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Fig. 4 in Immunocytochemical Analysis of α-Tubulin Distribution Before and After Rapid Axopodial Contraction in the Centrohelid Raphidocystis contractilis

Fig. 4. (A–D) Evaluation of the maintenance of the original lengths of axopodia in R. contractilis using different combinations of fixative and buffer. Cells were fixed with (A) 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer, (B) 4% paraformaldehyde in PHEM, (C) 0.2% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, or (D) 0.2% glutaraldehyde in PHEM. Note that only fixation with 0.2% glutaraldehyde in PHEM maintained the axopodial length. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 1 in Immunocytochemical Analysis of α-Tubulin Distribution Before and After Rapid Axopodial Contraction in the Centrohelid Raphidocystis contractilis

Fig. 1. (A, B) Rapid axopodial contraction induced by mechanical stimulation in R. contractilis. Images (A) before and (B) after rapid axopodial contraction. Arrowheads indicate kinetocysts. Note the synchronized retraction of all axopodia and the apparent increases in the widths of contracted axopodia relative to the features observed before the onset of axopodial contraction (an arrow). Scale bar: 20 µm (A, B).

Fig. 6 in Immunocytochemical Analysis of α-Tubulin Distribution Before and After Rapid Axopodial Contraction in the Centrohelid Raphidocystis contractilis

Fig. 6. Confocal analysis of α-tubulin-immunolabeled extended axopodia. Fine reconstructed projection image from 161 optical sections taken at a 0.05 µm (top) and the corresponding light micrograph (bottom). Note the regions of relatively low fluorescence (arrowheads) did not correspond to the location of kinetocysts (arrows). Scale bar: 10 μm.

Fig. 5 in Immunocytochemical Analysis of α-Tubulin Distribution Before and After Rapid Axopodial Contraction in the Centrohelid Raphidocystis contractilis

Fig. 5. (A, B) The distribution of α-tubulin in the cell before rapid axopodial contraction. (A) Low-magnification images of a cell without the induction of rapid axopodial contraction. A projection image of the whole cell was constructed from 192 optical sections obtained at 0.5 µm intervals (left); the corresponding light micrograph is also shown (right). (B) High-magnification images of the same cell shown in (A). A projection image of the equatorial plane of the cell body constructed from 5 optical sections taken at 0.5 µm intervals, and the corresponding light micrograph. The asterisk indicates a centroplast. Note that positive signals were detected along the fully extended axopodia. Scale bars: 20 μm (A), 10 μm (B).

Fig. 3 in Immunocytochemical Analysis of α-Tubulin Distribution Before and After Rapid Axopodial Contraction in the Centrohelid Raphidocystis contractilis

Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of the experimental setup. The fixative is injected into the cell suspension via a micro flow-through chamber with a syringe pump. Next, the cells are fixed by injecting the fixative at a rate below the threshold required for inducing rapid contraction. The cells are then observed under a microscope.

Fig. 2 in Immunocytochemical Analysis of α-Tubulin Distribution Before and After Rapid Axopodial Contraction in the Centrohelid Raphidocystis contractilis

Fig. 2. (A, B) Fine structures associated with axopodial microtubules. (A) Centroplast in the center of the cell. (B) Cross-section of an axopodium in the peripheral region of the cell. Note that bundles of microtubules radiate from the centroplast (arrowheads) and that the axopodium comprises six microtubules. Scale bars: 500 nm (A), 100 nm (B).

Figures 44–52 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 44–52: Alexandrium tamarense, LM and SEM. (44) Cell in ventral view, LM. (45) Empty cell in ventral view with plate tabulation, LM. (46) Detail of the epitheca with some plates and ventral pore (arrow), LM. (47) Apical view, with plate tabulation, LM. (48, 49) Hypotheca with plate tabulation, including the posterior sulcal plate (Sp) and its pore (arrow), LM. (50) Epitheca with plate tabulation and the ventral pore (arrow), SEM. (51) Epitheca with plate tabulation, SEM. (52) Po with some plates surrounding it, and the ventral pore (arrow), SEM.

Figures 28–37 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 28–37: Alexandrium monilatum, LM and SEM.(28, 29) A long chain (8 cells) and detail of that chain, respectively, LM. (30) Pair of cells in ventral view, SEM. (31) General outline of a cell, LM. (32) Cell in ventral view showing Po and 1′, SEM. (33) Detail of the cingulum and sulcus, showing the first apical plate (1′), SEM. (34) Apical view with plate tabulation, SEM. (35) Hypotheca showing the posterior sulcal plate (Sp) and its connecting pore (arrow), SEM. (36) Po plate with the conjunction pore and foramen, SEM. (37) Posterior sulcal plate showing the connection pore, LM.

Figures 20–21 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 20–21: Alexandrium leei, LM. (20) Recently fixed cell in ventral view. (21) An empty cell in ventral view showing plate tabulation, arrow indicates the ventral pore in the first apical plate (1′).

Figures 9–11 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 9–11: Alexandrium gaarderae, LM. (9, 10) Two different focal planes of a solitary cell in ventral view, showing the cell outline, cingulum and sulcus. (11) A cell in dorsal view.

Figures 2–8 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 2–8: Alexandrium affine, LM. (2, 3) Chains of 8 and 3 cells, respectively. (4) An empty cell showing only the theca in ventral view. (5) Epitheca in ventral view showing the ventral pore (arrow) in the first apical plate (1′). (6) Epitheca with Po and 1′ showing the ventral pore (arrow). (7, 8) Po and posterior sulcal plate (Sp) (with a connecting pore), respectively.

Figures 67–69 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 67–69: Alexandrium tropicale, LM. (67) Pair of cells. (68, 69) Epitheca and hypotheca with plate tabulation.

Figure 1 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figure 1: Map with the sampling points where species of Alexandrium were found and the sites from which the established strains were isolated.

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Figures 9–17 in Gelidiella papillosa sp. nov. (Gelidiellaceae, Rhodophyta) from Veracruz, Mexico, in the context of the worldwide distribution of G. acerosa

Figures 9–17: Gelidiella papillosa sp. nov. (9) UAMIZ-1438. Detail of main axis and branchlets showing darkened tips. Scale bar = 3 mm. (10) UAMIZ-1433. Fresh specimen showing detail of basal region of main axis with papillose bumps (arrows). Inset, enlargement of a bump. Scale bar = 1.5 mm. (11) UAMIZ-1432. Cross section of basal portion of main axis showing a papilla with depressed apex (arrow). Scale bar = 130 µm. (12) UAMIZ-1436. Cross section of basal portion of main axis showing development of papilla without evident apical cell, with blunt apex. Scale bar = 66 μm. (13) UAMIZ-1437. Cross section of main axis showing outer cortical cells (arrowheads), inner cortical cells (blue arrows) and medullary cells (black arrows). Scale bar = 15 µm. (14) UAMIZ-1433. Detail of fertile branch showing swollen stichidia at apices of branchlets (arrows). Scale bar = 1 mm. (15) UAMIZ-1432. Cross section through middle portion of fertile branchlet showing arrangement of tetrasporangia (arrows). Scale bar = 110 µm. (16) UAMIZ-1433. Cross section of fertile branchlet showing immature tetrasporangia arising from inner cortical cells (arrows) and premature development of tetrasporangia (arrowheads). Scale bar = 30 µm. (17) UAMIZ-1432. Cross section through middle portion of fertile branchlet showing mature tetrasporangia. Scale bar = 30 µm.

Figures 38–43 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 38–43: Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, LM. (38) Cell in ventral view. (39) Empty cell in ventral view, showing 1′, 4′, 6″ and the large ventral pore (arrow). (40) Detail of Po with the foramen. (41–43) Epitheca in ventral view showing 1′, 4′, 6″, and ventral pore (arrow).

Figures 22–24 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 22–24: Alexandrium margalefii, LM. (22) General outline of a cell. (23) An empty cell in ventral view showing 1′ and 6″ and the ventral pore (arrow) in the first apical plate (1′). (24) Hypotheca with plate tabulation.

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Figures 3–8 in Gelidiella papillosa sp. nov. (Gelidiellaceae, Rhodophyta) from Veracruz, Mexico, in the context of the worldwide distribution of G. acerosa

Figures 3–8: Gelidiella papillosa sp. nov. (3) Holotype specimen, tetrasporic plant. UAMIZ-1432. Scale bar = 1 cm. (4) UAMIZ-1435. Fresh specimen of tetrasporic plant showing general appearance of the thallus. Scale bar = 5 mm. (5) UAMIZ-1437. Vegetative plant showing branching pattern in erect axes arising from a decumbent stolon. Scale bar = 1 cm. (6) UAMIZ-1437. Cross section through middle part of an erect axis. Scale bar = 130 µm. (7) UAMIZ-1432. Tip of branchlet showing numerous superficial cortical hairs (arrows). Scale bar = 700 µm. (8) UAMIZ-1432. Detail of young branchlet showing apical cell (arrow). Scale bar = 200 µm.

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Figure 2 in Gelidiella papillosa sp. nov. (Gelidiellaceae, Rhodophyta) from Veracruz, Mexico, in the context of the worldwide distribution of G. acerosa

Figure 2: Bayesian inference (BI) topology based on rbcL sequence data. BI values (left) followed by maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap (right) on branches. Asterisks indicate full support (ML = 100 %, BI = 1.0 %), hyphens indicate values below 70 %. Vertical bars on right indicate results of three species delimitation methods: automatic barcoding gap detection (ABGD), the Bayesian variant of Poisson trees processes model (bPTP)and the general-mixed-Yule-coalescent (GMYC). SCI and SCII indicate the two subclades (subclade I and subclade II), G1-G6 indicates the genetic groups within Gelidiella acerosa. Sequences generated in this study are in bold type. S.P.S. = substitutions per site.

Figures 12–19 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 12–19: Alexandrium globosum, LM. (12) Cell outline, with the central nucleus arrowed. (13, 14) Two different cells in ventro-lateral and ventral views, respectively, showing some plates of the epitheca and the sulcus. (15) Epitheca with plate tabulation, arrow indicates the location of the ventral pore in the first apical plate (1′). (16) Hypotheca showing plate tabulation. (17) Po plate. (18) Posterior sulcal plate (Sp). (19) Detail of some precingular, cingular and sulcal plates.

Figures 53–66 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 53–66: Alexandrium tamiyavanichii, LM and SEM. (53) Chain of 6 cells,LM. (54) Detail of two cells with cellular content of a chain, LM. (55) Cells in ventral view showing the anterior sulcal plate (Sa), LM. (56) Two cells slightly twisted in a chain, SEM. (57) Cell in ventral view showing plates of the ventral area, LM. (58) Empty cell in ventral view showing plate tabulation, the ventral pore is arrowed, LM. (59) Epitheca in ventro-lateral view with plate tabulation, the left sulcal list is arrowed, SEM. (60, 61) Hypotheca with plate tabulation and pore at the posterior sulcal plate (Sp),SEM.(62, 63) Po and plates around it; the ventral pore is arrowed, LM. (64) Posterior sulcal plate (Sp) with pore (arrow), LM. (65, 66) Anterior sulcal plate, LM.