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FIGURE 7 in Adelobotrys tessmannii (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and allies: a refined circumscription and description of two new Amazonian species with notes on their ecology

FIGURE 7. The occurrence of three species of Adelobotrys in soils of different soil cation concentration in four regions of Amazonian lowland rainforests (Juruá in central Brazil, Yasuní in Ecuador, Loreto in northern Peru, and Madre de Dios in southern Peru). Each open black circle indicates the natural logarithm of the sum of soil cation concentration (Ca+K+Mg+Na cmol(+)/kg) in one inventory transect (see Fig. 1 for locations of transects). The coloured circles indicate the soil cation concentration of an inventory transect where the species have been observed to occur. The box plot summarises, over all regions, the soil variation observed in those inventory transects where the species was encountered. The whiskers of the box embrace the minimum and maximum, the width of the box tells the limits of the first and third quartile, and the vertical line within the box shows the median of the natural logarithm of the sum of cation concentration. Orange colour stands for A. latifolius, green for A. microcarpus, and violet for A. tessmannii.

FIGURE 5 in Adelobotrys tessmannii (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and allies: a refined circumscription and description of two new Amazonian species with notes on their ecology

FIGURE 5. Adelobotrys latifolius Schulman, sp. nov. A inflorescence; B semi-opened flower, bud, and young fruiting hypanthia; C abaxial side of lamina showing acrodromous venation and ciliolate margin. Photos by K. Ruokolainen of K. Ruokolainen et al. 16491 (A, B) and 16256 (C).

FIGURE 3 in Adelobotrys tessmannii (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and allies: a refined circumscription and description of two new Amazonian species with notes on their ecology

FIGURE 3. Collecting localities of specimens of the species treated here. A. Adelobotrys tessmannii (solid triangles), A. cf. tessmannii (open triangles), and possible hybrids between A. tessmannii and A. adscendens (crosses). B. A. latifolius (solid triangles) and possible hybrids between A. latifolius and A. tessmannii (crosses). C. A. microcarpus (solid triangles) and A. cf. microcarpus (open triangles). D. The location in South America of the map section shown in A–C. Elevation is depicted in A–C as follows: 0–1000 m as white; 1001–2000 m, 2001–3000 m, 3001–4000 m, and>4000 m as progressively darker shades of grey.

FIGURE 2. Adelobotrys tessmannii Markgr. A in Adelobotrys tessmannii (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and allies: a refined circumscription and description of two new Amazonian species with notes on their ecology

FIGURE 2. Adelobotrys tessmannii Markgr. A habit showing abaxial (two leaves to the left) and adaxial sides of laminae, and inflorescence; B malpighian hairs from lamina abaxial side (lower three from lamina proper, upper three from vein) with point of attachment marked on two hairs; C larger (epipetalous) stamen; D smaller (episepalous) stamen; E bud showing cylindrical hypanthium, shallowly 5-lobed calyx, and somewhat exserted calyx teeth; F fruiting hypanthium with persistent calyx, and clear constriction at torus, also shown are the only somewhat elongated branches of the partial inflorescence with scars of fallen-off flowers; G old fruit after disintegration of hypanthium showing the remaining costae that are not apically connected by a circular vascular strand. Drawn by R. Ilmanen from J. Schunke 5118 (A, C, D, E), Dorr & Barnett 5829 (B), P. C. D. Cazalet & T. D. Pennington 7544 (F), and Y. Mexia 7101a (G). Scalebars: for A 5 cm, B 0.5 mm, C–D, E–F, and G 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Adelobotrys tessmannii (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and allies: a refined circumscription and description of two new Amazonian species with notes on their ecology

FIGURE 4. Adelobotrys latifolius Schulman, sp. nov. A habit with inflorescence; B malpighian hairs from lamina abaxial side (lower two from lamina proper, upper four from vein) with point of attachment marked on two hairs; C section of lamina abaxial side showing visibility of veins and partly serrulate margins; D tip of shoot showing adventitious climbing roots; E bud showing cylindrical hypanthium, shallowly 5-lobed calyx, and vestigial calyx teeth; F fruiting hypanthium with persistent calyx and clear constriction at torus, also shown is the strongly elongated branch of the partial inflorescence with scars of fallen-off flowers; G smaller (episepalous) stamen; H larger (epipetalous) stamen. Drawn by R. Ilmanen from Woytkowski 7850 and K. Ruokolainen et al. 10332 (A, C, D), G. Klug 1953 (B), Cuatrecasas 11274 (E, G, H), and J. Schunke 3906 (F). Scalebars: for A and C–D 5 cm, B 0.5 mm, E–F and G–H 5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Adelobotrys tessmannii (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and allies: a refined circumscription and description of two new Amazonian species with notes on their ecology

FIGURE 6. Adelobotrys microcarpus Schulman, sp. nov. A habit showing abaxial (lower- and uppermost leaves) and adaxial sides of laminae, and inflorescence; B smaller (episepalous) stamen; C larger (epipetalous) stamen and petal; D bud showing cylindrical hypanthium, shallowly 5-lobed calyx, and absence of calyx teeth; E fruiting hypanthium with persistent calyx and clear constriction at torus; F remains of old, disintegrated hypanthium (fruit removed) exhibiting costae that are not apically connected by a circular vascular strand, also shown are the strongly elongated branches of the partial inflorescence with scars of fallen-off fruit; G seed with point of attachment to placenta marked; H close-up view of serrulate-setulose lamina margin from abaxial side; J malpighian hairs from lamina abaxial side (lower three from lamina proper, upper three from vein) with point of attachment marked on two hairs. Drawn by R. Ilmanen from J. J. Wurdack 2070. Scalebars: for A 5 cm, B–C and D–F 5 mm, G and J 0.5 mm, H 2 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Adelobotrys tessmannii (Merianieae, Melastomataceae) and allies: a refined circumscription and description of two new Amazonian species with notes on their ecology

FIGURE 1. Localities (n=390) of quantitative species inventories (n=396) and soil sampling for estimating soil preferences of the species treated here. Individuals of the species were found in the localities as follows: orange dot = Adelobotrys latifolius, green dot = A. microcarpus, violet dot = A. tessmannii; in one locality two species were found. The four separate regions in which field studies were carried out and where at least one of the three species was encountered are marked (Madre de Dios in southern Peru, Loreto in northern Peru, Yasuní in Ecuador and Juruá in central Brazil). Elevation is depicted as follows: 0–1000 m as white; 1001–2000 m, 2001–3000 m, 3001–4000 m, and>4000 m as progressively darker shades of grey. For approximate location of map section in South America, see Fig. 3D.

FIGURES 28–31 in Taxonomic and ecological characterization of two Ulnaria species (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Cyprus

FIGURES 28–31. SEM outside views of Ulnaria monodii comb. nov. Fig. 28. Complete frustule in oblique position. Figs. 29–30. Details of the endings: note the apical rimoportula and spines, and the ocellolimbus (number and arrangement of porelli). Fig. 31. Central part of the frustules in oblique view: Note marginal spines, striae continuing on the mantle, and the complete absence of central area. Scale bars: Fig. 28 = 60 μm; Fig. 29 = 7 μm; Fig. 30 = 6 μm; Fig. 31 = 6 μm.

FIGURES 57–60 in Taxonomic and ecological characterization of two Ulnaria species (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Cyprus

FIGURES 57–60. Scatter plots of four parameters defining the ecological niches of the two Ulnaria species studied, and allowing a comparison between the two. Fig. 57. pH. Fig. 58. Conductivity (EC). Fig. 59. Total nitrogen (TN). Fig. 60. Total phosphorus (TP).

FIGURES 47–56 in Taxonomic and ecological characterization of two Ulnaria species (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Cyprus

FIGURES 47–56. SEM outside (Figs. 47, 49–54) and inside views (Figs. 48, 55–56) of Ulnaria acuscypriacus sp. nov. Figs. 47–48. Complete thecas: note the central area. Figs. 49–51. Details of the endings: Note the rimoportula and the biseriate striae. Figs. 52–53. Details of the apices of frustules in oblique position: Note the apical pore fields (number and arrangement of porelli) and the copulae with a single row of poroids at the advalvar side. Fig. 54. Central part of the valve: Note the central area, some ghost striae, and the striae closest to the central area becoming biseriate towards the valve margin. Fig. 55. Central part of the valve. Fig. 56. Apex: Rimoportula and ocellolimbus. Scale bars: Fig. 47 = 50 μm; Fig. 48 = 40 μm; Figs. 49, 52, 54–56 = 3 μm; Figs. 50–51 = 2 μm; Fig. 53 = 4 μm.

FIGURES 20–27 in Taxonomic and ecological characterization of two Ulnaria species (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Cyprus

FIGURES 20–27. LM views of two taxa with which Ulnaria monodii comb. nov. can be compared. Figs. 20–23. Morphodeme with narrower, almost rostrate ends occurring in the assemblage used as main reference for this study (cLIM004 DIAT 2136). Figs. 24–27. Ulnaria ungeriana, that appears sporadically together with U. monodii comb. nov., but note the prominent central area and usually shorter cells. Scale bar, 10 μm (all 1500x).

FIGURES 37–46 in Taxonomic and ecological characterization of two Ulnaria species (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Cyprus

FIGURES 37–46. LM views of Ulnaria acuscypriacus sp. nov. Figs. 37–41. Whole valves. Scale bar, 10 μm. Figs. 42–46. Variability of the apices in the populations sampled in Cyprus. Scale bars, 10 μm. Note the central area, and the apical rimoportula.

FIGURES 2–19 in Taxonomic and ecological characterization of two Ulnaria species (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Cyprus

FIGURES 2–19. LM views of Ulnaria monodii comb. nov. Figs. 2–4. Whole valves. White scale bars, 10 μm (750x). Note the complete absence of a central area. Figs. 5–7. Variability of the apices in the population used as main reference for this study (cLIM004 DIAT 2136). Figs. 8–16. Variability of the apices in the populations sampled in Cyprus. Note the apical rimoportula. Figs 17–19. Girdle views. Note the apical spines, the rows of rather large poroids on the copulae, and short-chain formation in Fig. 19. Black scale bar, 10 μm (1500x).

FIGURES 32–36 in Taxonomic and ecological characterization of two Ulnaria species (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Cyprus

FIGURES 32–36. SEM inside views of Ulnaria monodii comb. nov. (Figs. 32–34) + SEM outside views of morphodeme with narrower, almost rostrate ends (Figs. 35–36). Fig. 32. Complete theca: Note complete absence of signs of central area. Fig. 33. Details of the ending: note the prominent rimoportula. Fig. 34. Central part with details of the alveoli, areolae: Note the virgae-vimines structure. Fig. 35. Details of the ending: Note the apical rimoportula and spines, and the ocellolimbus (number and arrangement of porelli). Fig. 36: Details of the apex of an entire frustule: Note girdle bands with a row of rather large poroids. Scale bars: Fig. 32 = 60 μm; Fig. 33 = 4 μm; Fig. 34 = 5 μm; Figs. 35–36 = 3 μm.

FIGURE 533 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 533. NMDS biplot of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix of untransformed relative abundance of Encyonopsis in lake periphyton samples. Inset is a plot of lakes with significant environmental factors (p<0.05) fitted a posteriori, including true colour (TC), chlorophyll a (chla), total phosphorus (TP), total oxidised nitrogen (TON), silica (Si), total ammonia (NH4), conductivity (cond), alkalinity (alk) and pH. Main plot shows the location of Encyonopsis species added as weighted averages of site scores with surface contour plots for TP (red curves) and Alkalinity (blue curves) gradients fitted a posteriori.

FIGURE 530 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 530. Box plots of the distribution of valve characters measured with SEM for Encyonopsis. Only diatom frustules having data for all measured characters is plotted. Boxes represent the 25–75% quartiles (excluding outliers) with the median shown as a horizontal bold line. Whiskers represent the upper and lower data points less than 1.5 times the box height and outliers are individual points outside the whiskers. A. Boxplot comparing the distribution of valve length data. B. Comparison of valve width. C. Comparison of valve length to breadth ratio. D. Comparison of ventral stria density. All data are measured using populations of Encyonopsis from Ireland unless otherwise stated. E. neerlandica (ENER), E. carraensis (ECAR), E. subminuta (ESUB), E. krammeri (EKRA), E. krammeri capitate form in E. alpina type material (EKRA-alp), E. tavirana type material (ETAV-typ), E. aff. tavirana Irish populations (ETAV-IE), Encyonopsis sp. 1 (ESP1), E. alpina type material (EALP-typ), E. alpina Irish populations (EALP-IE), E. minuta (EMIN), Encyonopsis sp. 2 (ESP2), E. horticola (EHRT), E. hibernica (EHIB), Encyonopsis sp. 3 (ESP3).

FIGURES 449–480. Encyonopsis krammeri Reichardt. Figs 449–472 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 449–480. Encyonopsis krammeri Reichardt. Figs 449–472. LM. Figs 449–454. Valves illustrating the dorsiventral form and narrow rostrate poles for the most commonly encountered form. Figs 455–460. A population with more protracted subcapitate poles. Figs 461–472. A more lanceolate form corresponding to E. angusta Krammer & Lange-Bertalot with more clearly capitate rounded ends. Figs 473–480. SEM. Figs 473–478. External view of frustules with differing outline and apices but with equivalent ultrastructural morphology. Figs 479–480. Internal view with thickened silica between helictoglossa and end of apices. Scale bar in Fig. 472 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 417–448. Encyonopsis krammeri Reichardt. Figs 417–448 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 417–448. Encyonopsis krammeri Reichardt. Figs 417–448. LM. Figs 417–440. Valves showing morphological range and size reduction series in Irish lakes. Figs 441–448. SEM. Figs 441 & 443–446. External view. Figs 442 & 447. Internal view. Fig. 448 Girdle view. Scale bar in Fig. 440 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 397–404 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 397–404. Encyonopsis horticola Van de Vijver & Compère Figs 397–402. LM. Figs 397–402. Valves showing morphological range of a single population in L. Gur, Co. Limerick. Figs 403–404. SEM. Fig 403. External view. Fig. 404. Internal view. Scale bar in Fig. 402 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 353–396 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 353–396. Encyonopsis sp. 2 aff. minuta Figs 353–385. LM. Figs 353–385. Valves showing morphological range and size reduction in populations. Figs 386–396. SEM. Figs 386–395. External valve view with narrow rostrate apices. Fig 396. Internal view lacking a clear intermission at central area. Scale bar in Fig. 385 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.