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FIGURE 6 in Phylogeny of North America's largest cicada radiation redefines Tibicinoides and Okanagana (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae)

FIGURE 6. Bayesian consensus phylogram of concatenated matrix (analysis 3 in Methods: Phylogenetic analysis). Annotations as in Fig. 4. Parsimony reconstruction of the uncus shape character is shown as black=hooked uncus (HU) and white=uncus without distoventral hook.

FIGURE 11 in Phylogeny of North America's largest cicada radiation redefines Tibicinoides and Okanagana (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae)

FIGURE 11. Distributions of O. canadensis and O. noveboracensis showing peripatry. Inset details O. noveboracensis type locality. Lower right detail: habitus of O. noveboracensis-like phenotype from southwestern extreme of range.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogeny of North America's largest cicada radiation redefines Tibicinoides and Okanagana (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae)

FIGURE 5. Bayesian consensus tree of mtDNA (analysis 2 in Methods: Phylogenetic analysis). Annotations as in Fig. 4.

FIGURE 12. Habitus comparison between A. O in Phylogeny of North America's largest cicada radiation redefines Tibicinoides and Okanagana (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae)

FIGURE 12. Habitus comparison between A. O. occidentalis with typical color pattern, and B. O. occidentalis collected from the same locality with uncommon "O. lurida" color pattern.

Fig. 3 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 3. Sonograms of M. septendecim wing flick (A) and synthetic wing flicks produced by a 12 V electric relay (B), a finger snap (C), a piece of paper flicked rapidly (D), and an ordinary electric light switch (E).

Fig. 1 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 1. Stylized sonogram of male call/female wing flick courtship duet for M. -decim. The male begins with court I (CI) calls; the female answers each call with a wing flick. After several such interactions, male begins court II (CII) calling. After the male ceases CII calling, the female wing flicks in response, and the male begins court III (C III) calling. Number of call phrases in each stage of the sexual sequence varies. See Table 2 for descriptions of the signals.

Fig. 4 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 4. Sonogram of male M. -decim call phrase (A), M. -cassini call phrase (B) and fragment of M. -decula calling song (C) with female wing flick response. Female response (marked with asterisk) is a broad-frequency sound. Wing flick sounds enhanced and extraneous background noise removed for clarity.

Fig. 6 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 6. Responses of female M. septendecim to playbacks of artificial, pure tone calls and portions of calls against artificial background choruses of different intensities. Females were scored as responding positively if they produced one or more wing flick signals in response to a playback. Data are presented as proportion of positive responses for specific call and background condition given the total number of trials with those experimental conditions. At all background intensities, whole calls (squares) were more likely to elicit responses than either main portion only (circles) or slur portion only (triangles). At higher background intensities, the effectiveness of whole calls was reduced (Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA z = 420, p ≤ 0.001), as was the effectiveness of main portion only (Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA z = 64, p ≤ 0.001), while the effectiveness of slurs alone was increased (Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA z = 44, p ≤ 0.001).

Fig. 2 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 2. Sonogram of male M. -decim call and interference buzz of nearby male, with stylized explanatory sonogram above.

Fig. 5 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 5. Timing of female wing flick after end of male call at different ambient air temperatures. 222 individual wing flicks produced by 161 individual females were measured.

Fig. 4 in Endothermy and chorusing behaviour in the African platypleurine cicada Pycna semiclara (Germar, 1834) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 4. Relationship between ambient temperature (Ta) and cicada body temperature (Tb) during calling in P. semiclara (Tb = 41.467 – 0.15288T, r2 = 0.097). The slope of the regression is a significantly different from 1 (t = –6.988, df = 8, p <0.0001) and not significantly different from 0 (t = 0.9273, df = 8, p = 0.1904), suggesting thermoregulation. Diamonds, diurnal calling animals; squares, animals calling in the evening chorus; triangles, animals calling in the laboratory; open symbols, situations with negligible radiant heat sources such as sunlight.

Fig. 3 in Endothermy and chorusing behaviour in the African platypleurine cicada Pycna semiclara (Germar, 1834) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 3. Chorusing activity in six choruses of P. semiclara over 3 consecutive days in coastal forest at Mtunzini. The choruses are presented in the same order on each day and are arranged in order of proximity to one another. The vertical lines represent the time of sunrise and sunset.

Fig. 2 in Endothermy and chorusing behaviour in the African platypleurine cicada Pycna semiclara (Germar, 1834) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 2. Distances between neighbouring calling males in choruses of P. semiclara at Mtunzini. Solid bars denote males producing calling song; hatched bars denote males producing encounter calls.

Fig. 1 in Endothermy and chorusing behaviour in the African platypleurine cicada Pycna semiclara (Germar, 1834) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Fig. 1. Characteristics of call site perches used by Pycna semiclara in the coastal forest at Mtunzini. (A) Height of call sites above ground. (B) Diameters of call site perches.

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Fig. 1. A in The Identity Of Cicada tibicen Linné [=Tibicen chloromerus (Walker, 1850)](Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae)

Fig. 1. A. Cicada tibicen specimen in the Linnaean collection of the Uppsala University Zoological Museum. The label is in Thunberg's handwriting and links the specimen to Linné. B. Ventral view of Cicada tibicen from the Linnean collection illustrating large opercula described in Linné (1764).

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Fig. 1. A in New Record of Prey of Cicada Killer Wasp Sphecius convallis Patton (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) and New Record of Distribution in Oaxaca, Mexico

Fig. 1. A) Distribution of Sphecius convallis in Mexico. B) Dorsal view of female of S. convallis (scale bar = 10 mm). C) Wasp cicada killer attacking a female of Quesadagigas.

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Fig. 2. A in The Identity Of Cicada tibicen Linné [=Tibicen chloromerus (Walker, 1850)](Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae)

Fig. 2. A. Lateralviewof Cicadatibicen fromthe Linnaeancollection. Thehumpbacked shape of the prothorax and head is characteristic of the species. B. Holotype specimen of Tibicen chloromerus (Walker) from the Natural History Museum, London. The specimen is identical to the specimen of Cicada tibicen in the Linnaean collection.

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Fig. 3 in Comparative thermoregulation of sympatric endothermic and ectothermic cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Tibicen winnemanna and Tibicen chloromerus )

Fig. 3 Distribution of T. winnemanna Tb as a function of Ta for animals classified as ''inactive'' during the evening chorus (solid line, open circles, y ˆ 12.04 + 0.620x, r ˆ 0.834) and the Tbs of T. winnemanna after the species' evening activity period (dashed line, filled circles, y ˆ 15.73+0.435x, r ˆ 0.657). Although the slope of the regression for ''inactive'' animals is significantly dierent from one (t ˆ)3.20, df ˆ 12, P ˆ 0.0038), twoanimals hadbody temperatures equal to ambient temperature. Mean Tbs and the temperature gradient of ''inactive'' animals is significantly lower than ''active'' (soundproducing) animals (see text). The slope of the linear regression after activity is not significantly dierent from one, showing that T. winnemanna becomes a thermoconformer during the night (t ˆ)1.603, df ˆ 2, P ˆ 0.1251)

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Fig. 2 in Comparative thermoregulation of sympatric endothermic and ectothermic cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Tibicen winnemanna and Tibicen chloromerus )

Fig. 2 Evening Tb distribution of T. chloromerus (solid line, filled circles, y ˆ 9.47 + 0.708x, r ˆ 0.761) and body temperature as a function of Ta in T. winnemanna (dashed line, open circles, y ˆ 16.34 + 0.618x, r ˆ 0.695) producing sound (''active'' animals) during the species' normal evening activity period. The slope of the regression for T. chloromerus is not significantly dierent than one, indicating that the species is a thermoconformer during the evening (t ˆ)9.673, df ˆ 4, P ˆ 0.1941). The slope of the regression for T. winnemanna is significantly dierent than one, indicating that T. winnemanna regulates Tb without access to solar radiation (t ˆ)5.736, df ˆ 92, P 0:00001)