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FIGURE. Metzgeria crassipilis (Lindb.) A. Evans I. (A) Thallus growing on a twig. (B) Thallus cells and gemmae. (C) Thallus margin. (D) Curved marginal hair. (E & F) Gemma. (G) Cross section of thallus. A–G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 117-14SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Metzgeria crassipilis (Lindb.) A. Evans I. (A) Thallus growing on a twig. (B) Thallus cells and gemmae. (C) Thallus margin. (D) Curved marginal hair. (E & F) Gemma. (G) Cross section of thallus. A–G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 117-14SR (PDA).

FIGURE. Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) Gray I. (A) Thallus (B) Cells of thallus (C) Antheridia (D) Female receptacle (E) Cross section of thallus (F) Sporophyte (G) Light microscope view of spore. A–C, E Ruklani & Rubasinghe 275-15SR (PDA); D, F, G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 305-15SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Pallavicinia lyellii (Hook.) Gray I. (A) Thallus (B) Cells of thallus (C) Antheridia (D) Female receptacle (E) Cross section of thallus (F) Sporophyte (G) Light microscope view of spore. A–C, E Ruklani & Rubasinghe 275-15SR (PDA); D, F, G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 305-15SR (PDA).

FIGURE. Marchantia emarginata Reinw., Blume & Nees (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B, C) Epidermal pores from the dorsal epidermis of thallus (D) Laminal scale (E) Median scale (F) Appendage of laminal scale (G) Margin of the gemma cup. A–G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 169-14SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Marchantia emarginata Reinw., Blume & Nees (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B, C) Epidermal pores from the dorsal epidermis of thallus (D) Laminal scale (E) Median scale (F) Appendage of laminal scale (G) Margin of the gemma cup. A–G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 169-14SR (PDA).

FIGURE. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi I. (A) dorsal surface of thallus with archegoniphores B) female receptacles (C) archegoniphore (D) male receptacle (E) ventral scale (F) appendage of ventral scale G) mature female receptacle with sporophytes (H) epidermal pore from the dorsal epidermis of the thallus (I) cross section of an epidermal pore. A–C, E–I, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 211-14SR (PDA); D, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 303-15SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi I. (A) dorsal surface of thallus with archegoniphores B) female receptacles (C) archegoniphore (D) male receptacle (E) ventral scale (F) appendage of ventral scale G) mature female receptacle with sporophytes (H) epidermal pore from the dorsal epidermis of the thallus (I) cross section of an epidermal pore. A–C, E–I, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 211-14SR (PDA); D, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 303-15SR (PDA).

FIGURE. Marchantia papillata Raddi. subsp. grossibarba (Steph.) Bischl. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B & C) Epidermal pores, surface view (D) Cross section of epidermal pore (E) Laminal scale (F) Median scale (G & H) Appendages of laminal scales (I & J) Male receptacles (K) Archegoniophore (L & M) Female receptacles (N) Cross section of archegoniophore stalk (O) Light microscope view of spore. A–D, F, G, H, K, L, M, N Ruklani & Rubasinghe 04-14SR (PDA); E—Ruklani & Rubasinghe 14-14SR (PDA); I–J Ruklani & Rubasinghe 28-14 SR(PDA); O—Ruklani & Rubasinghe 415-16SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Marchantia papillata Raddi. subsp. grossibarba (Steph.) Bischl. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B & C) Epidermal pores, surface view (D) Cross section of epidermal pore (E) Laminal scale (F) Median scale (G & H) Appendages of laminal scales (I & J) Male receptacles (K) Archegoniophore (L & M) Female receptacles (N) Cross section of archegoniophore stalk (O) Light microscope view of spore. A–D, F, G, H, K, L, M, N Ruklani & Rubasinghe 04-14SR (PDA); E—Ruklani & Rubasinghe 14-14SR (PDA); I–J Ruklani & Rubasinghe 28-14 SR(PDA); O—Ruklani & Rubasinghe 415-16SR (PDA).

FIGURE. Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. ex Lindb. I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus with gemma cups B) Epidermal pore from dorsal epidermis of thallus (C) Gemma (D) Ventral scale (E) Appendage of ventral scale (F) Cells with oil bodies on ventral scale (G) Cross section of epidermal pore and air chambers. A–G, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 113-14SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. ex Lindb. I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus with gemma cups B) Epidermal pore from dorsal epidermis of thallus (C) Gemma (D) Ventral scale (E) Appendage of ventral scale (F) Cells with oil bodies on ventral scale (G) Cross section of epidermal pore and air chambers. A–G, Ruklani & Rubasinghe 113-14SR (PDA).

FIGURE. Plagiochasma rupestre (G. Forst.) Steph. I. (A) Thallus. (B) Thallus with immature male and female receptacles (C) Female receptacle. (D, E). Ventral scales. (F) Epidermal pore, surface view (G) Epidermal pore cross section. (H) Archegoniophore. (I & J) Light microscopic views of spores. A–B, D–G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 114-14SR (PDA); C Ruklani & Rubasinghe 02-14SR (PDA) H–J Ruklani & Rubasinghe 86-14SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Plagiochasma rupestre (G. Forst.) Steph. I. (A) Thallus. (B) Thallus with immature male and female receptacles (C) Female receptacle. (D, E). Ventral scales. (F) Epidermal pore, surface view (G) Epidermal pore cross section. (H) Archegoniophore. (I & J) Light microscopic views of spores. A–B, D–G Ruklani & Rubasinghe 114-14SR (PDA); C Ruklani & Rubasinghe 02-14SR (PDA) H–J Ruklani & Rubasinghe 86-14SR (PDA).

FIGURE. Marchantia acaulis Steph. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B) Archegoniophores (C) Female receptacle (D & E) Epidermal pores from the dorsal epidermis of the thallus (F) Laminal scale (G) Median scale (H) Appendage of laminal scale (I) Margin of the gemma cup. Ruklani & Rubasinghe 108-14SR (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Marchantia acaulis Steph. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B) Archegoniophores (C) Female receptacle (D & E) Epidermal pores from the dorsal epidermis of the thallus (F) Laminal scale (G) Median scale (H) Appendage of laminal scale (I) Margin of the gemma cup. Ruklani & Rubasinghe 108-14SR (PDA).

FIGURE. Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B) ventral surface of thallus (C) male receptacle (D, E). Archegoniophores with sporophytes (F) cross section of thallus (G) cross section of stalk of archegoniophore (H) light microscope view of spore. A–C, F Ruklani & Rubasinghe 213-14R (PDA); D–H Ruklani & Rubasinghe 344-14R (PDA). in Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida) of Sri Lanka

FIGURE. Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees I. (A) Dorsal surface of thallus (B) ventral surface of thallus (C) male receptacle (D, E). Archegoniophores with sporophytes (F) cross section of thallus (G) cross section of stalk of archegoniophore (H) light microscope view of spore. A–C, F Ruklani & Rubasinghe 213-14R (PDA); D–H Ruklani & Rubasinghe 344-14R (PDA).

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Subspecies and Distribution. B. g. cuniculus Ogilby, 1838 — E Tasmania, including Maria I and Bruny I. in Potoroidae

Subspecies and Distribution. B. g. cuniculus Ogilby, 1838 — E Tasmania, including Maria I and Bruny I.

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Subspecies and Distribution. G.b.beringe:Matschie,1903—VirungaVolcanoesRegioninEDRCongo,SWUganda,andNWRwanda,alsoinBwindiImpenetrableNationalParkinSWUganda. G. b. graueri Matschie, 1914 — E DR Congo, inhabiting three major regions (Kahuzi-Biéga-Kasese, [tombwe Massif, and Maiko-Tayna). in Hominidae

Subspecies and Distribution. G.b.beringe:Matschie,1903—VirungaVolcanoesRegioninEDRCongo,SWUganda,andNWRwanda,alsoinBwindiImpenetrableNationalParkinSWUganda. G. b. graueri Matschie, 1914 — E DR Congo, inhabiting three major regions (Kahuzi-Biéga-Kasese, [tombwe Massif, and Maiko-Tayna).

Subspecies and Distribution. n. nivalis Martins, 1842 — Alps. OONDno. abulensis Morales, 1936 — Iberian Peninsula.. aleco Paspalev, V. Martino & Pesheyv, 1952 — E Balkan Peninsula. 9. appenninicus Dal Piaz, 1929 — Italian Peninsula.. cedrorum Spitzenberger, 1973 — Taurus Mts and SW Anatolia, Turkey. 3. dementievi Heptner, 1939 — S Turkmenistan and NE Iran.. hermonis G. S. Miller, 1908 — Lebanon, W & S Syria, and extreme N Israel. OADSs. malyi Bolkay, 1925 — W Balkan Peninsula.. mirhanreini Schafer, 1935 — Tatra Mts in S Poland and Slovakia.. olympus Neuhauser, 1936 — NW Anatolia, N Turkey. 83 £. pontius G. S. Miller, 1908 — NE Anatolia, NE Turkey. n. trialeticus Shidlovsky, 1919 — Caucasus. C. n. ulpius G. S. Miller, 1908 — E & S Carpathian Mts in SW Ukraine and Romania. Also present in S France, S Turkey (Hatay Province), and NW Iran, but subspecies involved not known. in Cricetidae

Subspecies and Distribution. n. nivalis Martins, 1842 — Alps. OONDno. abulensis Morales, 1936 — Iberian Peninsula.. aleco Paspalev, V. Martino & Pesheyv, 1952 — E Balkan Peninsula. 9. appenninicus Dal Piaz, 1929 — Italian Peninsula.. cedrorum Spitzenberger, 1973 — Taurus Mts and SW Anatolia, Turkey. 3. dementievi Heptner, 1939 — S Turkmenistan and NE Iran.. hermonis G. S. Miller, 1908 — Lebanon, W & S Syria, and extreme N Israel. OADSs. malyi Bolkay, 1925 — W Balkan Peninsula.. mirhanreini Schafer, 1935 — Tatra Mts in S Poland and Slovakia.. olympus Neuhauser, 1936 — NW Anatolia, N Turkey. 83 £. pontius G. S. Miller, 1908 — NE Anatolia, NE Turkey. n. trialeticus Shidlovsky, 1919 — Caucasus. C. n. ulpius G. S. Miller, 1908 — E & S Carpathian Mts in SW Ukraine and Romania. Also present in S France, S Turkey (Hatay Province), and NW Iran, but subspecies involved not known.

Subspecies and Distribution. E.t.tancre:Blasius,1884—EKazakhstanandNWChina(AltaiMtsandDzungariainXinjiang). E.t.albicatusThomas,1912—NWChina(HamiregioninXinjiang). E.t.coenosusThomas,1912—SKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,andNWChina(TianShaninXinjiang). E.t.fuscipepsThomas,1909—Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,andprobablyAfghanistan. E.t.larvatusG.M.Allen,1924—Russia(Tuva),Mongolia,andNChina(Gansu,InnerMongolia[=NeiMongol],Ningxia,andShaanxi). E. t. onentalis G. M. Allen, 1924 — NE China (E Nei Mongol). in Cricetidae

Subspecies and Distribution. E.t.tancre:Blasius,1884—EKazakhstanandNWChina(AltaiMtsandDzungariainXinjiang). E.t.albicatusThomas,1912—NWChina(HamiregioninXinjiang). E.t.coenosusThomas,1912—SKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,andNWChina(TianShaninXinjiang). E.t.fuscipepsThomas,1909—Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,andprobablyAfghanistan. E.t.larvatusG.M.Allen,1924—Russia(Tuva),Mongolia,andNChina(Gansu,InnerMongolia[=NeiMongol],Ningxia,andShaanxi). E. t. onentalis G. M. Allen, 1924 — NE China (E Nei Mongol).

Subspecies and Distribution. A.a.argentatusSevertzov,1879—PamirMtsinEUzbekistan,Tajikistan,WChina,andNAfghanistan. A.a.blanfordiScully,1880—KashmirinNPakistanandNWIndia. A.a.parvidensSchlitter&Setzer,1973—KhyberPakhtunkhwaProvinceinNPakistan. A.a.phasmaG.S.Miller,1912—EKarakoruminSWChina(Xizang). A.a.severtzoviTichomirov&Korchagin,1889—TianShanMtsinKazakhstanandKyrgyzstan. A.a.subluteusThomas,1914—TianShanMtsinEKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,andNWChina(Xinjiang). A.a.tarasoviRossolimo&Pavlinov,1992—TianShanMtsinKyrgyzstanandNWChina(Xinjiang). A. a. worthingtoni G. S. Miller, 1906 — Basin of Tekes, Tian Shan Mts, Xinjiang, NW China. Subspecies range limits poorly resolved and not all populations have subspecific names, including some mountain ranges in S & E Kazkhstan, E Uzbekistan, and NW China (Karatau, Nuratau, Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatai, and Saur Mts). in Cricetidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A.a.argentatusSevertzov,1879—PamirMtsinEUzbekistan,Tajikistan,WChina,andNAfghanistan. A.a.blanfordiScully,1880—KashmirinNPakistanandNWIndia. A.a.parvidensSchlitter&Setzer,1973—KhyberPakhtunkhwaProvinceinNPakistan. A.a.phasmaG.S.Miller,1912—EKarakoruminSWChina(Xizang). A.a.severtzoviTichomirov&Korchagin,1889—TianShanMtsinKazakhstanandKyrgyzstan. A.a.subluteusThomas,1914—TianShanMtsinEKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,andNWChina(Xinjiang). A.a.tarasoviRossolimo&Pavlinov,1992—TianShanMtsinKyrgyzstanandNWChina(Xinjiang). A. a. worthingtoni G. S. Miller, 1906 — Basin of Tekes, Tian Shan Mts, Xinjiang, NW China. Subspecies range limits poorly resolved and not all populations have subspecific names, including some mountain ranges in S & E Kazkhstan, E Uzbekistan, and NW China (Karatau, Nuratau, Dzungarian Alatau, Tarbagatai, and Saur Mts).

Subspecies and Distribution. E.c.custosThomas,1912—NWYunnan(China). E.c.changsanensisWang&Yang,2000— CangMtofDaliinYunnan(China). E.c.ninglangensisWang&Li,2000—SWSichuanandNEYunnan(China). E. c. rubellus G. M. Allen, 1924 — N Yunnan (China). in Cricetidae

Subspecies and Distribution. E.c.custosThomas,1912—NWYunnan(China). E.c.changsanensisWang&Yang,2000— CangMtofDaliinYunnan(China). E.c.ninglangensisWang&Li,2000—SWSichuanandNEYunnan(China). E. c. rubellus G. M. Allen, 1924 — N Yunnan (China).

FIGURE 1. Rohdea grandiflora. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Leaf detached. D & G. Plant bearing a stolon. E in Rohdea grandiflora (Asparagaceae), a new species from southern Gansu, China

FIGURE 1. Rohdea grandiflora. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Leaf detached. D & G. Plant bearing a stolon. E. Leaf blade (a) and outer bract (b) and inner bract (c). F & I. Flower in lateral view. H. Half flower, frontal view. J. Ovary in transverse section. K. Pistil. L. Flowers from different plants.

FIGURE. Drosera tomentosa (a–d): a, rosette; b, rosette and base of inflorescences of D. tomentosa var. glabrata (Serra do Cipó, MG); c, inflorescence of the "type morphotype" of D. tomentosa (Chapada Diamantina, BA); d, inflorescence with open flower of the "glabrate morphotype" of D. tomentosa, side view (Diamantina, MG). Drosera villosa (e, f): e, habit; f, flower (Parque Estadual da Serra Negra da Mantiqueira, MG). Drosera viridis (g–i): g, rosettes of D. viridis (bottom) and D. communis (single plant, top; Imbituva, PR); h, leaf, detail (Piraquara, PR); i, flower (Balsa Nova, PR). Photo credits: a, b, d–f by PMG; c by FR; g–i by Carlos Rohrbacher. in A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil

FIGURE. Drosera tomentosa (a–d): a, rosette; b, rosette and base of inflorescences of D. tomentosa var. glabrata (Serra do Cipó, MG); c, inflorescence of the "type morphotype" of D. tomentosa (Chapada Diamantina, BA); d, inflorescence with open flower of the "glabrate morphotype" of D. tomentosa, side view (Diamantina, MG). Drosera villosa (e, f): e, habit; f, flower (Parque Estadual da Serra Negra da Mantiqueira, MG). Drosera viridis (g–i): g, rosettes of D. viridis (bottom) and D. communis (single plant, top; Imbituva, PR); h, leaf, detail (Piraquara, PR); i, flower (Balsa Nova, PR). Photo credits: a, b, d–f by PMG; c by FR; g–i by Carlos Rohrbacher.

FIGURE. Drosera montana (a–c): a, rosette (Diamantina, MG); b, rosette (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, RJ); c, rosettes with flowers (Parque Estadual da Serra de Ibitipoca, MG). Drosera quartzicola (d–f): d, habit with flower; e, habit; f, flower (Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, MG). Drosera riparia (g–i): g, habit of plant exposed to full sun; h, detail of leaves; i, inflorescence apex with open flower (Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina, BA). Photo credits: a, d, f by PMG; b by FR; c by Rodrigo Freitas; e by AF; g–i by Gabriel Garcia. in A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil

FIGURE. Drosera montana (a–c): a, rosette (Diamantina, MG); b, rosette (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, RJ); c, rosettes with flowers (Parque Estadual da Serra de Ibitipoca, MG). Drosera quartzicola (d–f): d, habit with flower; e, habit; f, flower (Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, MG). Drosera riparia (g–i): g, habit of plant exposed to full sun; h, detail of leaves; i, inflorescence apex with open flower (Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina, BA). Photo credits: a, d, f by PMG; b by FR; c by Rodrigo Freitas; e by AF; g–i by Gabriel Garcia.

FIGURE. Drosera communis (a–d): a, habit with emerging inflorescence (Parque Nacional das Sempre-Vivas, MG); b, habit with emerging inflorescence; c, variation in flower color within a population (Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO); d, habit (Paranapiacaba, SP). Drosera esmeraldae (e, f): e, habit (Puerto Inirida, Guainía, Colombia); f, flower (Gran Sabana, Bolívar, Venezuela). Drosera graminifolia (g–i): g, habit; h, detail of the leaf bases and stipules; i, flower (Serra do Caraça, MG). Photo credits: a–d, g–i by PMG; e by FR; f by AF. in A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil

FIGURE. Drosera communis (a–d): a, habit with emerging inflorescence (Parque Nacional das Sempre-Vivas, MG); b, habit with emerging inflorescence; c, variation in flower color within a population (Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO); d, habit (Paranapiacaba, SP). Drosera esmeraldae (e, f): e, habit (Puerto Inirida, Guainía, Colombia); f, flower (Gran Sabana, Bolívar, Venezuela). Drosera graminifolia (g–i): g, habit; h, detail of the leaf bases and stipules; i, flower (Serra do Caraça, MG). Photo credits: a–d, g–i by PMG; e by FR; f by AF.

FIGURE. Drosera cayennensis (a–c): a, habit (Santa Elena de Uairén, Bolívar, Venezuela); b, rosette; c, flower (Parque Nacional dos Campos Amazônicos, RO). Drosera chimaera (d–f): d, rosette; e, rosette, side view; f, flower (Cristália, MG). Drosera chrysolepis (g–k): g, habitat, among grasses; h, habit; i, detail of the stem, showing the stipules and leaf bases; j, inflorescence apex (Serra do Cipó, MG); k, flower (Itacambira, MG). Photo credits: a by FR; b, c by Jairo de Souza Laurentino; d–k by PMG. in A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil

FIGURE. Drosera cayennensis (a–c): a, habit (Santa Elena de Uairén, Bolívar, Venezuela); b, rosette; c, flower (Parque Nacional dos Campos Amazônicos, RO). Drosera chimaera (d–f): d, rosette; e, rosette, side view; f, flower (Cristália, MG). Drosera chrysolepis (g–k): g, habitat, among grasses; h, habit; i, detail of the stem, showing the stipules and leaf bases; j, inflorescence apex (Serra do Cipó, MG); k, flower (Itacambira, MG). Photo credits: a by FR; b, c by Jairo de Souza Laurentino; d–k by PMG.