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FIGURE 9. Cradoscrupocellaria floridana n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 9. Cradoscrupocellaria floridana n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 2010.12.6.2, holotype, Florida. A, Frontal surface of colony. B, Frontal surface of branches with ovicelled zooids. C, Close-up of a branch; note the dimorphic frontal avicularia and the ooecia with pores having raised edges. D, Close-up of ovicelled zooid and one frontal avicularium; note the forked scutum with forked, acute tips. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

FIGURE 12. Cradoscrupocellaria hastingsae n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 12. Cradoscrupocellaria hastingsae n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 2010.12.6.8, holotype, Galapagos. A, Frontal surface of colony. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the joints passing across opesia in outer zooids at bifurcation. C, Close-up of a branch; note one zooid without scutum and three distalmost zooids with forked scutum. D, Close-up of zooid; note the absence of a scutum and the gigantic frontal avicularium. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

FIGURE 2 in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 2. Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin, 1826) n. comb. A–C, NHMUK 1926.9.6.58, neotype, Suez Canal; D– F, NHMUK 1899.7.1.736, Mediterranean. A, Frontal surface of branches and two bifurcations. B, Frontal surface of a branch; note zooids with and without scuta. C, Close-up of an abfrontal vibraculum. D, Frontal surface of a branch bifurcation; note the presence of dimorphic frontal avicularia (gigantic on axial zooid) and two zooids with scutum. E, Close-up of an ovicelled zooid with scutum; note the small lateral avicularium. F, Abfrontal surface of branch; note the smooth surface of rhizoids.

FIGURE 13. Cradoscrupocellaria insularis n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 13. Cradoscrupocellaria insularis n. sp. A–B, E–F, NHMUK 2010.12.6.16, holotype, Cape Verde. C–D, NHMUK 1899.7.1.837, paratype, Cape Verde. A, Frontal surface of colony. B, Frontal surface of branch with ovicelled zooids. C, Closeup of a branch; note the small distolateral avicularium and the scutum occupying less than half the opesial length. D, Close-up of small frontal avicularium. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

FIGURE 5 in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 5. Cradoscrupocellaria curacaoensis (Fransen, 1986) n. comb. A–B, USNM 559183, Porto Rico. C–D, SBMNH 96400, Aruba Island. A, Frontal surface of branch with two ovicells. B, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation. C, Frontal surface of branch; note one zooid with trifurcated scutum and two zooids with forked scutum. D, Abfrontal surface of branch; note the joints passing across the opesia in outer zooids at the bifurcation.

FIGURE 20 in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 20. Cradoscrupocellaria ellisi (Vieira & Spencer Jones, 2012) n. comb. A–B, NHMUK 1911.10.1.353, holotype, U.K. A, Frontal surface of branch. B, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

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FIGURE 5 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous bryozoans from Zhankurgan (Greater Karatau, Kazakhstan)-taxonomy and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIGURE 5. Palaeobiogeographical affinities of bryozoan assemblages from Karatau and other regions in Famennian (A) and Tournaisian (B) performed by cluster analysis.

Fig. 22 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 22 Scanning electron microscopic images of resin casts of gonozooids in four different penetrantiids. a Penetrantia sp. from Spain. b P. irregularis from southern New Zealand. c–d P. parva from northern New Zealand. e–f Penetrantia sp. from Japan. ast adventitious stolon, bch brood chamber, op operculum, ped peduncle, st stolon, zt zooidal tube

Fig. 17 3D in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 17 3D-reconstruction based on semi thin section series of three different penetrantiids. a–d Penetrantia cf. concharum from northern France. e–h P. parva from northern New Zealand. i–l Penetrantia sp. from Japan. a, e, i Oral perspective. b, f, j Lateral perspective with the anal side on the right. c, g, k Anal perspective. d, h, l Lateral perspective with the anal side on the left. Blue: lophophore, green: digestive system, red: musculature, orange: duplicature bands. a anus, cae caecum, db duplicature band, es esophagus, int intestine, l lophophore, lb lophophoral base, oo operculum occlusor, op operculum, ph pharynx, pv proventriculus, pvm parieto-vestibular muscle, py pylorus, rm retractor muscle

Fig. 13 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 13 Histological semi thin sections through the orifice and vestibular area of four different penetrantiids. a–b Penetrantia cf. concharum from France. c–d P. concharum from Sweden. e P. parva from Northern New Zealand. f Stereomicroscopic image of an autozooid of Penetrantia sp. from Japan. g–h Penetrantia sp. from Japan. ap aperture, at atrium, bc body cavity, c collar, d diaphragm, exc exterior cuticle, ic inner cuticle, op operculum, pd parieto-diaphragmatic muscle, ped peduncle, ply polypide, pvm parieto-vestibular muscle, s septum, st stolon, t tentacle, ts tentacle sheath, v vestibulum, vl vestibular lip, vw vestibular wall

Fig. 12 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 12 Histological semi thin sections of the opercula of five different penetrantiids. a Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. b P.cf. concharum from France. c P. parva from northern New Zealand. d–e P. parva from southern New Zealand. Asterisk marks the opercular pit on the frontal side. f P. irregularis from southern New Zealand. g P. clionoides from Guam. bc body cavity, c collar, op operculum, opg opercular groove, t tentacle, ts tentacle sheath, v vestibulum

Fig. 9 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 9 Stereomicroscopic images of whole mounts of autozooids of all here investigated penetrantiids. a Penetrantia concharum from Sweden. b P. cf. concharum from France. c P. concharum from Norway. d P. irregularis from southern New Zealand. e P. parva from northern

Fig. 2 in Boring bryozoans: an investigation into the endolithic bryozoan family Penetrantiidae

Fig. 2 Stereomicroscopic overview of colonies of Penetrantia concharum from Sweden in Pecten maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) shell a, b. b Close-up of inner shell surface. c–f P. cf. concharum from Roscoff, France in Anomia ephippium Linnaeus (1758). d–f Closeup of inner shell surface. e, f Close-ups of colony shown in d with young developing buds in e and unique sac zooids in f. Squares mark the area of magnification. ap aperture, b bud, st stolon, sz sac zooid

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FIGURE 4. Fatkullina imitata n in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae

FIGURE 4. Fatkullina imitata n. sp. A–C, E, F, paratype 1 ZIRAS 2/50662; D, holotype ZIRAS 1/50661. Intracolonial polymorphism. A. Strongly distended zooids in elevated colony center, with proportionally elongated and elevated distal (preoral) frontal wall terminating with conical and bulbous solid umbones (arrowheads). B. Two neighboring zooids, each bearing distal (preoral) conical knob (arrowheads), with lateral boundary occluded by secondary calcification, indicated by enlarged infundibular pseudopores; note minute shortened distal suture line separating preoral areas. C. Two oppositely orientated zooids with strongly swollen frontal shields and orifices shifted to the top of frontal surface. D. Irregularly hexagonal, flattened, uniformly perforated kenozooid with undulating margins, surrounded by six autozooids. E. Colony area comprising mixed kenozooids and autozooids; note irregular shape of flattened kenozooids possessing strongly reduced orificial areas remaining in form of larger frontal pseudopores (left to central kenozooids) or two minor pseudopores (right kenozooid). F. Colony area fully represented by flattened kenozooids with orifices constricted or closed by calcified cylindrical or mammiform projections with tiny circular to slit-like openings at their apices. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

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FIGURE 1 in Fatkullina imitata n. sp., second species of a unique cheilostome bryozoan genus with reversed-polarity zooidal budding, and new family Fatkullinidae

FIGURE 1. General view of dried colonies of Fatkullina imitata n. sp. (A–D) and F. paradoxa Grischenko, Gordon & Taylor, 1998 (E). A, B, specimens R.V. Professor Kizevetter 2015, Stn 73; C, D, specimens paratype 8 NIWA 127751; E, specimen R.V. Professor Probatov 2013, Stn 5, 16 June 2013, 57.41694° N, 156.51806° E, 27 m, pebbles, sand, silt. A, B. Colonies encrusting pebbles. C, D. Colonies encrusting external (C), and internal (D) surface of shell fragment of Chlamys sp. E. Colony encrusting internal surface of bivalve shell fragment of Serripes sp., surrounded by other encrusting bryozoan species. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIGURES 17–22. 17–20 in Identity of bryozoan species described by Jullien & Calvet from the Bay of Biscay historically attributed to Smittia

FIGURES 17–22. 17–20. Secondary orifices and suboral avicularia of Smittina cervicornis (17, MHNUSC-Bry 424, Menorca Channel; 18, MOM 420122 as S. colletti; 19, MHNUSC-Bry 423, Avilés Canyon; 20, holotype of S. colletti, MNHN 3913). 21. Changes in the growing development; down: old part of the colony, up: young part of the colony with not developed secondary calcification (MHNUSC-Bry-449). 22. Transversal section of an old branch with several layers of autozooids (MHNUSC-Bry- 449).

FIGURES 36–41 in Identity of bryozoan species described by Jullien & Calvet from the Bay of Biscay historically attributed to Smittia

FIGURES 36–41. Porella compressa (J. Sowerby, 1805). 36–38. Spatulate avicularia. 39. Two orifices showing different development of the peristomial tube. 40, 41. Broken branches showing the depth of the peristomial tube with the suboral avicularia, lyrula and proximal channel. (36, paralectotype of S. fallax, MOM 420255; 37, lectotype of S. immersa, MNHN 3907; 38, paralectotype of S. decipiens, MNHN 3934; 39, lectotype of S. decipiens, MNHN 3924; 40, 41, lectotype of S. fallax, MOM 420222).

FIGURES 29–35 in Identity of bryozoan species described by Jullien & Calvet from the Bay of Biscay historically attributed to Smittia

FIGURES 29–35. Porella compressa (J. Sowerby, 1805). 29. General view of a living colony (Pieiro Cape, Ferrol, Spain). 30. View of a branch of the colony with secondary apertures. 31–35. Primary orifices and suboral avicularia. (30, 31, paralectotype of S. fallax, MOM 420124; 32, lectotype of S. immersa, MNHN 3907; 33, holotype of S. grimaldii, MNHN 5966; 34, MHNUSC-Bry 317; 35, MNHN 3924 as S. decipiens.

FIGURES 23–28 in Identity of bryozoan species described by Jullien & Calvet from the Bay of Biscay historically attributed to Smittia

FIGURES 23–28. Raymondcia gemmata (Jullien in Jullien & Calvet, 1903) n. comb. (Lectotype, MOM 420125). 23. General view of the colony. 24. Zooidal orifice. 25. Autozooids with ovicells with a central pore. 26. Developing ovicells. 27, 28. Suboral avicularia.