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1,604 results for “Wintering”
FIGURE. Basidiocarps of species of Agaricales in Panama. a. Asterophora parasitica (PAN180) on decayed basidiocarp of Russula sp. b–c. Campanophyllum probiscideum. b. On bark of a standing tree (KaiR434). c. From above and below (KaiR434). d–e. Rhodocollybia tablensis. d. (KaiR484). e. (PAN238). f. Cantharocybe brunneovelutina (PAN260). g. Pluteus hongoi (PAN413). h. Tetrapyrgos atrocyanea (KaiR395). Bars a = 1 cm, b, c, f, g = 2 cm, d, e = 5 cm, h = 0.5 cm. a, f, g Photos by H. Lotz-Winter. b, c, d, h Photos by K. Reschke. e Photo by O. Koukol. in New and interesting species of Agaricomycetes from Panama
FIGURE. Basidiocarps of species of Agaricales in Panama. a. Asterophora parasitica (PAN180) on decayed basidiocarp of Russula sp. b–c. Campanophyllum probiscideum. b. On bark of a standing tree (KaiR434). c. From above and below (KaiR434). d–e. Rhodocollybia tablensis. d. (KaiR484). e. (PAN238). f. Cantharocybe brunneovelutina (PAN260). g. Pluteus hongoi (PAN413). h. Tetrapyrgos atrocyanea (KaiR395). Bars a = 1 cm, b, c, f, g = 2 cm, d, e = 5 cm, h = 0.5 cm. a, f, g Photos by H. Lotz-Winter. b, c, d, h Photos by K. Reschke. e Photo by O. Koukol.
FIGURE. Basidiocarps of Gliophorus roseus. a. KaiR619. b. PAN612, holotype. Bars a, b = 1 cm. a Photo by K. Reschke. b Photo by H. Lotz-Winter. in New and interesting species of Agaricomycetes from Panama
FIGURE. Basidiocarps of Gliophorus roseus. a. KaiR619. b. PAN612, holotype. Bars a, b = 1 cm. a Photo by K. Reschke. b Photo by H. Lotz-Winter.
FIGURE. Macro- and microscopic structures of Multiclavula caput-serpentis (KaiR699, holotype). a. Thallus with basidiocarps. b. Basidiospores. c. Hymenium with basidia at different developmental stages and subhymenial hyphae. d. Bulbils of green algae wrapped in hyphae, different developmental stages. Bars a = 2 mm, b, c and d = 10 µm. Drawings by H. Lotz-Winter. in New and interesting species of Agaricomycetes from Panama
FIGURE. Macro- and microscopic structures of Multiclavula caput-serpentis (KaiR699, holotype). a. Thallus with basidiocarps. b. Basidiospores. c. Hymenium with basidia at different developmental stages and subhymenial hyphae. d. Bulbils of green algae wrapped in hyphae, different developmental stages. Bars a = 2 mm, b, c and d = 10 µm. Drawings by H. Lotz-Winter.
Code for GMD publication - Simulated microphysical properties of winter storms from bulk-type microphysics schemes and their evaluation in WRF (v4.1.3) model during ICE-POP 2018
<p>In this repository, we include the source codes for WRF microphysics parameterization used in the GMD publication "Simulated microphysical properties of winter storms from bulk-type microphysics schemes and their evaluation in WRF (v4.1.3) model during ICE-POP 2018."</p> <p>The four 2-moment bulk microphysical parameterization codes, WDM6, WDM7, Thompson, and Morrison, are divided into 3 WDM, Thompson, and Morrison codes, and each code has been modified so that detailed microphysical processes can be checked in wrfout.</p> <p>The WDM6 and WDM7 schemes include numerical errors for ice microphysical parameterization (Kim and lim, 2021) and for cloud evaporation and melting processes (Lei et al., 2020).</p> <p>Namelist files shows the namelist.input for each case.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Temporal and interspecific dietary variation in wintering ducks in agricultural landscapes
<p class="MsoNormal">Farmlands are becoming more important as waterfowl foraging habitats, while natural wetlands are being lost globally. However, it is unclear how waterfowl coexist in agricultural landscapes by resource partitioning. We evaluated the diets of seven sympatric dabbling ducks foraging in rice paddy and lotus fields around Lake Kasumigaura, the second largest lake in Japan, during two wintering seasons (from November to February) by fecal DNA metabarcoding using chloroplast <em>trn</em>L and mitochondrial CO1 region sequences. We examined 42<span>0</span> fecal samples and found different patterns of dietary diversity and composition among the duck species. The pattern also differed between plant and invertebrate food. Dietary niche partitioning was clear in plant food. Large-bodied ducks intensively use crop plants, and other ducks might mediate competition by using terrestrial and aquatic plants that are suitable for their foraging behaviors or microhabitats. Dietary segregation among species was the most apparent in February, when the abundance of foraging ducks was the largest. This study <span>illustrated</span> the complex pattern of dietary niche partitioning of dabbling ducks in agricultural landscapes, which might be difficult to evaluate by conventional approaches. The availability of crop plants, as well as other plant food resources in <span>flooded areas</span> and farmland dikes, may enable ducks to coexist by spatial or behavioral resource partitioning.</p>
Data from: Increased annual methane uptake driven by warmer winters in an alpine meadow
<p>Pronounced non-growing season warming and changes in soil freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles can dramatically alter net methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) exchange rates between soils and the atmosphere. However, the magnitudes and drivers of warming impacts on CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in different stages of the F-T cycle are poorly understood in cold alpine ecosystems, which have been found to be a net sink of atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub>. Here, we reported a year-round ecosystem daily CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau after a five-year warming experiment that included a control, a low-level warming treatment (+2.4℃ at 5 cm soil depth), and a high-level warming treatment (+4.5℃ at 5 cm soil depth). We found that warming shortened the F-T cycle under the low-level warming and soils did not freeze under the high-level warming. Although both warming treatments increased the mean CH<sub>4</sub> uptake rate, only the high-level warming significantly increased annual CH<sub>4</sub> uptake compared to the control. The warming-induced stimulation of CH<sub>4</sub> uptake mainly occurred in the cold season, which was mostly during spring thaw under low-level warming and during the frozen winter under high-level warming due to a longer period with thawed soil. We also found that warming significantly stimulated daily CH<sub>4</sub> uptake mainly by reducing near-surface soil water content in the warm season, whereas both soil water content and temperature controlled daily CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in different ways during the autumn freeze, frozen winter, and spring thaw periods of the control. Our study revealed a strong warming effect on CH<sub>4</sub> uptake during the entire F-T cycle in the alpine meadow, especially the unfrozen winter. Our results also suggested the important roles of soil pH, available phosphorus, and methanotroph abundance in regulating annual CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in response to warming, which should be incorporated into biogeochemical models for accurately forecasting CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes under future climate scenarios.</p>
Data from: Local diversity in phenological responses of migratory lake sturgeon to warm winters
<p>Rich intraspecific diversity in traits that shape responses to environmental conditions implies that effects of climate change will differ within species or even populations. Nevertheless, few studies investigate how different groups within species respond to climatic fluctuations, and most risk assessments rely upon species-wide generalizations. We studied effects of among-year variation in air temperature on the spring migratory phenology of a metapopulation of lake sturgeon (<em>Acipenser fulvescens</em>) within waters connecting Lake Huron and Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Sturgeon here express multiple migratory phenotypes that all spawn in either the St. Clair River or Detroit River but differ in their use after spawning of more than 86,000 km<sup>2</sup> of accessible lake and river habitat. Acoustic tracking over nine years (2012-2020) revealed mixed phenological responses to late-winter air temperatures, with three migratory groups arriving at rivers earlier during warm years and one whose arrival was consistent across years regardless of temperature. Notably, two groups that spawn in the same river but overwinter in different lakes entered the river with greater synchrony during warm years because one advanced its phenology while the other did not. The results indicated warm weather could alter the dynamics of the metapopulation and broader community, and exemplify the complexity hidden beneath broadscale generalizations of species' response to climate change.</p>
Winter soil temperature at the snow cover manipulation experiment in boreal forest
<p>The study was conducted in a spruce forest near Syktyvkar, taiga zone of northwestern Russia (N 61.650429, E50.731707). The mean annual air temperature is 0.5 C, with an annual precipitation of about 620 mm. Snow cover duration is averages 6 months (November-May). The stand is dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies), but other species including Betula pubescens and Populus tremula are interspersed. There are sparse shrubs of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and dog rose (Rosa canina). The herbaceous layer is dominated by Oxalis acetosella and Vaccinium uliginosum. Less abundant herb species are Maianthemum bifolium, Pyrola rotundifolia, and mosses Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. In November 2018, three experimental plots (3 × 6 m) were established. The distance between the plots was at least 100 m. Each plot was divided into two sub-plots (3 × 3 m); each sub-plots corresponded to one option. The first option provided for the absence of snow cover in winter, which was achieved by the construction of sheds (a wooden frame covered with polyethylene film). The height of the sheds was 1 m. The fallen snow was regularly removed from the sheds to prevent their destruction. The second option was the control and did not involve any manipulations. The soil temperature was recorded eight time a day from November 2018 to May 2019 using a HOBO U12-008, ONSET, which was installed 5 cm below the soil surface at each sub-plot.</p>
Data for: Abundance and accessibility of forage for reindeer in forests of Northern Sweden: impacts of landscape and winter climate regime
<p>The survival of reindeer during winter, their period of greatest food stress, is largely dependent upon the abundance and accessibility of food in their pastures. In Northern Sweden this realised availability of forage is notably affected by snow conditions and the impacts of forestry on understorey in these pastures. Whilst these factors have been examined to some extent in isolation, their combined effect on overall forage availability has, to the best of our knowledge to date, not been studied.</p> <p>In this study, vegetation surveys and analysis of snow conditions were undertaken in 16 forest stands at various stages of recovery from clear-cutting. The variation in abundance and growth of understorey species edible by reindeer, such as lichen, were noted as forest age increased. The barrier effect of ice lenses in snow during winter was also noted. Lichen biomass was significantly affected by a combination of stand age, understorey vegetation height, and lichen height. Soil disturbance from the processes of felling, and competition in the vegetation communities recovering from this disturbance were identified as key drivers of change in lichen biomass. Overall, clear-cut forests had some of the greatest prevalence of ice lenses in the snow column, and forage availability at these sites was up to 61 % less than in stands over 58 years in age.</p>
Raw data for the study titled "Fungal ectoparasites increase winter mortality of ladybird hosts despite limited effects on their immune system"
<p>Winter represents a challenging period for insects inhabiting temperate regions. A plethora of studies have investigated how abiotic environmental conditions such as temperature affect insect overwintering success. However, only a few studies have focused on biotic factors and the mechanisms affecting the overwintering performance of insects. Here, we investigated the effects of the parasitic fungus <em>Hesperomyces virescens</em> on the overwintering performance and immune system functioning of the invasive ladybird <em>Harmonia axyridis</em>. Winter survival was significantly lower for infected than for uninfected beetles. Body mass loss during overwintering tend to be higher for infected individuals compared to uninfected ones and for larger beetles. In addition, parasitic infection reduced post-winter longevity without food in male but not female ladybirds. Total haemocyte and protein concentration as well as antimicrobial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> significantly decreased during ladybird overwintering. However, haemolymph parameters were only poorly affected by <em>Hesperomyces</em> infection, with the exception of antimicrobial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> that tended to be higher in infected ladybirds. Interestingly, none of the pre-winter haemolymph parameters were good predictors of ladybird winter survival. Overall, our results indicate that energy exhaustion unrelated to immune system challenge is the most probable explanation for increased overwintering mortality in infected beetles.</p>
Data of event list of cold and hot patches for manuscript "The Dependence of Cold and Hot Patches on Local Plasma Transport and Particle Precipitation in Northern Hemisphere Winter"
<p>A database of 4,634 cold patches (high density and low electron temperature) and 4,700 hot patches (high density and high electron temperature) from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F16 in 2005-2018 winter months.</p>
The dose makes the poison: feeding of antibiotic-treated winter honey bees, Apis mellifera, with probiotics and b-vitamins
<div> <p><span>Honey stores of </span><em><span>Apis mellifera</span></em><span> colonies are replaced with sugar water by beekeepers, which may result in malnutrition. Nutritional supplements have been developed, but the importance of bacterial probiotics and vitamins is poorly understood. Given that supplementary feeding with vitamins and probiotics enhances worker weight and longevity, this would suggest a feasible approach to mitigate winter colony losses. Here, we conducted a laboratory hoarding cage study with freshly emerged winter bees, which were treated with the antibiotic tetracycline to reduce gut bacteria and subsequently assigned to feeding regimes: sucrose only, sucrose + pollen, probiotics (low and high dosage), probiotics + pollen (low and high dosage), or b-vitamins (low and high dosage), (N=8 treatments, 29 workers/cage x8 replicates). In parallel, controls remained on their frame (=Frame) to establish their gut microbiota and were subsequently fed with sucrose only or sucrose + pollen (N=2 treatments, 29 workers/cage x4 replicates). Higher body weights were found in workers fed pollen, and in notably the Frame Sucrose + Pollen group, confirming a role of gut bacteria in protein digestion. Furthermore, both Frame groups and the antibiotic-treated workers fed with probiotic low + pollen survived longer than all other groups, highlighting an inherent host-microbial relationship. In contrast, high dosages of both probiotic and b-vitamins significantly reduced life span compared to their low concentration counterparts, probably due to dysbiosis and toxicity, suggesting that the outcome was dose-dependent. These results highlight that bacterial supplementation can alter longevity with advisable caution since harmful concentrations appear to exist.</span> </p> </div>
Data from: Simulated winter warming negatively impacts survival of Antarctica's only endemic insect
<p>Antarctic winters are challenging for terrestrial invertebrates, and species that live there have specialized adaptations to conserve energy and protect against cold injury in the winter. However, rapidly occurring climate change in these regions will increase the unpredictability of winter conditions, and there is currently a dearth of knowledge on how the highly adapted invertebrates of Antarctica will respond to changes in winter temperatures.</p> <p>We evaluated the response of larvae of the Antarctic midge, <em>Belgica antarctica</em>, to simulated winters at three ecologically relevant mean temperature scenarios: Warm (-1 °C), Normal (-3 °C) and Cold (-5 °C). Within each scenario, larvae were placed into three distinct habitat types in which they are commonly observed (decaying organic matter, living moss, and <em>Prasiola crispa algae</em>). Following the simulated overwintering period, a range of physiological outcomes were measured, namely survival, locomotor activity, tissue damage, energy store levels and molecular stress responses.</p> <p>Survival, energy stores and locomotor activity were significantly lower following the Warm overwintering environment than at lower temperatures, but tissue damage and heat shock protein expression (a proxy for protein damage) did not significantly differ between the three temperatures. Survival was also significantly lower in larvae overwintered in <em>Prasiola crispa</em> algae, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Heat shock proteins were expressed least in larvae overwintering in living moss, suggesting it is less stressful to overwinter in this substrate, perhaps due to a more defined structure affording less direct contact with ice.</p> <p>Our results demonstrate that a realistic 2 °C increase in winter microhabitat temperature reduces survival and causes energy deficits that have implications for subsequent development and reproduction. While our Warm winter scenario was close to the range of observed overwintering temperatures for this species, warmer winters are expected to become more common in response to climate change. Conversely, if climate change reduces the length of winter, some of the negative consequences of winter warming may be attenuated, so it will be important to consider this factor in future studies. Nonetheless, our results indicate that winter warming could negatively impact cold-adapted insects like the Antarctic midge.</p>
Distribution. Cold-temperate waters of the N Pacific, from Bonin Is (27° N, 142° E) and Ryukyu Is N to Yellow Sea, Sea ofJapan, Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska; occasionally reaching tip of Baja California, Mexico, to the S of E Pacific in winter. Except on their N summer grounds, only a few sightings in the E Pacific Ocean during the past 50 years. in Balaenidae
Distribution. Cold-temperate waters of the N Pacific, from Bonin Is (27° N, 142° E) and Ryukyu Is N to Yellow Sea, Sea ofJapan, Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska; occasionally reaching tip of Baja California, Mexico, to the S of E Pacific in winter. Except on their N summer grounds, only a few sightings in the E Pacific Ocean during the past 50 years.
Distribution. Cold-temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, mainly at 20-60° S except on both coasts of South America, where they occur at most lower latitudes. Concentrated in winter near the coastlines off S Australia, New Zealand, Atlantic coast of South America (Argentina, Brazil), and S Africa (mainly South Africa), but also off Chile, Peru, Tristan da Cunha Is and the E coast of Madagascar; in summer they are found mainly in latitudes of 40-50° S but have been seen in the Antarctic as far as 65° S and around South Georgia Is. in Balaenidae
Distribution. Cold-temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, mainly at 20-60° S except on both coasts of South America, where they occur at most lower latitudes. Concentrated in winter near the coastlines off S Australia, New Zealand, Atlantic coast of South America (Argentina, Brazil), and S Africa (mainly South Africa), but also off Chile, Peru, Tristan da Cunha Is and the E coast of Madagascar; in summer they are found mainly in latitudes of 40-50° S but have been seen in the Antarctic as far as 65° S and around South Georgia Is.
Comparing field-based management approaches for invasive Winter Heliotrope (Petasites pyrenaicus: Asteraceae)
<p>Winter Heliotrope (<em>Petasites pyrenaicus</em>, previously <em>P. fragrans</em>), is a persistent, rhizome-forming species found throughout the Mediterranean region and North Africa and is an Invasive Alien Plant (IAP) in the UK and Ireland. <em>P. </em><em>pyrenaicus </em>excludes native flora by forming a dense, compact canopy that persists for much of the growing season, and is often found growing in <span>rough ground, riparian areas and along communication routes, </span>incurring significant management costs at sites of conservation interest<span>. </span>Our study describes the first field-based assessment of <em>P. </em><em>pyrenaicus </em>control treatments, testing 12 physical and/or chemical treatments in replicated 1 m<sup>2</sup> plots over four years and one chemical treatment over three years. Treatments focused on understanding phenology and resource allocation to exploit rhizome source-sink relationships in <em>P. </em><em>pyrenaicus</em>. Multiple-stage glyphosate- and picloram-based treatments reduced leaf canopy cover to zero (%) over time, though no treatment completely eradicated <em>P. pyrenaicus</em>. When designing management strategies, effective <em>P. pyrenaicus</em> control may be achieved by a single annual soil and/or foliar application of picloram at 1.34 kg AE ha<sup>-1 </sup>in spring, or by a single annual foliar application of glyphosate in spring at 2.16 kg AE ha<sup>-1</sup>. Control is not improved by the addition of other herbicides or physical treatment methods, underlining the importance of these herbicides for perennial invasive plant management. This work confirms the importance of considering plant phenology, resource allocation and rhizome source-sink relationships, to increase treatment efficacy and reduce the environmental impacts associated with the management of <em>P. pyrenaicus</em> and other invasive, rhizome forming species.</p>
Dataset about the adoption of winter cover crops at the municipality level for mainland France
<p>Dataset about winter soil cover before spring crops for mainland France</p>
Controls on nitrite oxidation in the upper Southern Ocean: insights from winter kinetics experiments in the Indian sector
<p>This is a dataset to the paper "Controls on nitrite oxidation in the upper Southern Ocean: insights from winter kinetics experiments in the Indian sector" published under the Biogeosciences journal. This dataset contains rates of nitrite oxidation, kinetic parameters (half-saturation constant and maximum oxidation rate) for nitrite oxidation, latitudinal gradient of surface nitrite concentrations, integrated rates of ammonium and nitrite oxidation. </p>
Data From: Winter mortality of a passerine bird increases following hotter summers and during winters with higher maximum temperatures
<p><span>Climate change influences animal population dynamics via effects on survival or reproduction. However, attributing changes in mortality to specific climate variables is challenging as it is often not known exactly when individuals died within a year. Here, we investigated climate effects on adult mortality in Australian superb fairy-wrens (<em>Malurus cyaneus</em>). Over a 27-year period, mortality outside the breeding season nearly doubled. This non-breeding season mortality increased with both lower minimum and higher maximum temperatures in winter, and with higher heatwave intensity in the previous summer. Fine-scale analysis showed that higher mortality in a given week was associated with higher maxima two weeks prior, as well as with lower minima in the current fortnight. Increases in summer heatwaves and in winter maximum temperatures collectively explained 62.6% of the increase in mortality over time. Warming climate in both summer and winter can thus adversely affect survival, with potentially substantial population consequences.</span></p>
Data for "Characteristics and Variability of Winter Northern Pacific Atmospheric River Flavors"
<p>The repository contains data used in "(Zhou et al. 2022) Characteristics and Variability of Winter Northern Pacific Atmospheric River Flavors", which are outputs from Zhou et al. (2018) tracking algorithm, including lifecycle-related variables such as area, precipitation, 850hPa wind speed, IVT, IWV, locations (latitude and longitude), AR frequency, and landfall precipitation. </p>
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