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Fig. 3 in Freshwater parameters in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and their influence on fish distribution and aquaculture

Fig. 3. Water alkalinity in different cities of Rio Grande do Sul in the period of 1996 to 2011 (A) mean, (B) minimum and (C) maximum values (Source CORSAN/RS).

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Fig. 1 in Freshwater parameters in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and their influence on fish distribution and aquaculture

Fig. 1. Water pH in different cities of Rio Grande do Sul in the period of 1996 to 2011 (A) mean, (B) minimum and (C) maximum values (Source CORSAN/RS).

FIGURE 2 in Human impacts and the loss of Neotropical freshwater fish diversity

FIGURE 2 | Geographical distribution of studies published in this Special Issue of Neotropical Ichthyology. Colors indicate the type of impact. Five papers are not shown in the map, because they covered large spatial extents (i.e., whole basins or the Neotropical region).

FIGURE 1 in Human impacts and the loss of Neotropical freshwater fish diversity

FIGURE 1 | Gender of authors in this Special Issue of Neotropical Ichthyology, considering all authors (n = 107) and the first author of each paper (n = 22).

FIGURE 3 in Human impacts and the loss of Neotropical freshwater fish diversity

FIGURE 3 | Main human stressors associated with the loss of Neotropical freshwater fishes, investigated by studies published in this Special Issue of Neotropical Ichthyology.

FIGURE 5 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 5 | Collection points for 442 threatened Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF) colored by elevation and sized by species' description year. Threatened NFF species are often those described decades ago, with range-restricted distributions in the upland rivers of the Brazilian Shield and the Colombian Andes, and coastal Atlantic and Caribbean drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient (gray). Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates.

FIGURE 6 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 6 | Collection points for 671 potentially threatened Neotropical Freshwater Fishes (NFF). Potentially threatened NFF species predicted by the ConR package using EOO estimates are usually distributed outside protected areas (e.g., national parks, indigenous lands: green) and more often located in the upland rivers of the northern, central and southern Andes, and Eastern Guiana Shield. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; LC or NT: Least Concern or Near Threatened; DD: Data Deficient. Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates. Protected areas (green) from: https://www.protectedplanet.net.

FIGURE 2 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 2 | Extinction risks in 3,001 Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). On average, 14% (422 of 3,001) NFF species are classified by the IUCN Red List (RL) as Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR). Extinction risks are relatively similar among the orders Characiformes (8.2%), Siluriformes (10.8%), Cichliformes (10.0%), and Gymnotiformes (14.9%). An exception is the clade Cyprinodontiformes, where about 48% of species are classified as either VU, EN, or CR. LC or NT: Least Concern or Near Threatened; DD: Data Deficient.

FIGURE 4 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 4 | Collection points for 442 threatened Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). Threatened NFF species classified by the IUCN Red List (RL) are often distributed in the upland rivers of the Brazilian Shield and the Colombian Andes, and coastal Atlantic and Caribbean drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient. Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates.

FIGURE 3 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 3 | Association among three variables and extinction risks in 3,001 Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF). A. IUCN-Red List (RL) threat categories by species description dates. B. Species description dates by taxonomic orders. C. IUCN-RL categories by geographic ranges. D. Geographic ranges by taxonomic orders. E. IUCN-RL categories by elevation ranges. F. Elevational ranges by taxonomic orders. Threatened status are usually higher for recently described NFF species, those inhabiting narrow geographic ranges, and those confined to upland river drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient.

FIGURE 1 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 1 | Sample of the phenotypic diversity of Neotropical freshwater fishes. Upper left to lower right: Lycengraulis grossidens (Spix & Agassiz, 1829); Hyphessobrycon hexastichos Bertaco & Carvalho, 2005; Geophagus neambi Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010; Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840; Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766); Anablepsoides xinguensis (Costa, 2010); Abramites hypselonotus (Günther 1868); Pituna xinguensis Costa & Nielsen, 2007; Gymnotus cuia Craig, Malabarba, Crampton & Albert, 2018; Apteronotus caudimaculosus de Santana, 2003; Colomesus tocantinensis Amaral, Brito, Silva & Carvalho, 2013; Corydoras britskii (Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1983). Species not shown in scale.

FIGURE 1 in Negative impacts of mining on Neotropical freshwater fishes

FIGURE 1 | Dead fishes (characiforms, cichliforms, and siluriforms) after crude oil spilled in waterbody of the Amazon River basin. Credits to Barbara Fraser.

FIGURE 4 in Biotic differentiation in headwater creeks after the massive introduction of non-native freshwater aquarium fish in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil

FIGURE 4 | Contamination Index (CI) in each headwater creek in the Muriaé Ornamental Aquaculture Center, Brazil. Headwater creeks: LO = Lopes; QU = Queiroga; BS = Boa Sorte; RO = Rochedo; VA = Varginha; SL = São Luís.

FIGURE 3 in Biotic differentiation in headwater creeks after the massive introduction of non-native freshwater aquarium fish in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil

FIGURE 3 | The 10 most widespread non-native exotic fish in the studied headwater creeks located in the Muriaé Ornamental Aquaculture Center, Brazil. Only non-native species with at least 50% of occurrence were listed.

FIGURE 2 in Biotic differentiation in headwater creeks after the massive introduction of non-native freshwater aquarium fish in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil

FIGURE 2 | Richness of native (blue) and non-native species [translocated (yellow) and exotic (red)], in each headwater creek in the Muriaé Ornamental Aquaculture Center, Brazil. Headwater creeks: LO = Lopes; QU = Queiroga; BS = Boa Sorte; RO = Rochedo; VA = Varginha; SL = São Luís.

FIGURE 1 in Biotic differentiation in headwater creeks after the massive introduction of non-native freshwater aquarium fish in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil

FIGURE 1 | Sampling sites in the area affected by the Muriaé Ornamental Aquaculture Center in Brazil. Municipalities: Muriaé, Miradouro, Vieiras, and São Francisco do Glória (Total area of 1,419 km2; IBGE, 2020). Headwater creeks: LO = Lopes; QU = Queiroga; BS = Boa Sorte; RO = Rochedo; VA = Varginha; SL = São Luís.

FIGURE 5 in Biotic differentiation in headwater creeks after the massive introduction of non-native freshwater aquarium fish in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil

FIGURE 5 | Distances to the centroid obtained from the two main Principal Coordinate Analysis – PCoA axis (see Anderson et al., 2006 for further details) of fish community Jaccard dissimilarities in six headwater creeks (LO = Lopes; QU = Queiroga; BS = Boa Sorte; RO = Rochedo; VA = Varginha; SL = São Luís) sampled in historical (only native species) and in contemporary (native + non-natives) periods, in the Muriaé Ornamental Aquaculture Center, Brazil.

FIGURE 6 in Biotic differentiation in headwater creeks after the massive introduction of non-native freshwater aquarium fish in the Paraíba do Sul River basin, Brazil

FIGURE 6 | Position of six headwater creeks (LO = Lopes; QU = Queiroga; BS = Boa Sorte; RO = Rochedo; VA = Varginha; SL = São Luís), scaled by temperature (Temp, blue gradient colours), and number of ponds (Np, circle size) used to raise fish species in the nearest fish farm (i.e., anthropogenic proxy of propagule pressure) in the Muriaé Ornamental Aquaculture Center, Brazil.

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FIGURE 5 in Bessarabian (Tortonian, Late Miocene) fish otoliths from a transitional freshwater-brackish environment of Mykhailivka, Southern Ukraine

FIGURE 5. Recent otoliths of the genus Neogobius. 1-2, Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814): ZMMU, P.23515 3, SL91, 43°38'N-51°08'E, inner face (1), dorsal view (2). 3-4, Neogobius pallasi (Berg, 1916): ZMMU, P.23514, SL93, 43°28'N-51°18'E., inner face (3), dorsal view (4). 5-6, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814): ZMMU, P.22433, SL81, 45°20'N-28°57'E, inner face (5), dorsal view (6). 7-9, Neogobius caspius (Eichwald, 1831): 7-8, ZMMU, P.22622 1, SL90, 51°25'N-46°03'E, inner face (7), dorsal view (8); 9, ZMMU, P.22622 2, SL105, 51°25'N-46°03'E, inner face.