crest; lmc, lateromedially projected crest; mb, medial bulge; scb, scapular blade. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14333/fig-14

FIGURE 8 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania

FIGURE 8. Strict consensus tree of the first phylogenetic analysis performed by us using the matrix of Madzia et al. (2018), showing the relationships of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus within Ornithischia and Ornithopoda. Notably, the phylogenetic relationships within Rhabdodontidae as shown herein differ from those reconstructed based on our thorough morphological comparisons (i.e., a particularly close relationship between Transylvanosaurus and Rhabdodon). Due to the scarcity of relevant braincase characters in the original dataset and the poor resolution of Rhabdodontidae, we regard the hypothesis derived from the morphological comparisons as more likely.

FIGURE 7 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania

FIGURE 7. Strict consensus tree of the first phylogenetic analysis performed by us using the matrix of Dieudonné et al. (2021), showing the relationships of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus within Ornithischia and Ornithopoda.

FIGURE 2 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania

FIGURE 2. The type locality of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. at the Barbat River Valley section, near Pui, eastern Hateg Basin. A, General overview of the riverbed outcropping condition of the uppermost Cretaceous continental 'Pui Beds' along the Barbat River, south of Pui; in the background, flat-lying coarse cobbly-sandy Quaternary deposits covering the reddish uppermost Cretaceous rocks. B, Details of the superposed greenish coarser-grained channel deposits and red fine-grained floodplain sediments with well-developed whitish pedogenic calcrete horizons, characteristic of the 'Pui Beds.' C, View of the 'Pui Beds' looking southward, with the type locality and bed (a red silty mudstone) of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. exposed in the middle ground; the type specimen, LPB (FGGUB) R.2070, was discovered near the left edge of the photograph (white arrow). D, Partial posterior cranium of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov., specimen LPB (FGGUB) R.2070 (exposed paired frontals, above, and partly buried basicranium, below) in the moment of its discovery, July 2007; chisel for scale. E, Specimen LPB (FGGUB) R.2070 completely exposed during excavation. F, Block containing specimen LPB (FGGUB) R.2070 after completed excavation and before plaster jacketing.

FIGURE 6 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania

FIGURE 6. Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov., holotype frontals, FGGUB (LPB) R.2070. A, photo and B, drawing of the frontals in dorsal view. C, photo and D, drawing of the frontals in ventral view. Note that the ventral side of the left frontal is damaged and thus does not preserve the impressions of the orbital roof and the olfactory bulb. Abbreviations: cer, impression of the cerebrum; nps, confluent nasal-prefrontal suture; olf, impression of the olfactory bulb; orb, orbital roof; pas, parietal suture; pos, postorbital suture; sph, sutural contact with the sphenethmoid plate; tfc, transverse frontal crest.

FIGURE 1 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania

FIGURE 1. Locality information for the holotype of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. A, Location of the type locality of Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. south of Pui, in the eastern Hateg Basin, western Romania, alongside with that of other rhabdodontid posterior cranial remains (frontals and basicrania listed above, respectively below the horizontal line) discussed in the text; the holotype is LPB (FGGUB) R.2070, in bold (for details on specimen numbers, see text). Key: 1, uplifted pre-Alpine crystalline basement rocks bordering the Hateg Basin; 2, pre-uppermost Cretaceous sedimentary units of the Hateg Basin (mainly marine beds); 3–5, vertebrate-bearing uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) continental deposits: 3, Sînpetru Formation (spf); 4, Sînpetru Formation-correlative units ('Râul Mare Beds' in the central part of the basin, 'Pui Beds' in the eastern part); 5, Densus-Ciula Formation (dcf), with v—volcanoclastic 'lower member'; 6, Cenozoic (mainly Quaternary) sedimentary cover; 7, main fossiliferous localities with rhabdodontid posterior cranial material. B, Inset shows the position of the Hateg Basin within Romania (rectangle), as well as the approximate location of the rhabdodontid frontal MMIRS 780 in the southwestern part of the Transylvanian Basin (star).

FIGURE 4 in A new ornithopod dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania

FIGURE 4. Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov., holotype basicranium, FGGUB (LPB) R.2070, in anterior and posterior view. A, photo and B, drawing in anterior view. C, photo and D, drawing in posterior view. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bsp, basisphenoid; btu, basal tubera; exo, exoccipital; fom, foramen magnum; lsp, laterosphenoid; opi, opisthotic; pap, paroccipital process; pit, pituitary fossa; pro, prootic; prp, prootic process.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Valleculae on the frontal bone of a hadrosaurid dinosaur

Internal view of the frontal bone of a hadrosaurid dinosaur (Amurosaurus riabinini, AEHM 1/240) (a internal left view, b internal right view). Arrows point to some of the valleculae.

Figure 7 in Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation

Figure 7. Time-calibrated phylogenetic tree, based on the 50% majority-rule tree of Supplementary Fig. 6. Macronarians have been combined into a single lineage to enhance clarity. Red star indicates position of Tharosaurus indicus.

Figure 6 in Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation

Figure 6. Phylogenetic position of Tharosaurus indicus gen. et sp. nov. (RWR-241) in 50% majority-rule tree. Clade Dicraeosauridae shaded in pink. Numbers above nodes indicate Bremer support values.

Figure 8 in Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation

Figure 8. Palaeogeographic distribution of diplodocoids with taxa of different ages plotted together in a simplified Middle Jurassic (170 Ma) map to show their spatio-temporal distribution across Pangea. Silhouettes indicate the type of diplodocoid and fossil occurrences. Numbers adjoining sauropod silhouettes indicate age of the fossils as follows: 1—Middle Jurassic (early–middle Bathonian); 2—Late Jurassic; 3—Cretaceous; 4—Middle Jurassic (Callovian). Palaeogeographic map afer Scotese67 and sourced from https://www.earthbyte.org/paleo map-paleoatlas-for-gplates/ [This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]. Source of information on sauropod distribution from the Paleobiology database (https://www.paleobiodb.org/) and Ren et al.50.

Figure 5 in Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation

Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of Tharosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge.

Figure 4 in Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation

Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of Tharosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm.

Figure 3 in Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation

Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of Tharosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm.

Figure 2 in Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation

Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of Tharosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm.

Figure 1 in Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation

Figure 1. Geological map of Jaisalmer Basin showing (a) the fossil locality; (b) stratigraphic column showing the position of the dinosaur fossil yielding horizon; (c) photograph of the fossil site. The map and stratigraphic column were drawn by K.K. using CorelDRAW 2019 (Version number: 21.0.0.593, URL link: http://www.corel. com/en/).

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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Data from: The dentary of hadrosauroid dinosaurs: evolution through heterochrony

The near-global success reached by hadrosaurid dinosaurs during the Cretaceous has been attributed to mastication, a behaviour commonly recognized as a mammalian adaptation. Its occurrence in a non-mammalian lineage should be accompanied by the evolution of several morphological modifications associated with food acquisition and processing. This study investigated morphological variation in the dentary, a major element of the hadrosauroid lower jaw. Eighty-four hadrosauroid dentaries were subjected to geometric morphometric and statistical analyses to investigate their taxonomic, ontogenetic, and individual variation. Results suggest increased food acquisition and processing efficiency in saurolophids through a complex pattern of evolutionary and growth-related changes. The edentulous region grew longer relative to dentary length, allowing for food acquisition specialization anteriorly and processing posteriorly, and became ventrally directed, possibly associated with foraging low-growing vegetation, especially in younger individuals. The saurolophid coronoid process became anteriorly directed and relatively more elongate, with an expanded apex, increasing moment arm length, with muscles pulling the jaw more posteriorly, increasing mechanical advantage. During growth, all hadrosauroids underwent anteroposterior dental battery elongation by the addition of teeth, and edentulous region ventralization decreased. The dental battery became deeper in saurolophids by increasing the number of teeth per tooth family. The increased coronoid process anterior inclination and relative edentulous region elongation in saurolophids are hypothesized to have evolved through hypermorphosis and/or acceleration, peramorphic heterochronic processes, and the anteroposteriorly shorter but dorsoventrally taller saurolophid dentary, likely emerged due to post-displacement in dental battery elongation and edentulous region decreased ventral orientation, a paedomorphic heterochronic process.