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FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Callilepis (Asteraceae) from southern Africa with corymbose inflorescences

FIGURE 1. Scanned image of holotype of Callilepis corymbosa P.P.J.Herman & M.Koekemoer (Koekemoer 2596, PRE).

Figure 9 in East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

Figure 9. Partial molecular phylogeny of three Marcusenius species from southern Africa. Phylogeny reconstruction by Maximum likelihood is illustrated as a phylogram in which branch length is correlated with genetic distance. Bootstrap values above 50% are given below the nodes.

Figure 7 in East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

Figure 7. Electric organ dicharges (EODs) of Cunene bulldog fish individuals with SL. Left, males; right, females.

Figure 5 in East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

Figure 5. Electric organ discharges (EODs) recorded from fish from various origins. (A) Five specimens of Marcusenius macrolepidotus originating from the Buzi River. (B) Marcusenius altisambesi originating from the the Upper Zambezi System. Note P and N phases of exaggerated duration in male individual. (C) M. altisambesi originating from the Okavango delta. (D) Marcusenius multisquamatus sp. nov. originating from the Cunene River. M, male, F, female, J, juvenile individuals below size where sexual maturity is possible. Size given is SL. Note that in Buzi individuals an initial miniature potential is lacking which is present in the other forms of bulldog fish shown here (see EODs with clipped peaks, amplified × 3).

Figure 6 in East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

Figure 6. Multivariate analysis on morphology for three Marcusenius species in southern Africa. (A, C, E) Principal components analyses on correlations for 14 anatomical characters; (B, D, F) discriminant analyses on same data to their left. Prin1, Prin2 and Prin3 axes represent the first three principal components. Green solid squares: Marcusenius multisquamatus sp. nov. specimens from Cunene River (escarpment, n = 15); red open squares, from Cunene River Mouth (n = 11). Blue Z symbols, Marcusenius macrolepidotus specimens from Lower Zambezi River (n = 42); blue Y symbols, Marcusenius altisambesi specimens from Upper Zambezi River (n = 42); blue X symbols, M. altisambesi specimens from Okavango River (n = 32). [Characters analyzed: PDL/SL, PAL/SL, LD/SL, LA/SL, pD/SL, CPL/SL, CPD/CPL, LSc/HL, HL/SL, BD/SL, nD, nA, SPc, SLS]

Figure 4 in East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

Figure 4. Photographs of bulldog fish from various origins. (A) Marcusenius macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852), SAIAB 60847, coll. R. Bills 1 August 1999, Lower Zambezi; (B) Marcusenius angolensis (Boulenger, 1905), BMNH 1905.5.29.64 (holotype); (C) Marcusenius altisambesi, coll. F. H. van der Bank and B. Kramer, 21 August 1999, Upper Zambezi, Kalimbeza, live specimen of 16.5 cm SL photographed 3 July 2003 in aquarium; (D) M. altisambesi, coll. F.H. van der Bank and B. Kramer, 11/12 August 2004, Okavango River, live fish of SL 13 cm photographed 20 April 2006 in aquarium; (E) Marcusenius multisquamatus sp. nov., coll. B. Kramer and Ernst Swartz, coll. and photographed on 19 August 2006, Cunene River, below Ruacana Falls, specimen RUAC01, SL 15.4 cm.

Figure 3. A in East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

Figure 3. A bulldog fish Electric organ discharge (EOD), centred on the zero-crossing of the main transient, with baseline superimposed. The variables as used in the present study and how they were defined. The beginning of an EOD was defined by "start P1", at 5% of the absolute value of the amplitude of the P1 peak (or P1amp, which was 1 by definition). P1dur(ation) ended at time = 0 ms where the N phase started. An EOD (as well as Ndur) ended where the ascending slope of the N phase crossed the −5% threshold ("stop N"). This stop criterion was chosen because an appreciable P2 phase was not present in all specimens. P1Nsep, the interval between P1 peak and negative N peak. P1area, Narea, the areas under the P1 and N peaks, respectively. EOD shown was recorded from an Marcusenius multisquamatus sp. nov. sampled from Cunene/Epupa Falls.

Figure 2 in East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

Figure 2. Morphological measures used in the present study (A), detail of head (B). For explanation of abbreviations, see Material and methods.

Figure 1 in East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae)

Figure 1. Map of sampling locations in southern Africa. (A) Type locality for Marcusenius macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852), Tete on the Lower Zambezi River; (B) origin of M. macrolepidotus, SAIAB 60847, from Marromeu, Lower Zambezi delta (Figure 4A); (C) origin of M. macrolepidotus from the Buzi System, same location as SAIAB 67369, presently alive in aquarium; (D) likely type region for Marcusenius angolensis (Boulenger, 1905), the Lower Quanza; (E) Marcusenius altisambesi Kramer et al., 2007, type locality on the Upper Zambezi River; (F) M. altisambesi from the Kwando River; (G) M. altisambesi from the Okavango delta; (H, I) Marcusenius multisquamatus sp. nov., stretching from below the Ruacana Falls to above the Epupa Falls (I), the type locality; (J) specimens from the Cunene River Mouth.

Figure 7 in A new species of Slender Stonebasher within the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii complex from the Cunene River in southern Africa (Teleostei: Mormyriformes)

Figure 7. Amplitude spectra for electric organ discharge (EOD) pulses. Top panels, Hippopotamyrus longilateralis (the lower Cunene morph); bottom panels, Hippopotamyrus ansorgii from the Kwando River. Left hand panels, shortest EOD pulses of a sample of specimens, respectively; right hand panels, longest pulses of a sample. The spectra for the Upper Zambezi and Kwando morphs and Hippopotamyrus szaboi all reveal essentially monopolar DC pulses, like those shown on the bottom panels, whereas the spectra for the lower Cunene morph reveal a second peak of higher frequency, resulting from a bipolar, pentaphasic pulse waveform.

Figure 8 in A new species of Slender Stonebasher within the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii complex from the Cunene River in southern Africa (Teleostei: Mormyriformes)

Figure 8. Maximum likelihood phylogram based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from the present study and GenBank, showing the phylogenetic relationships of the lower Cunene Hippopotamyrus morph. Values above the branches are bootstrap support based on 10 000 parsimony bootstrap replicates.

Figure 5 in A new species of Slender Stonebasher within the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii complex from the Cunene River in southern Africa (Teleostei: Mormyriformes)

Figure 5. (A) Principal components analysis on 14 morphological characters for Hippopotamyrus szaboi and the lower Cunene, Upper Zambezi and Kwando morphs of the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii species complex. Lower Cunene morph (n = 29, red filled squares) plotted against (i) the Upper Zambezi morph (n = 21, with SLS, green open squares); (ii) Kwando morph (n = 20, with SLS, green open squares); (iii) H. szaboi (n = 12, with SLS, green open squares). P1–P3, principal components 1 to 3. (B) Discriminant function analysis on 14 morphological characters for H. szaboi and the lower Cunene, Upper Zambezi and Kwando morphs of the H. ansorgii species complex. Lower Cunene morph specimens (orange crosses, n = 29); Kwando morph specimens (blue open squares, n = 20); H. szaboi from Upper Zambezi (green solid squares, n = 12); Upper Zambezi morph specimens (red plus signs, n = 21). Circles indicate 95% confidence limits. [This figure can be viewed in colour online].

Figure 3 in A new species of Slender Stonebasher within the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii complex from the Cunene River in southern Africa (Teleostei: Mormyriformes)

Figure 3. Morphological characters and how they were measured on specimens of the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii species complex. For abbreviations, see the Material and methods section.

Figure 7 in Cryptic diversity in forest shrews of the genus Myosorex from southern Africa, with the description of a new species and comments on Myosorex tenuis

Figure 7. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the cranium and lateral view of the mandible of the holotype of Myosorex meesteri sp. nov. (DM 4693). Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figure 2 in Cryptic diversity in forest shrews of the genus Myosorex from southern Africa, with the description of a new species and comments on Myosorex tenuis

Figure 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny (left) and maximum clade probability tree (right), inferred from the combined analysis of molecular data (mitochondrial DNA control region, 16S rRNA, and the nuclear intron STAT). The newly resurrected or described species Myosorex tenuis and Myosorex meesteri sp. nov. are in bold. Maximum-likelihood bootstrap and posterior probability (in that order) values are shown for nodes of the maximum-likelihood tree. Values above nodes of the maximum clade probability tree indicate the posterior mean divergence dates in millions of years before present. Shaded bars indicate the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) credibility intervals. Values below the nodes indicate posterior probability values generated during the BEAST dating analysis.

Figure 1 in Cryptic diversity in forest shrews of the genus Myosorex from southern Africa, with the description of a new species and comments on Myosorex tenuis

Figure 1. Map of southern Africa showing sampling localities for morphometric and molecular analyses of Myosorex. Grey shading represents the Great Escarpment of South Africa and the eastern Zimbabwean montane grassland–forest mosaic ecoregion of Olson et al. (2001). (Note: the Gorogosa locality overlies a small isolated patch of this ecoregion.) Symbols indicate recognized and newly defined species as follows: open and closed squares represent morphological and molecular sample localities, respectively, for Myosorex varius; open and closed triangles represent morphological and molecular samples, respectively, for Myosorex cafer; the hash symbols represent molecular samples of Myosorex sclateri; open and closed circles represent morphological and molecular samples, respectively, of Myosorex meesteri sp. nov.; crosses and asterisks represent morphological and molecular samples, respectively, of Myosorex cf. tenuis; ⊗, type locality (Zuurbron, Wakkerstroom District, Mpumalanga) of Myosorex tenuis. More details of the samples and localities are provided in Table 1 and the Appendix.

Figure 6 in Cryptic diversity in forest shrews of the genus Myosorex from southern Africa, with the description of a new species and comments on Myosorex tenuis

Figure 6. Photographs of the fourth unicuspid and adjacent molars in the upper tooth rows of: (A) TM 10448, Myosorex sclateri (Ngoye Hills, KwaZulu-Natal); (B) TM 41824, Myosorex varius (Karkloof, KwaZulu-Natal); (C) TM 793, Myosorex cf. tenuis (Wakkerstroom, Mpumalanaga); (D) TM 25843, Myosorex cf. tenuis (Entabeni, Soutpansberg Range, Limpopo); (E) TM 34613, Myosorex meesteri sp. nov. (Mount Selinda, Chirinda Forest, Zimbabwe).

Figure 5 in Cryptic diversity in forest shrews of the genus Myosorex from southern Africa, with the description of a new species and comments on Myosorex tenuis

Figure 5. Map showing distribution of two distinct morphological groups in the Soutpansberg Mountains and northern Drakensberg Mountains of Limpopo Province in relation to a map of annual precipitation (AP) for the region (pale-grey shading indicates AP of 800–1000 mm; dark-grey shading indicates AP of 1000–1300 mm; black indicates AP> 1300 mm). Open triangles represent the smaller-sized morph (from Woodbush and Lajuma), whereas open squares indicate the large-sized populations from east of the Sand River in the Soutpansberg (Buzzard Mount, Hanglip, Farm Middelfontein, and Entabeni Forest). The dashed line outlines the extent of the Soutpansberg Mountains.

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FIG. 5 in Fortuynia (Acari: Oribatida: Ameronothroidea) from the marine littoral of southern Africa

FIG. 5. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral view of idiosoma of F. elamellata micromorpha subsp. nov. Scale bar 5100 Mm (gla not seen).