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Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.sezekorniGundlach,1861—Cuba,includingIsladelaJuventud. E.s.mariguanensisShamel,1931—SBahamas(MayaguanaI)andCaicosIs. E.s.planifronsG.S.Miller,1899—Bahamas(GreatBahamaBank,LittleBahamaBank,andAcklins-CrookedIsBank)andCaymanIs. E. s. syops G. M. Allen, 1917 — Jamaica. in Phyllostomidae

Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.sezekorniGundlach,1861—Cuba,includingIsladelaJuventud. E.s.mariguanensisShamel,1931—SBahamas(MayaguanaI)andCaicosIs. E.s.planifronsG.S.Miller,1899—Bahamas(GreatBahamaBank,LittleBahamaBank,andAcklins-CrookedIsBank)andCaymanIs. E. s. syops G. M. Allen, 1917 — Jamaica.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. g. geoffroyi J. E. Gray, 1838 — E Colombia, Venezuela to the Guianas (including Trinidad and Grenada Is) and NE Brazil, then from E & SE Brazil (excluding central area) to E Bolivia. A. g. lasiopyga Peters, 1868 — Mexico (from S Sinaloa and S Tamaulipas) S to W Colombia, W Ecuador, and NW Peru. in Phyllostomidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. g. geoffroyi J. E. Gray, 1838 — E Colombia, Venezuela to the Guianas (including Trinidad and Grenada Is) and NE Brazil, then from E & SE Brazil (excluding central area) to E Bolivia. A. g. lasiopyga Peters, 1868 — Mexico (from S Sinaloa and S Tamaulipas) S to W Colombia, W Ecuador, and NW Peru.

Subspecies and Distribution. G.m.moreno:L..Martinez&Villa,1938—SCMexicoinColima,Michoacan,Mexico,Morelos,Tlaxcala,Puebla,Guerrero,andWOaxaca. G. m. mexicana Webster & J. K. Jones, 1980 —S Mexico, from SC & E Oaxaca to Chiapas. in Phyllostomidae

Subspecies and Distribution. G.m.moreno:L..Martinez&Villa,1938—SCMexicoinColima,Michoacan,Mexico,Morelos,Tlaxcala,Puebla,Guerrero,andWOaxaca. G. m. mexicana Webster & J. K. Jones, 1980 —S Mexico, from SC & E Oaxaca to Chiapas.

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F i g u r e 1. K e r a t o d e l l i t h a b a s i l i s c i. H o l o t y p e NIGP174738 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process

F i g u r e 1. K e r a t o d e l l i t h a b a s i l i s c i. H o l o t y p e NIGP174738 (female). A, habitus in right lateral view. B, habitus in left lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Subspecies and Distribution. G.c.crenulatumE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—EVenezuela,theGuianas,andE&SBrazil;alsoonTrinidadI. G.c.longifoliumWagner,1843—W&CBrazil,SPeru,andNBolivia. G. c. peruanum Thomas, 1923 — upper Amazon Basin in E & S Colombia, S Venezuela, E Ecuador, and E Peru. in Phyllostomidae

Subspecies and Distribution. G.c.crenulatumE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1803—EVenezuela,theGuianas,andE&SBrazil;alsoonTrinidadI. G.c.longifoliumWagner,1843—W&CBrazil,SPeru,andNBolivia. G. c. peruanum Thomas, 1923 — upper Amazon Basin in E & S Colombia, S Venezuela, E Ecuador, and E Peru.

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FIGURE 2. Burmannia itoana. A. Habit. B, C. Flower, oblique view. D. Flower, top view. E–G. Flower, side view. H. Flower, longitudinal section. I in A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana

FIGURE 2. Burmannia itoana. A. Habit. B, C. Flower, oblique view. D. Flower, top view. E–G. Flower, side view. H. Flower, longitudinal section. I. Distal portion of dissected floral tube viewed from inside, showing stamens. J. Underground part and base of aerial stem. Nuraliev 2444. Photos by M.S. Nuraliev.

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Orchidaceae: a Maxillaria milenae. b Maxillaria nasuta. c Maxillaria notylioglossa. d Maxillaria ochroleuca. e Maxillaria rigida. f Myoxanthus punctatus. g Myoxanthus ruschii. h Octomeria alexandri. i Octomeria crassifolia. j. Octomeria gracilis. k Octomeria juncifolia. l Octomeria rotundiglossa. m Pabstiella lingua. n Pabstiella lueriana. o Pabstiella matinhensis. in Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve vascular epiphytes: a hotspot in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Orchidaceae: a Maxillaria milenae. b Maxillaria nasuta. c Maxillaria notylioglossa. d Maxillaria ochroleuca. e Maxillaria rigida. f Myoxanthus punctatus. g Myoxanthus ruschii. h Octomeria alexandri. i Octomeria crassifolia. j. Octomeria gracilis. k Octomeria juncifolia. l Octomeria rotundiglossa. m Pabstiella lingua. n Pabstiella lueriana. o Pabstiella matinhensis.

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Orchidaceae: a Barbosella gardneri. b Bifrenaria clavigera. c Bifrenaria mellicolor. d Campylocentrum ornithorrhynchum. e Cattleya harpophylla. f Cirrhaea nasuta. g Comparettia coccinea. h Crocodeilanthe spiralis. i Dichaea cogniauxiana. j Elleanthus linifolius. k Encyclia patens. l Epidendrum armeniacum. m Epidendrum carpophorum. n Epidendrum henschenii. o Epidendrum proligerum. in Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve vascular epiphytes: a hotspot in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Orchidaceae: a Barbosella gardneri. b Bifrenaria clavigera. c Bifrenaria mellicolor. d Campylocentrum ornithorrhynchum. e Cattleya harpophylla. f Cirrhaea nasuta. g Comparettia coccinea. h Crocodeilanthe spiralis. i Dichaea cogniauxiana. j Elleanthus linifolius. k Encyclia patens. l Epidendrum armeniacum. m Epidendrum carpophorum. n Epidendrum henschenii. o Epidendrum proligerum.

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–c Hymenophyllaceae: a Hymenophyllum polyanthos. b Polyphlebium angustatum. c Trichomanes polypodioides. d Phlegmariurus martii (Lycopodiaceae). e–o Orchidaceae: e Acianthera auriculata. f Acianthera glanduligera. g Acianthera nemorosa. h Acianthera parahybunensis. i Acianthera ramosa. j Acianthera tricarinata. k Anathallis adenochila. l Anathallis aristulata. m Anathallis linearifolia. n Anathallis microphyta. o Anathallis sclerophylla. in Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve vascular epiphytes: a hotspot in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–c Hymenophyllaceae: a Hymenophyllum polyanthos. b Polyphlebium angustatum. c Trichomanes polypodioides. d Phlegmariurus martii (Lycopodiaceae). e–o Orchidaceae: e Acianthera auriculata. f Acianthera glanduligera. g Acianthera nemorosa. h Acianthera parahybunensis. i Acianthera ramosa. j Acianthera tricarinata. k Anathallis adenochila. l Anathallis aristulata. m Anathallis linearifolia. n Anathallis microphyta. o Anathallis sclerophylla.

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–g Bromeliaceae: a Vriesea poenulata. b Vriesea pulchra. c Vriesea racinae. d Vriesea rhodostachys. e Vriesea simplex. f Vriesea tijucana. g Vriesea vagans. h Thoracocarpus bissectus (Cyclanthaceae). i–j Dryopteridaceae: i Elaphoglossum luridum. j Elaphoglossum plumosum. k–n Gesneriaceae: k Codonanthe devosiana. l Nematanthus albus. m Nematanthus crassifolius. n Nematanthus kautskyi. o Hymenophyllum caudiculatum (Hymenophyllaceae). in Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve vascular epiphytes: a hotspot in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–g Bromeliaceae: a Vriesea poenulata. b Vriesea pulchra. c Vriesea racinae. d Vriesea rhodostachys. e Vriesea simplex. f Vriesea tijucana. g Vriesea vagans. h Thoracocarpus bissectus (Cyclanthaceae). i–j Dryopteridaceae: i Elaphoglossum luridum. j Elaphoglossum plumosum. k–n Gesneriaceae: k Codonanthe devosiana. l Nematanthus albus. m Nematanthus crassifolius. n Nematanthus kautskyi. o Hymenophyllum caudiculatum (Hymenophyllaceae).

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Bromeliaceae: a Aechmea lamarchei. b Aechmea pineliana. c Billbergia euphemiae. d Billbergia lymanii. e Billbergia vittata. f Neoregelia guttata. g Nidularium cariacicaense. h Nidularium longiflorum. i Nidularium procerum. j Portea fosteriana. k Quesnelia strobilispica. l Tillandsia kautskyi. m Vriesea breviscapa. n Vriesea ensiformis. o Vriesea longicaulis. in Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve vascular epiphytes: a hotspot in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Bromeliaceae: a Aechmea lamarchei. b Aechmea pineliana. c Billbergia euphemiae. d Billbergia lymanii. e Billbergia vittata. f Neoregelia guttata. g Nidularium cariacicaense. h Nidularium longiflorum. i Nidularium procerum. j Portea fosteriana. k Quesnelia strobilispica. l Tillandsia kautskyi. m Vriesea breviscapa. n Vriesea ensiformis. o Vriesea longicaulis.

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Orchidaceae: a Epidendrum ramosum. b Epidendrum saxatile. c Epidendrum vesicatum. d Gomesa jucunda. e Gomesa polyodonta. f Gomesa ranifera. g Gomesa recurva. h Grandiphyllum auricula. i Grandiphyllum edwallii. j Leptotes tenuis. k Masdevallia infracta. l Maxillaria brasiliensis. m Maxillaria desvauxiana. n Maxillaria imbricata. o Maxillaria kautskyi. in Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve vascular epiphytes: a hotspot in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Orchidaceae: a Epidendrum ramosum. b Epidendrum saxatile. c Epidendrum vesicatum. d Gomesa jucunda. e Gomesa polyodonta. f Gomesa ranifera. g Gomesa recurva. h Grandiphyllum auricula. i Grandiphyllum edwallii. j Leptotes tenuis. k Masdevallia infracta. l Maxillaria brasiliensis. m Maxillaria desvauxiana. n Maxillaria imbricata. o Maxillaria kautskyi.

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Orchidaceae: a Pabstiella nymphalis. b Pabstiella pterophora. c Pabstiella seriata. d Pabstiella trifida. e Pabstiella villosisepala. f Phloeophila numularia. g Promenaea stapelioides. h Proschechea kautskyi. i Prosthechea pachysepala. j Scuticaria hadwenii. k Specklinia marginalis. l Specklinia subpicta. m Stelis aprica. n Stelis argentata. o Stelis intermedia. in Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve vascular epiphytes: a hotspot in the mountains of the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. Vascular epiphytes representatives of the Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil. a–o Orchidaceae: a Pabstiella nymphalis. b Pabstiella pterophora. c Pabstiella seriata. d Pabstiella trifida. e Pabstiella villosisepala. f Phloeophila numularia. g Promenaea stapelioides. h Proschechea kautskyi. i Prosthechea pachysepala. j Scuticaria hadwenii. k Specklinia marginalis. l Specklinia subpicta. m Stelis aprica. n Stelis argentata. o Stelis intermedia.

FIGURE 12. Echinolittorina marisrubri new species. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, paraspermatozoa. A, B, E, F in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 12. Echinolittorina marisrubri new species. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, paraspermatozoa. A, B, E, F, paratypes; Port Safaga, Egypt (BMNH 20030886; shell H A = 10.7 mm, B = 10.4 mm, E = 9.3 mm, F = 10.3 mm). C, D, G, H, Ras Mohammed, Sinai, Egypt (BMNH 20030887; shell H C = 9.6 mm, D = 10.2 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 20. Echinolittorina subnodosa. A–D, penes. E, paraspermatozoa. F, pallial oviduct. G, head. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 20. Echinolittorina subnodosa. A–D, penes. E, paraspermatozoa. F, pallial oviduct. G, head. A, El-Qalawi, 30.5 km S Port Safaga, Egypt (BMNH 20040229; shell H = 12.5 mm). B, C, F, Mukawwar I., Sudan (BMNH 20040226; shell H B = 13.0 mm, C = 12.3 mm, F = 13.1 mm). D, E, G, Ras Mohammed, S Sinai, Egypt (BMNH 20040230; shell H = 10.3 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 5. Echinolittorina radiata. A–E, penes. F, G, pallial oviduct. H in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 5. Echinolittorina radiata. A–E, penes. F, G, pallial oviduct. H, pelagic egg capsule (after Mak, 1995). I, J, paraspermatozoa. K–M, heads. A–C, I, Asamushi, Honshu, Japan (BMNH 20030896; A, B, lateral and medial views of same specimen; shell H A, B = 7.5 mm, C = 7.0 mm). D, Do Son, Hai Phong, Vietnam (BMHH 20030897; shell H = 6.5 mm). E, K–M, Sai Kung, Hong Kong (BMNH 20030894; shell H E = 5.0 mm, K = 5.3 mm, L = 6.4 mm, M = 6.6 mm). F, G, Nejiko, Hirado I., Kyushu, Japan (BMNH 20030898; lateral and medial views of same specimen; shell H = 9.1 mm). H, Hong Kong. J, Aberdeen, Hong Kong (BMNH 20030899). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 22. Echinolittorina pascua. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, paraspermatozoa. A–C, F in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 22. Echinolittorina pascua. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, paraspermatozoa. A–C, F, Hanga Tee, Easter I. (BMNH 20040232; shell H A = 12.2 mm, B = 12.9 mm, C = 13.5 mm, F 13.2 mm). D, North Beach, Henderson I. (BMNH 20040233; shell H = 9.9 mm). E, G, Punta Hanga Poukura, Easter I. (BMNH 20040234; shell H = 3.8 mm). H, Anakena, Easter I. (BMNH 20040235). Shading conventions as in Figure 3.

FIGURE 2. Euphorbia berryi. A. Branchlets. B. Flowering branchlet. C. Leaf apex. D. Seeds. E. Cyathium and leaves. F. Cyathium. G. Stipules. All photos from E.L in Euphorbia berryi: a narrowly endemic Brazilian species

FIGURE 2. Euphorbia berryi. A. Branchlets. B. Flowering branchlet. C. Leaf apex. D. Seeds. E. Cyathium and leaves. F. Cyathium. G. Stipules. All photos from E.L. Taylor et al. E1207 (F).

FIGURE 1. Cacopsylla spp. A, C, E, G, C in On the identity of Cacopsylla nasuta (Horváth, 1904) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

FIGURE 1. Cacopsylla spp. A, C, E, G, C. hippophaes; B, D, F, H, C. nasuta. A, B, Head; C, D, antennal segments 9 and 10 and terminal setae; E, F, male forewing; G, H, female forewing.

FIGURE 21. Rhamphostomella townsendi Osburn, 1952. A, E, G. Holotype, USNM 11032 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 21. Rhamphostomella townsendi Osburn, 1952. A, E, G. Holotype, USNM 11032 (Santa Rosa Island, Pacific Ocean). B, D. Specimen AL–WP–0019–0022, M.H. Dick Collection (Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea). C, F, H, I, K. ZIRAS 1/50117, J, L. ZIRAS 2/50118 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid, showing lyrula, lateral denticles and bases of oral spines. C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. E. Zooid with developing ovicell. F, H. Ovicellate zooids in older parts of colony. G. Zooids with developing and broken ooecia. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred ring scar around umbonuloid component. J. General view of colony encrusting a sponge. K. Interior of frontal shield, showing blurred undulating ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Zooid with broken frontal shield, showing areolae and lateral zooidal wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; E, F, 250 μm; L, 200 μm.