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Figure 1 from: Ramírez-Ballesteros M, Fernandez-Leborans G, Mayén-Estrada R (2018) New record of Epistylis hentscheli (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) as an epibiont of Procambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. (Crustacea, Decapoda) in Chiapas, Mexico. ZooKeys 782: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.782.26417

Figure 1 Procambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. from Montebello, Chiapas, Mexico. Dorsal view. Colonies of Epistylishentscheli are shown.

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FIGURE 1 in Note on the genus Lecanophryella (Ciliophora: Suctorea) with description of a new species from west coast of India

FIGURE 1. Map of Study areas.

Fig. 15 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 15. Small subunit rRNA gene phylogenetic trees showing systematic positions of astome ciliates isolated from lumbricid earthworms. Posterior probabilities were mapped onto the 50%-majority rule Bayesian consensus tree (upper panel) and bootstrap values onto the 50%-majority rule neighbor-joining tree (lower panel). Sequences in bold face were obtained during this study. Note that there is a conflict between the Bayesian and the neighbor-joining tree in the position of specimens of Metaradiophrya Jankowski, 2007. However, according to tree topology tests, the branching pattern of the Bayesian tree is not significantly better than that of the neighbor-joining tree. The scale bar denotes fraction of substitutions.

Fig. 13 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 13. Multidimensional scaling of 33 individuals based on pairwise Gower's similarities calculated from 16 quantitative features, a single qualitative character and two derived ratios.

Fig. 14 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 14. Small subunit rRNA gene phylogenetic tree showing systematic positions of astome ciliates isolated from lumbricid earthworms. Posterior probabilities for Bayesian Inference (BI) and bootstrap values for Maximum Likelihood (ML) were mapped onto the 50%-majority rule Bayesian consensus tree. Dashes indicate ML bootstrap values below 50%. The phylogenetic tree suggests that the evolution of endosymbiotic astome ciliates has proceeded through a specialization to various ecological and systematic groups of their host organisms. Sequences in bold face were obtained during this study. For specimen codes and further details, see Table 4. The scale bar denotes eight substitutions per one hundred nucleotide positions.

Fig. 11 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 11. Anoplophrya vulgaris de Puytorac, 1954 (A–C) and Anoplophrya nodulata (Dujardin, 1841) (D–E), Slovak specimens in vivo. A–B. Ventral views, showing the nuclear apparatus, the arrangement of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads) and the somatic ciliary pattern. Arrow marks the apical suture. C. Detail of the anterior body region, showing the apical suture (arrow) and the meridional ciliary rows composed of very narrowly arranged basal bodies. D–E. Optical sections, showing the general body organization. The body is ovate to broadly fusiform with both ends rounded. The macronucleus is rodlike with slightly irregular surface. There are two rows of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads). Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 50 µm; C = 20 µm.

Fig. 12 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 12. Anoplophrya nodulata (Dujardin, 1841), Slovak specimens in vivo. A–B. Ventral views, showing the general body organization. The body is ovate with both ends rounded. The macronucleus is rod-like and extends through the cell's midline. In dying cells, the macronucleus diminishes in size leaving behind a conspicuous hyaline envelope. There are two rows of contractile vacuoles, extending right and left of the macronucleus. C. Lateral view, showing the distinctly dorsoventrally flattened body. Arrowheads denote the right row of contractile vacuoles. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Fig. 10 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 10. Anoplophrya vulgaris de Puytorac, 1954, Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Semi-schematic diagram of the ventral side, showing the nuclear apparatus, the arrangement of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads) and the somatic ciliary pattern. B–C. Details of the anterior body pole and the posterior body region, showing the course of the somatic kineties. Arrow denotes the apical suture. D–F. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the contractile vacuole and nuclear apparatus. Drawn to scale. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Fig. 8 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 8. Anoplophrya lumbrici (Schrank, 1803), Slovak specimens in vivo. A. Semi-schematic diagram of the ventral side, showing the nuclear apparatus, the arrangement of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads) and the somatic ciliary pattern. B–C. Details of the anterior and posterior body pole, showing the apical and the terminal suture. D. In dying cells, the macronucleus diminishes in size leaving behind a conspicuous hyaline envelope. The macronucleus sometimes also fragments within the envelope in postmortem cells. E–I. Variability of body shape and size as well as of the contractile vacuole and nuclear apparatus. The micronucleus is situated conspicuously far away from the macronucleus, namely, near the middle of the left body margin and always opposite to the row of contractile vacuoles. Drawn to scale. Scale bars: A, E–I = 50 µm; D = 20 µm.

Fig. 9 in Integrative taxonomy of five astome ciliates (Ciliophora, Astomatia) isolated from earthworms in Central Europe

Fig. 9. Anoplophrya lumbrici (Schrank, 1803), Slovak specimens in vivo. A, D. Optical sections, showing the general body organization. The body is elliptical with both ends rounded. The macronucleus is rodlike and extends through the cell's midline. The micronucleus is situated conspicuously far away from the macronucleus, namely, near the middle of the left body margin and always opposite to the row of contractile vacuoles (arrowheads). B. Ventral view, showing the somatic ciliary pattern. Arrowheads denote the contractile vacuoles which originate by fusion of three to five vesicules. C. In dying cells, the macronucleus diminishes in size leaving behind a conspicuous hyaline envelope. The macronucleus sometimes also fragments within the envelope in postmortem cells. E. Frontal view, showing the apical suture. Scale bars: A–B, D = 50 µm; C, E = 20 µm.

Fig. 1. Phylogram constructed for 31 in Paramecium tredecaurelia: A Unique Non-Polymorphic Species of the P. aurelia spp. Complex (Oligohymenophorea, Ciliophora)

Fig. 1. Phylogram constructed for 31 strains of the P. aurelia species complex (including the 5 studied strains of P. tredecaurelia) and two strains of P. multimicronucleatum used as an outgroup. The trees were constructed on the basis of a comparison of sequences from the ITS1- 5.8S-ITS2-5'LSU rDNA fragment (A), COI (B), and CytB (C) using the Bayesian inference method. Bootstrap values for neighbor joining, maximum parsimony analysis, maximum likelihood, and posterior probabilities for Bayesian inference are shown. Bootstrap values smaller than 50% (posterior probabilities <0.50) are not shown. Dashes represent no bootstrap or posterior value at a given node. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using MEGA 5.0 (NJ/MP/ML) and MrBayes 3.1.2 (BI).

Figs 67–90 in Taxonomic Descriptions of Two Marine Ciliates, Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida), Collected from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Figs 67–90. Morphologically similar marine Euplotes species with double-eurystomus silverline system pattern, and 10 frontoventral, two caudal, two marginal cirri. 67–72 – E. alatus Kahl, 1932 (67, 68 from Kahl 1932; 69–72 from Borror 1968); 73–75 – E. magnicirratus Carter, 1972 (from Carter 1972); 76–79 – E. trisulcatus Kahl, 1932 (76, 77 from Kahl 1932; 78, 79 from Carter 1972); 80–83 – E. quinquecarinatus Gelei, 1950 sensu Borror (1968) (from Borror 1968); 84–86 – E. wilberti Pan et al., 2012 (from Song and Wilbert 2002); 87–90 – E. parabalteauts Jiang et al., 2010 (from Jiang et al. 2010a). Scale bars: 25 μm.

Figs 54–66 in Taxonomic Descriptions of Two Marine Ciliates, Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida), Collected from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Figs 54–66. Photomicrographs of Euplotes balteatus in vivo (54–57) and after protargol-impregnation (58–66). 54, 55 – ventral views of different individuals, arrow (54) denotes the contractile vacuole; 56 – dorsal view, arrowheads mark dominant ridges; 57 – ventral view, arrowheads mark ventral ridges, double-arrowhead denote paroral membrane; 58, 59 – different shapes of macronucleus, arrowhead (58) marks the micronucleus; 60, 61 – infraciliature on the ventral and dorsal sides; 62 – double-eurystomus type of silverline system on the ventral side; 63–66 – ventral and dorsal views of an early divider, showing the marginal cirral anlagen (63, arrowheads), frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen (64, arrowheads), the dorsal kineties anlagen (65, arrowheads), and replication bands (66, arrowheads). Scale bars: 50 μm.

Figs 10–18 in Taxonomic Descriptions of Two Marine Ciliates, Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida), Collected from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia

Figs 10–18. Morphogenesis and macronucleus of Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. after protargol impregnation. 10–12 – different shapes of macronucleus; 13, 14 – ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen at an early stage of morphogenesis, showing the appearance of frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen (arrowheads), the developing oral primordium (arrow) and the proliferation of basal bodies in the dorsal kineties (double-arrowheads); 15, 16 – ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen showing the marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads) and the newly formed dorsal kinety anlagen (double-arrowheads); 17, 18 – ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen showing the migratory cirral anlage in the proter (arrowhead) and the longer dorsal kinety anlagen (double-arrowheads).

Figs 8–15 in A Morphogenetic Description of Thigmokeronopsis stoecki Shao et al., 2008 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) and a Comparison with Members of the Family Pseudokeronopsidae

Figs 8–15. Infraciliature of Thigmokeronopsis stoecki during divisional process. 8 – ventral view of an early divider, arrowheads and arrow show the oral primordium of the opisthe and proter respectively; 9 – ventral view, double-arrowheads indicate the parental membranelles disaggregating, arrows indicating the fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen and arrowheads marking the oral primordia for each of the dividers; 10, 11 – ventral and dorsal views of the same divider at mid-stage, in Fig. 10 arrows indicate the left marginal row anlagen and arrowheads mark the undulating membranes anlagen for each divider, in Fig. 11 arrows indicate the dorsal kineties anlagen and arrowheads mark the right marginal row anlagen; 12 – ventral view, arrowhead indicates right marginal row anlage in the opisthe, and arrows mark the first frontal cirri generated from the undulating membrane anlagen; 13, 14 – ventral views of a late divider, arrows indicate the new left marginal rows, arrowheads mark the new buccal cirri, double-arrowheads show the frontoterminal cirri (Fig. 14 to show the details); 15 – ventral view of a late stage divider about to separate, to show the formation of new frontoterminal cirri (arrows), the thigmotactic cirri (arrowheads) and the transverse cirri (double-arrowheads). Scale bars: 50 µm.

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Fig. 2A–O in Phylogenetic Analyses on the Tintinnid Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) Based on Multigene Sequence Data

Fig. 2A–O. Secondary structure of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) RNA transcript of: A – Strombidinopsis sp.; B – Amphorellopsis acuta; C – Eutintinnus pectinis; D – Stenosemella nivalis; E – Codonellopsis nipponica; F – Tintinnopsis lohmanni; G – T. cylindrica; H – T. tubulosoides; I – Tintinnopsis sp. 2; J – Tintinnopsis sp. 1; K – Favella taraikaensis; L – F. ehrenbergii; M – F. campanula; N – Metacylis angulata and O – Tintinnopsis sp. 3. The diagram illustrates that all these species have a similar ITS2 secondary structure model – one palm with two fingers. Tintinnopsis sp. 1 and Tintinnopsis sp. 3 have the same ITS2 secondary structure, so are shaded together. Positions labeled II that lack a bulge are marked with arrows. Note that a bulge is present in this position in other species.

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Fig. 28 in On the Nature of Tintinnid Loricae (Ciliophora: Spirotricha: Tintinnina): a Histochemical, Enzymatic, EDX, and High-resolution TEM Study

Fig. 28. Scheme of the crystal structure in a lorica surface in Eutintinnus angustatus. The primitive unit cell of the crystal is rhombohedral, while three of them form a hexagonal pattern (see white lines). In the simplified model of the crystal structure, the basic units consist of triangles with a diameter of ~ 18 nm, which are interconnected on each side by channels with a diameter of ~ 7 nm. The empty space between the triangles and channels appear as dark areas, having the shape of a cloverleaf, and are ~ 7 nm long. The rim of the triangle and the interconnecting channels visible as bright lines in the image consists of a protein wall, which is ~ 2.5 nm thick. Within the triangles no clear or regular structures could be observed.

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Figs 1–9 in On the Nature of Tintinnid Loricae (Ciliophora: Spirotricha: Tintinnina): a Histochemical, Enzymatic, EDX, and High-resolution TEM Study

Figs 1–9. Loricae after mercuric bromophenol blue (1–6) and alcian blue stain (7–9). 1 – Codonella aspera, the staining is restricted to the lorica matrix; 2 – Eutintinnus brandti, the lorica is uniformly stained; 3, 4 – Climacocylis spec., the alveolar texture of the wall is well recognizable; 5, 6 – Rhabdonella spiralis, the alveolar texture, the minute openings, and the spiralled surface ridges are recognizable; 7–9 – Stenosemella ventricosa, lateral (7, 8) and oblique top (9) views. The staining is restricted to the bowl matrix. Scale bars: 50 µm (1, 7–9), 200 µm (2, 3), 40 µm (4), 100 µm (5), and 20 µm (6).

Fig. 5 in Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners

Fig. 5. The Chinese populations of fourteen Frontonia species in vivo (A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S, U, W, Y, Z1), after protargol impregnation (B, F, H, L, N, P, T, X, Z, Z2) and Chatton-Lwoff silver nitrate impregnation (D, J, R, V). A, B – Frontonia magna Fan et al., 2011 (from Fan et al. 2011a); C, D – F. mengi Fan et al., 2011 (from Fan et al. 2011a); E, F – F. guangdongensis spec. nov. (from present work); G, H – F. ocularis Bullington, 1939 (from present work); I, J – F. multinucleata Long et al., 2008 (from Long et al. 2008); K, L – F. schaefferi Bullington, 1939 (from present work); M, N – F. pusilla Fan et al., 2013 (from Fan et al. 2013); O, P – F. elegans Fan et al., 2013 (from Fan et al. 2013); Q, R – F. lynni Long et al., 2005 (from Long et al. 2005); S, T – F. canadensis Roque and Puytorac, 1972 (from Pan et al. 2013); U, V – F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (from Long et al. 2008); W, X – F. subtropica Pan et al., 2013 (from Pan et al. 2013); Y, Z – F. didieri Long et al., 2008 (from Long et al. 2008); Z1, Z2 – F. sinica Fan et al., 2013 (from Fan et al. 2013). P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 150 μm, C, Q, S, U = 80 μm, E, G, Y, Z1 = 60 μm, I, K, O = 40 μm, M = 50 μm, W = 100 μm.

Fig. 6 in Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners

Fig. 6. Photomicrographs of the Chinese populations of fourteen Frontonia species in vivo (A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S, U, W, Y, Z1), after protargol impregnation (B, F, H, L, N, P, T, X, Z, Z2) and Chatton-Lwoff silver nitrate impregnation (D, J, R, V). A, B – Frontonia magna Fan et al., 2011 (from Fan et al. 2011a); C, D – F. mengi Fan et al., 2011 (from Fan et al. 2011a); E, F – F. guangdongensis spec. nov. (from present work); G, H – F. ocularis Bullington, 1939 (from present work); I, J – F. multinucleata Long et al., 2008 (from Long et al. 2008); K, L – F. schaefferi Bullington, 1939 (from present work); M, N – F. pusilla Fan et al., 2013 (from Fan et al. 2013); O, P – F. elegans Fan et al., 2013 (from Fan et al. 2013); Q, R – F. lynni Long et al., 2005 (from Long et al. 2005); S, T – F. canadensis Roque and Puytorac, 1972 (from Pan et al. 2013); U, V – F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (from Long et al. 2008); W, X – F. subtropica Pan et al., 2013 (from Pan et al. 2013); Y, Z – F. didieri Long et al., 2008 (from Long et al. 2008); Z1, Z2 – F. sinica Fan et al., 2013 (from Fan et al. 2013). Larger arrows mark contractile vacuoles, larger arrowheads show peniculus 3. P1–P3 – peniculi 1, 2, 3, PM – paroral membrane, PK – postoral kineties, VK – vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 150 μm, C, Q, S, U = 80 μm, E, G, Y, Z1 = 60 μm, I, K, O = 40 μm, M = 50 μm, W = 100 μm.