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Figure 2 from: Kozuharova E, Benbassat N, Ionkova I (2020) The invasive alien species Amorpha fruticosa in Bulgaria and its potential as economically prospective source of valuable essential oil. Pharmacia 67(4): 357-362. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e51334
Figure 2 Infrutescences of Amorpha fruticosa at early maturing stage. Shrubs at Ivaylovgrad reservoir bank on 14th of August 2019.
The genome assembly and annotation of Magnolia biondii Pamp., a phylogenetically, economically, and medicinally important ornamental tree species
<p><em>Magnolia biondii</em> Pamp. (Magnoliaceae, magnoliids) is a phylogenetically, economically, and medicinally important ornamental tree species widely grown and cultivated in the north-temperate regions of China. Contributing a genome sequence for <i>M</i>. <i>biondii</i> will help resolve phylogenetic uncertainty of magnoliids and further understand individual trait evolution in <i>Magnolia</i>. We assembled a chromosome-level reference genome of<i> M. biondii</i> using ~67, ~175, and ~154 Gb of raw DNA sequences generated by Pacific Biosciences Single-molecule Real-time sequencing, 10X genomics Chromium, and Hi-C scaffolding strategies, respectively. The final genome assembly was ∼2.22 Gb with a contig N50 of 269.11 Kb and a BUSCO complete gene ratio of 91.90%. About 89.17% of the genome length was organized to 19 chromosomes, resulting in a scaffold N50 of 92.86 Mb. The genome contained 48,319 protein-coding genes, accounting for 22.97% of the genome length, in contrast to 66.48% of the genome length for the repetitive elements. We confirmed a Magnoliaceae specific WGD event that might have probably occurred shortly after the split of Magnoliaceae and Annonaceae. Functional enrichment of the <i>Magnolia</i> specific and expanded gene families highlighted genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant-pathogen interaction, and response to stimulus, which may improve ecological fitness and biological adaptability of the lineage. Phylogenomic analyses recovered a sister relationship of magnoliids and Chloranthaceae, which are sister to a clade comprising monocots and eudicots. The genome sequence of <i>M. biondii</i> could empower trait improvement, germplasm conservation, and evolutionary studies on rapid radiation of early angiosperms.</p>
The Economic and Environmental Benefits of Partial Leasing of Agricultural Water Rights
<p>Code and data used for partial leasing study</p>
Data from: Gripping during climbing of arboreal snakes may be safe but not economical
On the steep surfaces that are common in arboreal environments, many types of animals without claws or adhesive structures must use muscular force to generate sufficient normal force to prevent slipping and climb successfully. Unlike many limbed arboreal animals that have discrete gripping regions on the feet, the elongate bodies of snakes allow for considerable modulation of both the size and orientation of the gripping region. We quantified the gripping forces of snakes climbing a vertical cylinder to determine the extent to which their force production favoured economy or safety. Our sample included four boid species and one colubrid. Nearly all of the gripping forces that we observed for each snake exceeded our estimate of the minimum required, and snakes commonly produced more than three times the normal force required to support their body weight. This suggests that a large safety factor to avoid slipping and falling is more important than locomotor economy.
Data from: Leaf photosynthetic, economics and hydraulic traits are decoupled among genotypes of a widespread species of eucalypt grown under ambient and elevated CO2
Leaf economics and hydraulic traits strongly influence photosynthesis. While the level of coordination among these traits can differ between sets of species, leaf functional trait coordination within species remains poorly understood. Furthermore, elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 commonly influence the expression of leaf photosynthetic, economics and hydraulic traits in contrasting ways, yet the effect of variable concentrations of atmospheric CO2 on patterns of trait coordination within species remains largely untested. We examined the relationships among key leaf photosynthetic (e.g. net photosynthesis and photosynthetic biochemistry), economics and water-use (e.g. leaf mass per unit area and stomatal conductance) and hydraulic traits (e.g. vein density) in 14 genotypes of Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in ambient (aCO2) and elevated (eCO2) [CO2]. We examined the level of coordination among leaf traits in aCO2 and then assessed whether growth in eCO2 altered that coordination. We found that leaf traits related to photosynthetic capacity, economics and water-use, and hydraulics were decoupled among genotypes grown in aCO2, yet strong relationships were generally observed among suites of traits within each 'functional group'. Significant responses to growth in eCO2 were observed for most leaf photosynthetic and economics and water-use traits, with the magnitude and direction of the response varying among traits. In contrast, leaf hydraulics traits were unaffected by variable growth CO2. Despite this, growth in eCO2 did not substantially alter patterns of leaf trait coordination observed in aCO2. These results suggest suites of leaf traits associated with photosynthetic capacity, economics and water-use and hydraulics, respectively, can form independent axes of variation among genotypes of a single species, regardless of growth CO2. Although growth in eCO2 did not substantially alter patterns of trait coordination, decoupling of leaf functional traits among genotypes may allow genetically distinct populations to produce novel combinations of traits that may be adaptive in response to changes in their local environment.
Data from: The evolutionary economics of embryonic-sac fluids in squamate reptiles
The parchment-shelled eggs of squamate reptiles take up substantial water from the nest environment, enabling the conversion of yolk into neonatal tissue and buffering the embryo against the possibility of subsequent dry weather. During development, increasing amounts of water are stored in the embryonic sacs (i.e., membranes around the embryo: amnion, allantois, and chorion). The evolution of viviparity (prolonged uterine retention of developing embryos) means that embryonic-sac fluid storage now imposes a cost (increased maternal burdening), confers less benefit (because the mother buffers fetal water balance), and introduces a potential conflict among uterine siblings (for access to finite water supplies). Our data on nine species of squamate reptiles and published information on three species show that the embryonic-sac fluids comprise around 33% of neonatal mass in viviparous species versus 94% in full-term eggs of oviparous squamates. Data on parturition in 149 vipers (Vipera aspis, a viviparous species) show that larger offspring store more fluids in their fetal sacs and that an increase in litter size is associated with a decrease in fluid-sac mass per offspring. Overall, the evolutionary transition from oviparity to viviparity may have substantially altered selective forces on offspring packaging and created competition among offspring for access to water reserves during embryonic development.
Data from: Community-level economics spectrum of fine-roots driven by nutrient limitations in subalpine forests
1. Fine-root traits show remarkable variation with plant community structure and environmental shifts, but there is limited understanding of how trait covariation that exists among fine-root traits shifts among different communities, especially in forests. We explored links among the fine-root traits of forest communities to determine whether community root traits shift predictably according to an economics framework along environmental gradients. 2. Measurements of root morphology, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon concentrations, and measures of standing root densities were collected on fine roots (diameter ≤ 2 mm) from 129 forest plots in five subalpine forests. 3. This study demonstrates an existence of a community-level fine-root economics spectrum (REScom) in the subalpine forests, in which specific root length was strongly and positively related to root nitrogen and phosphorusconcentrations, but negatively related to root diameter. Soil nutrient limitation was a major driver of the REScom as changes in soil [N], [P] and [C] contents were related to changes in SRL, root [N], root [P]. Variables related to standing fine-root length and mass were independent of the REScom and was primarily related to forest community structure, particularly in tree closure and herbaceous plant mass. 4. These results indicate two distinct functional dimensions of community fine-root trait variation: resource-use efficiency via changes in root structure and construction, and separately via changes in the standing root system. Identifying shifts in allocation to and investment in fine roots enhances our understanding of a root and whole-plant economics spectrum and community functioning.
Data from: The interrelationship among economic activities, environmental degradation, material consumption, and population health in low-income countries: a longitudinal ecological study
Objectives: The theory of ecological unequal exchange explains how trade and various forms of economic activity create the problem of environmental degradation, and lead to the deterioration of population health. Based on this theory, our study examined the inter-relationship among economic characteristics, ecological footprints, CO2 emissions, infant mortality rates and under-5 mortality rates in low-income countries. Design: A longitudinal ecological study design. Setting: Sixty-six low-income countries from 1980 to 2010 were included in the analyses. Data for each country represented an average of 23 years (N=1497). Data sources: Data were from the World Development Indicators, UN Commodity Trade Statistics Database, Global Footprint Network and Polity IV Project. Analyses: Linear mixed models with a spatial power covariance structure and a correlation that decreased over time were constructed to accommodate the repeated measures. Statistical analyses were conducted separately by sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and other regions. Results: After controlling for country-level sociodemographic characteristics, debt and manufacturing, economic activities were positively associated with infant mortality rates and under-5 mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa. By contrast, export intensity and foreign investment were beneficial for reducing infant and under-5 mortality rates in Latin America and other regions. Although the ecological footprints and CO2 emissions did not mediate the relationship between economic characteristics and health outcomes, export intensity increased CO2 emissions, but reduced the ecological footprints in sub-Saharan Africa. By contrast, in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, although export intensity was positively associated with the ecological footprints and also CO2 emissions, the percentage of exports to high-income countries was negatively associated with the ecological footprints. Conclusions: This study suggested that environmental protection and economic development are important for reducing infant and under-5 mortality rates in low-income countries.
Data from: Digit ratio (2D:4D) and prosocial behavior in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining, or trust-related behaviors
Prenatal exposure to sex hormones exerts organizational effects on the brain which have observable behavioral correlates in adult life. There are reasons to expect that social behaviors—fundamental for the evolutionary success of humans—might be related to biological factors such as prenatal sex hormone exposure. Nevertheless, the existing literature is inconclusive as to whether and how prenatal exposure to testosterone and estrogen, proxied by the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), may predict non-selfish behavior. Here, we investigate this question using economic experiments with real monetary stakes and analyze five different dimensions of social behavior in a comparatively large sample of Caucasian participants (n=560). For both males and females, our results show no robust association between right- or left-hand 2D:4D and generosity, bargaining, or trust-related behaviors. Moreover, no differences in behavior were found according to sex. We conclude that there is no direct correlation between 2D:4D and these social behaviors.
Data from: Complex economic behavior patterns are constructed from finite, genetically controlled modules of behavior
Complex ethological behaviors could be constructed from finite modules that are reproducible functional units of behavior. Here, we test this idea for foraging and develop methods to dissect rich behavior patterns in mice. We uncover discrete modules of foraging behavior reproducible across different strains and ages, as well as nonmodular behavioral sequences. Modules differ in terms of form, expression frequency, and expression timing and are expressed in a probabilistically determined order. Modules shape economic patterns of feeding, exposure, activity, and perseveration responses. The modular architecture of foraging changes developmentally, and different developmental, genetic, and parental effects are found to shape the expression of specific modules. Dissecting modules from complex patterns is powerful for phenotype analysis. We discover that both parental alleles of the imprinted Prader-Willi syndrome gene Magel2 are functional in mice but regulate different modules. Our study found that complex economic patterns are built from finite, genetically controlled modules.
FIGURE 36 in Thitarodes namnai sp. nov. and T. caligophilus sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), hosts of the economically important entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Bhutan
FIGURE 36. 'Namna', the habitat of Thitarodes namnai.
FIGURE 24 in Thitarodes namnai sp. nov. and T. caligophilus sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), hosts of the economically important entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Bhutan
FIGURE 24. Thitarodes namnai: underside holotype, showing wing venation, label 10005.
FIGURE 37 in Thitarodes namnai sp. nov. and T. caligophilus sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), hosts of the economically important entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Bhutan
FIGURE 37. Light-trapping in the habitat of Thitarodes namnai.
Distribution of economic damages due to climate-driven sea-level rise across European regions and sectors
<p>The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the study</p>
THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF OUR COUNTRY IN INCREASING THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF OUR COUNTRY.
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THE IMPACT OF THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INDUSTRY ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN.
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Supplementary material 1 from: Probert AF, Vimercati G, Kumschick S, Volery L, Bacher S (2023) Clarification and guidance on the use of the Socio-Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) framework. NeoBiota 89: 45-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.89.109911
SEICAT assessment supplementary material
INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY IN OUR COUNTRY AND ITS PECULIARITIES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
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ECONOMICS AND BANKING POLICY
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DETERMINATION OF PROFITABILITY OF AN ECONOMIC SUBJECT WITH THE HELP OF OPTIMIZATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ON THE BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS.
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