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FIGURE 4 in A preliminary study of the morphological variation of rhizomes in Zingiber Mill. and its role in taxonomy

FIGURE 4. Zingiber viridescens Chen et al., a heteromodular species of Z. sect. Cryptanthium. A. Plant habit, showing two very short flowering shoots and one long vegetative shoot. B. A rhizome fragment, with arrows showing the types and relationships of rhizome units (green for vegetative rhizome units, red for flowering rhizome units, white for buds of unknown fate; inset: the same rhizome fragment with flowering shoots and the base of vegetative shoot attached). C. Rhizome (side view) with arrows showing the types and relationships of rhizome units (green for vegetative rhizome units, red for flowering rhizome units, white for buds of unknown fate). D. An older rhizome (side view), showing a mixture of vegetative rhizome units, flowering rhizome units (which can be generally distinguished by their much smaller size, some being marked with red arrows) and numerous buds of unknown fate; E. Rhizome (top view of D), showing closely packed rhizome units aligned in an approximate coplanar fashion (but because of the congestion, several rhizome units are slightly displaced); Green bars on abscission scars of the rhizome units indicate the direction of leaf distichy of those units. These bars show that leaf distichy of all rhizome unit are approximately in a plane (approximately in a line from apical view). Compare with Fig. 12A. Scale bars = 1 cm for B–E. Photos: Lin Bai.

FIGURE 8 in A preliminary study of the morphological variation of rhizomes in Zingiber Mill. and its role in taxonomy

FIGURE 8. Rhizomes of representative Zingiber species, showing rhizome units of various size and branching density. A. Z. atrorubens Gagnep., a compact rhizome with short and thick rhizome units. B. Z. striolatum Diels, a rhizome with relatively long, thin, and densely ramified rhizome units, which can also been described as compact. C. Z. yunnanense S.Q.Tong & X.Z.Liu, a typical running rhizome with long and thin rhizome units. D. Z. zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., a rhizome formed by short, thick and sparingly ramified rhizome units over several years' growth. E & F. Z. orbiculatum S.Q.Tong (E) & Z. ventricosum L.Bai et al. (F), rhizomes that are somewhat intermediate between compact and running. Scale bars = 1 cm. Photos: Lin Bai.

FIGURE 3. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, a in A preliminary study of the morphological variation of rhizomes in Zingiber Mill. and its role in taxonomy

FIGURE 3. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, a heteromodular species of Z. sect. Zingiber. A–C. A common cultivar in Guangzhou used as flavoring agents, called 'xiao huang jiang (小Ħƃ)': A. Plant, showing that the flowering shoots are much shorter than the vegetative shoots, and flowering rhizome unit (red arrow) is slightly smaller than the vegetative rhizome units (green arrows); white arrows indicates buds of unknown fate (also see transitional leaves at apex of buds a and b); also showing rhizome units and leaf distichy of aerial shoots all aligned in a vertical coplane. B. The orientation of rhizome units alters when the rhizome was laid horizontally when planted, rather than vertically as it occurs in nature (insertion: renewal bud (rb) bursting through its subtending scale, which is split into two lateral lobes (s)). C. A rhizome composed of rhizome units of different "generations" and buds of different ages and sizes (c represents a mature rhizome unit which has truncated apex while d represents a bud with obtuse apical meristem). D. A cultivar called 'bai rou jiang (白Ṁƃ)', which is commonly seen in Guangzhou markets and used as a flavoring agent. E. A cultivar called 'feng jiang (Ṃƃ)' that is used mainly for medical purposes in Yangshan, China. Mature rhizome units are indicated by yellow arrows and buds by white arrows. Note that the rhizome is in a vertical plane except that rhizome unit f is slightly displaced behind rhizome unit e because the rhizome is so compact. F. Elongated rhizome units of 'zai jiang (仔ƃ)'. Scale bars = 5 cm. Photos: Lin Bai.

FIGURE 2 in A preliminary study of the morphological variation of rhizomes in Zingiber Mill. and its role in taxonomy

FIGURE 2. Zingiber ellipticum (S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia) Q.G.Wu & T.L.Wu, an isomodular species from Z. sect. Pleuranthesis. A. Plant, showing three aerial shoots of about the same size, with two sterile shoots and one bearing leaves and an apical inflorescence that penetrates the long leaf sheaths surrounding it. B. Rhizome of the plant showing in A, showing that the rhizome units are of approximate equal size and each rhizome unit often only produces one daughter rhizome unit at its abaxial position. C. Rhizome of another indvidual, inset showing abcission scars (as) of two older rhizome units. Rhizome units are indicated by curved yellow arrows, also showing that the base of aerial shoots (around the abscission zone) are more or less swollen (blue arrow). Scale bars = 10 cm. Photos: Lin Bai.

FIGURE 6 in A preliminary study of the morphological variation of rhizomes in Zingiber Mill. and its role in taxonomy

FIGURE 6. Rhizomes of Zingiber fallax (Loes.) Bai et al, a heteromodular species of Z. sect. Cryptanthium. A–E. The rhizomes are composed mainly of vegetative rhizome units (indicated by green arrows running along individual units), while the flowering rhizome units are extremely reduced in size (only a few noticeable ones are indicated by red arrows and some of the buds are indicated by white arrows). Notice that in this species there is large variation in the length of the pseudo-neck. If only a rhizome fragment from close to the vegetative shoot in A is examined, the rhizome could be misinterpreted as only comprising squat rhizome units. F–G. A very short flowering rhizome unit with one small lateral bud (yellow arrow). Scale bars = 5 cm. Photos: Lin Bai.

FIGURE 7 in A preliminary study of the morphological variation of rhizomes in Zingiber Mill. and its role in taxonomy

FIGURE 7. Rhizomes of representative species of Zingiber, showing different shapes of rhizome units. A. Zingiber tenuifolium L.Bai et al. (vegetative rhizome units broadly cylindrical to broadly obovoid, base and apex slightly narrowed, flowering rhizome units similar in shape and slightly smaller). B. Presumed hybrid between Z. densissimum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia and Z. yunnanense S.Q.Tong & X.Z.Liu, showing vegetative rhizome units comprise a cylindrical pseudo-neck and an obovoid head, flowering rhizome units thinner, cylindrical or narrowly obovoid. C & D. Z. tuanjuum Z.Y.Zhu (two populations, vegetative rhizome units comprise a short- or long-cylindrical pseudoneck and a broadly obconical or broadly obovoid head, flowering rhizome unit thinner, cylindrical); also show that flowering rhizome unit (a) further produce daughter flowering rhizome unit (b) and that the base of aerial shoots (around the abscission zone) are swollen and semi-transparent (blue arrow). E. Z. integrilabrum Hance (vegetative rhizome units comprise a long-cylindrical pseudo-neck and an obovoid head, flowering rhizome units long-cylindrical). Flowering rhizome units that can be identified with certainty in A–E are marked with red arrows. Some root tubers are marked with green arrows. Scale bars = 1 cm. Photos: Lin Bai.

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FIGURE 2. Palicourea roseocalycina. A. Flowers. B. Inflorescence. C. Fruits. D in Lectotypification and a new name in Palicourea for the Brazilian Psychotria dusenii Standl. (Rubiaceae), with remarks on morphology and taxonomy

FIGURE 2. Palicourea roseocalycina. A. Flowers. B. Inflorescence. C. Fruits. D. Habitat of the species, Morro do Canal, municipality of Piraquara, state of Paraná, Brazil. (Photos by A–C, M. Ogrzewalska; D, F. Torres-Leite).

FIGURE 4 in New insights into the morphology, taxonomy and geographical distribution of Pleurotaenium subcoronulatum (Zygnematophyceae, Desmidiales)

FIGURE 4. Comparison of the morphology of P. subcoronulatum with closely related infraspecific taxa. A) P. subcoronulatum (from Turner 1893), B) P. subcoronulatum (from West & West 1895, C) P. subcoronulatum f. elongatum (from Prescott et al. 1975), D) P. subcoronulatum var. africanum (from Krieger 1937), E) P. subcoronulatum var. detum (from West & West 1896), F) P. subcoronulatum var. maximum (from Van Oye 1953), G) P. subcoronulatum var. rectum (from Borge 1903) and H) P. subcoronulatum var. spinulosum (from Opute 2000). No scale bars; dimensions indicated in descriptions.

FIGURE 3 in New insights into the morphology, taxonomy and geographical distribution of Pleurotaenium subcoronulatum (Zygnematophyceae, Desmidiales)

FIGURE 3. Global distribution of all infraspecific taxa of Pleurotaenium subcoronulatum. A) Comprehensive depiction sourced from previous publications, B) Close-up view of the southern African region, highlighting the distribution of P. subcoronulatum along with its infraspecific taxa.

FIGURE 1. A in New insights into the morphology, taxonomy and geographical distribution of Pleurotaenium subcoronulatum (Zygnematophyceae, Desmidiales)

FIGURE 1. A) Map of southern Africa indicating the position of the sampling site in the Nxamaseri floodplain, Okavango Delta, Botswana, B) Photograph of the sampling site.

FIGURE 2 in New insights into the morphology, taxonomy and geographical distribution of Pleurotaenium subcoronulatum (Zygnematophyceae, Desmidiales)

FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Pleurotaenium subcoronulatum f. majus Rich (A–D) and P. subcoronulatum (E–F). A) Entire cell of P. subcoronulatum f. majus with two unequal semicells, B) Central part of the cell illustrating the isthmal ring (arrow), C) Apical end of upper semicell with apical tubercles and bordered pits (arrow), and D) Apical end of lower semicell illustrating tubercles with fluted cell wall, E) Small semicell of P. subcoronulatum with inflated basal area (arrow), and F) higher magnificaton of apical end with teeth-like tubercles. Scale bars: 50 µm (A–E) and 25 µm (F).

FIGURE 2 in The genus OXYRHOPUS (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) in Guyana: morphology, distributions and comments on taxonomy

FIGURE 2: Distribution of Oxyrhopus in Guyana. Stars = O. occipitalis; circles = O. melanogenys; squares = O. petola. Locations are from Donnelly et al. (2005), Means & Kalamandeen (2007), MacCulloch & Lathrop (2009) and the Appendix.

FIGURE 1 in The genus OXYRHOPUS (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) in Guyana: morphology, distributions and comments on taxonomy

FIGURE 1: Oxyrhopus occipitalis and O. melanogenys from Guyana: A. Dorsolateral view of O. occipitalis (IRSNB 17913) in life (photo by PJRK), B. Ventral view of O. occipitalis (IRSNB 17913) in life (photo by PJRK), C. Dorsolateral view of O. occipitalis (SMNS 12111) in life (photo by RE), D. Dorsolateral view of O. melanogenys (CSBD HR 700) in life (photo by D.B. Means).

FIGURE 4 in The genus OXYRHOPUS (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) in Guyana: morphology, distributions and comments on taxonomy

FIGURE 4: Preserved Oxyrhopus petola from Guyana: A. Dorsal view of CSBD HR 89, B. Ventral view of CSBD HR 89 (photos by MK).

FIGURE 3 in The genus OXYRHOPUS (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) in Guyana: morphology, distributions and comments on taxonomy

FIGURE 3: Preserved Oxyrhopus melanogenys from Guyana: A. Dorsal view, B. Ventral view. Top left AMNH 152280; top right AMNH 140898; lower left ROM 39439; lower right AMNH 152279 (photos by AL).

FIGURES 59–62 in Taxonomy, frustular morphology and systematics of Platichthys, a new genus of canal raphe bearing diatoms within the Entomoneidaceae

FIGURES 59–62. Platichthys krammeri sp. nov. compared to Nitzschia sp. SEM. 59. External/internal valve view, the two broken valves of a frustules displaying valve cavity with range of fibulae (above); raphe slit outside (below) running parallel to the marginal crest; note transapical waves and the external central raphe endings—central nodule (arrow). 60. Internal view of areolae structure and fibulae. 61, 62. Nitzschia sp. from section Lineares for comparison, specimens associated in the same preparation. Main distinguishing feature vs. Platichthys gen. nov. is differentiation between valve faces and mantles with a consequently more or less rectangular cross-section.

FIGURES 54–58 in Taxonomy, frustular morphology and systematics of Platichthys, a new genus of canal raphe bearing diatoms within the Entomoneidaceae

FIGURES 54–58. Platichthys krammeri sp. nov. SEM. 54. Broken valve showing external and internal valve views, specimen with strongly lacerated surface, with copulae of both valves lying between ruptured, collapsed valves. 55. External view of two frustules after cell division. 56–58. External view from keel-shaped edge towards ventral valve margin and copulae. 56. Note course of the raphe. 57. Note raphe below and parallel to ridge of the keel. 58. Close up of an intact valve with copulae.

FIGURES 1–21 in Taxonomy, frustular morphology and systematics of Platichthys, a new genus of canal raphe bearing diatoms within the Entomoneidaceae

FIGURES 1–21. Platichthys darwiniana sp. nov. 1–18. LM. Diminution size series of P. darwiniana sp. nov. frustules and valves, all in valve view taken from the holotype slide. 6. Holotype specimen. 19–21. SEM. 19–20. External view of the complete frustules, note the valvocopula perforated with multiple rows of fine puncta (arrow in Fig. 19). 21. External view of the valve with slight constriction in the middle showing the striae composed of very fine areolae (arrow) and particularly well developed hyaline valve mantle.

FIGURES 22–26 in Taxonomy, frustular morphology and systematics of Platichthys, a new genus of canal raphe bearing diatoms within the Entomoneidaceae

FIGURES 22–26. Platichthys darwiniana sp. nov. 22–24 SEM. 25, 26. TEM. 22. Valve view from the keel side of the specimen illustrated in Fig. 21 (strongly tilted). Note the position of the raphe bearing keel and the central nodule (arrow). 23. Specimen showing the compression of the valve and the raphe branches with distinct central nodule (arrow). 24. General view of the valve positioned on the raphe bearing canal. 25, 26. Valve of a specimen showing a position of the fibulae below the raphe bearing canal (arrowheads) and the transapical striae composed of oblong areolae (white arrow). Note the presence of narrow hyaline valve mantle (black arrow in Fig. 26) and of the hyaline raphe bearing canal (white arrow in Fig. 26). Fig. 26 is a close up of a specimen illustrated in Fig. 25.

FIGURES 39–53 in Taxonomy, frustular morphology and systematics of Platichthys, a new genus of canal raphe bearing diatoms within the Entomoneidaceae

FIGURES 39–53. Platichthys krammeri sp. nov. 39–49. LM. Valve view, frustules in various position with different focus. Note in particular diffuse prolongation of fibulae into the valve transapically. 50–53. SEM. 50. External valve view. 51, 52. External view of valve end. Holotype specimen in straight and marginal view. Note copulae of epitheca and shallow valves lacking distinction between faces and mantles. 53. External valve view of specimen with slightly lacerated surface.