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2,315 results for “dinosaur”
Fig. 5 in The pelvic musculature of saurischian dinosaur
Fig. 5. Same as Fig. 4, but ilio-tibialis, ambiens and ilio-fibularis have been cut.
Albertosaurus libratus? AMNH 5664juvenile in Predatory Dinosaurs of the World
Albertosaurus libratus? AMNH 5664juvenile
Data from: Ten more years of discovery: revisiting the quality of the sauropodomorph dinosaur fossil record
<p>Spatiotemporal changes in fossil specimen completeness can bias our understanding of a group's evolutionary history. The quality of the sauropodomorph fossil record was assessed a decade ago, but the number of valid species has since increased by 60%, and 17% of the taxa from that study have since undergone taxonomic revision. Here, we assess how 10 years of additional research has changed our outlook on the group's fossil record. We quantified the completeness of all 307 sauropodomorph species currently considered valid, using the skeletal completeness metric, which calculates the proportion of a complete skeleton preserved for each taxon. Taxonomic and stratigraphic age revisions, rather than new species, are the drivers of the most significant differences between the current results and those of the previous assessment. No statistical differences are found when we use our new dataset to generate temporal completeness curves based on only the taxa known in 2009 or 1999. We now observe a severe drop in mean completeness values across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary that never recover to pre-Cretaceous levels. Explaining this pattern is difficult, as we find no convincing evidence it is related to environmental preferences or body size changes. Instead, it might result from: (1) reduction of terrestrial fossil preservation space due to sea level rise; (2) ecological specificities and relatively high diagnosability of Cretaceous species; and/or (3) increased sampling of newly explored sites with many previously unknown taxa. Revisiting patterns in this manner allows us to test the longevity of conclusions made in previous quantitative studies.</p>
Data from: Novel track morphotypes from new tracksites indicate increased Middle Jurassic dinosaur diversity on the Isle of Skye Scotland
<p>Dinosaur fossils from the Middle Jurassic are rare globally, but the Isle of Skye (Scotland, UK) preserves a varied dinosaur record of abundant trace fossils and rare body fossils from this time. Here we describe two new tracksites from Rubha nam Brathairean (Brothers' Point) near where the first dinosaur footprint in Scotland was found in the 1980s. These sites were formed in subaerially exposed mudstones of the Lealt Shale Formation of the Great Estuarine Group and record a dynamic, subtropical, coastal margin. These tracksites preserve a wide variety of dinosaur track types, including a novel morphotype for Skye: <i>Deltapodus</i> which has a probable stegosaur trackmaker. Additionally, a wide variety of tridactyl tracks shows evidence of multiple theropods of different sizes and possibly hints at the presence of large-bodied ornithopods. Overall, the new tracksites show the dinosaur fauna of Skye is more diverse than previously recognized and give insight into the early evolution of major dinosaur groups whose Middle Jurassic body fossil records are currently sparse.</p>
How to build a dinosaur: musculoskeletal modelling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals
<p>The intersection of paleontology and biomechanics can be reciprocally illuminating, helping to improve paleobiological knowledge of extinct species and furthering our understanding of the generality of biomechanical principles derived from study of extant species. However, working with data gleaned primarily from the fossil record has its challenges. Building on decades of prior research, we outline and critically discuss a complete workflow for biomechanical analysis of extinct species, using locomotor biomechanics in the Triassic theropod dinosaur <em>Coelophysis </em>as a case study. We progress from the digital capture of fossil bone morphology to creating rigged skeletal models, to reconstructing musculature and soft tissue volumes, to the development of computational musculoskeletal models, and finally to the execution of biomechanical simulations. Using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model comprising 33 muscles, a static inverse simulation of the mid-stance of running shows that <em>Coelophysis </em>probably used more upright (extended) hindlimb postures, and was likely capable of withstanding a vertical ground reaction force of magnitude more than 2.5 times body weight. We identify muscle force-generating capacity as a key source of uncertainty in the simulations, highlighting the need for more refined methods of estimating intrinsic muscle parameters such as fibre length. Our approach emphasizes the explicit application of quantitative techniques and physics-based principles, which helps maximize results robustness and reproducibility. Although we focus on one specific taxon and question, many of the techniques and philosophies explored here have much generality to them, so they can be applied in biomechanical investigation of other extinct organisms.</p>
A new two-fingered dinosaur sheds light on the radiation of Oviraptorosauria
Late Cretaceous trends in Asian dinosaur diversity are poorly understood, but recent discoveries have documented a radiation of oviraptorosaur theropods in China and Mongolia. However, little work has addressed the factors that facilitated this diversification. A new oviraptorid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia sheds light on the evolution of the forelimb, which appears to have played a role in the radiation of oviraptorosaurs. Surprisingly, the reduced arm has only two functional digits, highlighting a previously unrecognized occurrence of digit loss in theropods. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the onset of this reduction coincides with the radiation of heyuannine oviraptorids, following dispersal from southern China into the Gobi region. This suggests expansion into a new niche in the Gobi region, which relied less on the elongate, grasping forelimbs inherited by oviraptorosaurs. Variation in forelimb length and manus morphology provides another example of niche partitioning in oviraptorosaurs, which may have made possible their incredible diversity in the latest Cretaceous of Asia.
Data from: More than one way to be a giant: convergence and disparity in the hip joints of saurischian dinosaurs
<p>Saurischian dinosaurs evolved seven orders of magnitude in body mass, as well as a wide diversity of hip joint morphology and locomotor postures. The very largest saurischians possess incongruent bony hip joints, suggesting that large volumes of soft tissues mediated hip articulation. To understand the evolutionary trends and functional relationships between body size and hip anatomy of saurischians, we tested the relationships among discrete and continuous morphological characters using phylogenetically corrected regression. Giant theropods and sauropods convergently evolved highly cartilaginous hip joints by reducing supraacetabular ossifications, a condition unlike that in early dinosauromorphs. However, transitions in femoral and acetabular soft tissues indicate that large sauropods and theropods built their hip joints in fundamentally different ways. In sauropods, the femoral head possesses irregularly rugose subchondral surfaces for thick hyaline cartilage. Hip articulation was achieved primarily using the highly cartilaginous femoral head and the supraacetabular labrum on the acetabular ceiling. In contrast, theropods covered their femoral head and neck with thinner hyaline cartilage and maintained extensive articulation between the fibrocartilaginous femoral neck and the antitrochanter. These findings suggest that the hip joints of giant sauropods were built to sustain large compressive loads whereas those of giant theropods experienced compression and shear forces.</p>
A Very Old Dinosaur Claw
29 photos run through COLMAP for SFM stuff, then OpenMVS for everything else. Post processing and texture work done in Blender & GIMP. Even has a glossy claw. Why not? Edit: Apparently this is actually a Mosasaur Tooth, not a dinosaur claw. The more you know! Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Sauropod dinosaur tooth
**Ejemplar: ** diente saurópodo titanosauriforme (en revisión) **Edad:** Titoniense-Berriasiense 152-140 Ma. (Jurásico Sup--Cretácico Inf.) **Localidad:** comarca los Serranos (Aras de los Olmos, Valencia, España) **Descripción:** ejemplar con corona completa de unos 3 cm. de altura y raiz ausente. Presencia de dentículos en tercio apical **Dimensión ejemplar:** 30 x 15 x 10 mm. **Sigla museo, colección y entidad: ** MGUV 29095 / CPAO 0131, colección paleontológica Aras de los Olmos (Valencia), depósito MUVHN **Técnica digitalización / parámetros:** fotogrametría cámara Pentax K-1 Mark II, 78 fotografías con plataforma giratoria **Software empleado: ** Metashape 1.6, calidad alta **Archivo 3D: Obj 37´4 Mb , textura Jpg 10´2 , ** **Autor digitalización: **José Antonio Villena Gómez. **Cita ejemplar: ** colección paleontológica Aras de los Olmos (MUVHN)  Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Remarkable preservation of brain tissues in an Early Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaur
<p>Supplementary information from the paper "Remarkable preservation of brain tissues in an Early Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaur", features in a Geological Society Publication in memory of Professor Martin Brasier, University of Oxford.</p> <p>Datasets comprise:<br> -- A single zipped image stack from two aligned concatenated CT scans of the specimen.<br> -- A .7z split zip file of the dataset as a Drishti volume, used to render the images in the paper. <br> -- SEM images of the specimen.</p>
FIGURE 7 in A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil
FIGURE 7. Right radio in: A and B, lateral view; C and D, medial View. Scale bar represents 50 mm.
Figure 4 in Dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of South China
Figure 4. Pelvic girdle of Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus (x 1/10)
Figure 3 in Dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of South China
Figure 3. Third dorsal vertebra of Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus (x 1/4)
Figure 2 in Dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of South China
Figure 2. Cervical vertebra XII of Nanshiungosaurus brevispinus (x 1/4).
The coevolution of rostral keratin cover and toothrow distribution in Mesozoic dinosaurs
<p><span>Teeth evolved early in vertebrate evolution, and their morphology reflects important specializations in diet and ecology among species. The toothless jaws (edentulism) in extant birds likely </span><span><span>co</span></span><span><span>evolved</span> <span>with beak keratin, which functionally replaced teeth. However, extinct dinosaurs lost teeth multiple times independently and exhibited great variation in toothrow distribution and beak-like keratin structures. Here, we use facial jawbone surface texture as a proxy for </span><span>rostral keratin covering and phylogenetic comparative models to test for the influence of facial keratin on toothrow distribution in Mesozoic dinosaurs. We find that the evolution of </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin covering explains partial toothrow reduction but not jaw </span><span>toothlessness</span><span>. Toothrow reduction preceded the evolution of </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin cover in theropods. Non-theropod dinosaurs evolved continuous toothrows despite </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin cover (e.g., some ornithischians and sauropodomorphs). We also show that </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin cover did not significantly increase the evolutionary rate of tooth loss, which further delineates the antagonistic relationship between these structures. Our results suggest that the evolution of </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin had a limited effect on suppressing tooth development</span><span>.</span><span> <span>Independent changes in jaw development may have facilitated further tooth loss.</span></span> <span>Furthermore, the evolution of strong chemical digestion, a gizzard, and a dietary shift to omnivory or herbivory </span><span>likely </span><span>alleviated</span> <span>selective pressure</span><span>s</span><span> for tooth development.</span><span><span> </span></span></span></p>
Agentina - Ischigualastia Dinosaur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Ischigualastia was a dicynodont (a group of synapsids) that lived during the Carnian age of the Late Triassic Period. From the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, it was a member of the family Stahleckeriidae. An enormous dicynodont, with a short, high skull, and lacking tusks.[2] It is regarded as larger than its later, more famous relative Placerias, which was up to 3.5 meters (11 feet) long and weighed one to two tonnes (1.1 to 2.2 short tons)' Model created with Agisoft Photoscan. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Dinosaur footprint from Hanover Point, IOW, UK.
An ornithopod dinosaur (iguanodontian) footprint 3D model from Hanover Point, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. Its measurements for its foot length is 59 cm and foot width is 65 cm. The pink pencil for scale is 15 cm long and is located on the middle digit. Scanned on 17th September, 2021. For academic and educational purpose only. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Teropod dinosaur tooth (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus)
**Ejemplar: ** diente de Spinosaurus aegyptiacus **Edad:** 100 - 95 Ma. Cenomaniense (Cretácico Superior) **Localidad:** formación Kem kem, Erfoud (Marruecos) **Descripción:** ejemplar con corona completa pero con evidencias de alteración química superficial y diferentes fracturas transversales en toda la superficie esmaltada. No conserva la raiz **Dimensión ejemplar:** 86 x 25 x 23 mm. **Sigla museo, colección y entidad: ** depósito temporal, colección Anna G. F. **Técnica digitalización / parámetros:** fotogrametría cámara Pentax K-1 Mark II, 145 fotografías con plataforma giratoria **Software empleado: ** Metashape 1.6, calidad alta **Archivo 3D: Obj 40 Mb , textura Jpg 8 Mb ** **Autor digitalización: **José Antonio Villena Gómez. **Cita ejemplar: ** colección Anna G. F. ![]() Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Fighting Dinosaurs
Fighting Dinosaurs (Velociraptor mongoliensis and Protoceratops andrewsi) at Kannamachi Dinosars Center Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
The evolution of femoral morphology in giant non-avian theropod dinosaurs
<p>Theropods are obligate bipedal dinosaurs that appeared 230 million years ago and are still extant as birds. Their history is characterized by extreme variations in body mass, with gigantism evolving convergently between many lineages. However, no quantification of hindlimb functional morphology has shown if these body mass increases led to similar specializations between distinct lineages. Here we studied femoral shape variation across 41 species of theropods (n= 68 specimens) using a high-density 3D geometric morphometric approach. We demonstrated that the heaviest theropods evolved wider epiphyses and a more distally located fourth trochanter, as previously demonstrated in early archosaurs, along with an upturned femoral head and a mediodistal crest that extended proximally along the shaft. Phylogenetically informed analyses highlighted that these traits evolved convergently within six major theropod lineages, regardless of their maximum body mass. Conversely, the most gracile femora were distinct from the rest of the dataset, which we interpret as a femoral specialization to "miniaturization" evolving close to the bird lineage (Avialae). Our results support a gradual evolution of known "avian" features, such as the fusion between lesser and greater trochanters and a reduction of the epiphyses' offset, independently from body mass variations, which may relate to a more "avian" type of locomotion (more knee- than hip-driven). The distinction between body mass variations and a more "avian" locomotion is represented by a decoupling in the mediodistal crest morphology, whose biomechanical nature should be studied to better understand the importance of its functional role in gigantism, miniaturization and higher parasagittal abilities.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.