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Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. townsendii Cooper, 1837 — broadly distributed from SW Canada (British Columbia including Vancouver I) S along Pacific coast of USA to coastal regions of Sonoran Desert in Mexico, and E to Colorado Plateau and Black Hills. C. t. australis Handley, 1955 — SC USA (W Texas) S across mountains of N & C Mexico and Chihuahuan Desert to Oaxaca. C. t. ingens Handley, 1955 — S Missouri, E Oklahoma, and NW Arkansas (C USA). C. t. pallescens G. S. Miller, 1897 — S Wyoming or N Colorado S to New Mexico (USA). C. t. virgitnianus Handley, 1955 — C Appalachian Highlands in E Kentucky, W Virginia, and West Virginia (E USA). in Vespertilionidae
Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. townsendii Cooper, 1837 — broadly distributed from SW Canada (British Columbia including Vancouver I) S along Pacific coast of USA to coastal regions of Sonoran Desert in Mexico, and E to Colorado Plateau and Black Hills. C. t. australis Handley, 1955 — SC USA (W Texas) S across mountains of N & C Mexico and Chihuahuan Desert to Oaxaca. C. t. ingens Handley, 1955 — S Missouri, E Oklahoma, and NW Arkansas (C USA). C. t. pallescens G. S. Miller, 1897 — S Wyoming or N Colorado S to New Mexico (USA). C. t. virgitnianus Handley, 1955 — C Appalachian Highlands in E Kentucky, W Virginia, and West Virginia (E USA).
Subspecies and Distribution. P.a. angulatus Peters, 1880 - E New Guinea and Biak-Supiori, Mioko, Manus, Karkar, Emirau, New Ireland, Duke of York, New Britain, Goodenough, Fergusson, Normanby, Misima, and Sudest Is. P. a. ponceleti Troughton, 1936 — Solomon Is, including Bougainville, Fauro, New Georgia, Guadalcanal, Santa Isabel and Nendo Is. in Vespertilionidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P.a. angulatus Peters, 1880 - E New Guinea and Biak-Supiori, Mioko, Manus, Karkar, Emirau, New Ireland, Duke of York, New Britain, Goodenough, Fergusson, Normanby, Misima, and Sudest Is. P. a. ponceleti Troughton, 1936 — Solomon Is, including Bougainville, Fauro, New Georgia, Guadalcanal, Santa Isabel and Nendo Is.
Subspecies and Distribution. M. t. tristis Waterhouse, 1845 — the Philippines including Palawan I. M. 1. celebensis Peterson, 1981 — Sulawesi and nearby Sanana, Togian, and ButonIs. M. t. grandis Peterson, 1981 — W New Guinea E to Chimbu Province in C Papua New Guina, including Waigeo, Supiori, Biak, and Yapen Is, and Louisiade Archipelago. M. t. insularis Peterson, 1981 — Admiralty Is, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Is, and Vanuatu (Espirito Santo and Efate Is). M. t. propitristis Peterson, 1981 — E New Guinea. in Miniopteridae
Subspecies and Distribution. M. t. tristis Waterhouse, 1845 — the Philippines including Palawan I. M. 1. celebensis Peterson, 1981 — Sulawesi and nearby Sanana, Togian, and ButonIs. M. t. grandis Peterson, 1981 — W New Guinea E to Chimbu Province in C Papua New Guina, including Waigeo, Supiori, Biak, and Yapen Is, and Louisiade Archipelago. M. t. insularis Peterson, 1981 — Admiralty Is, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Is, and Vanuatu (Espirito Santo and Efate Is). M. t. propitristis Peterson, 1981 — E New Guinea.
Subspecies and Distribution. R.r.rupicapraLinnaeus,1758—Germany,Switzerland,Liechtenstein,Austria,France,[taly,Slovenia,andNWCroatia. R.r.balcanicaBolkay,1925—BosniaandHerzegovina,Serbia,Montenegro,Albania,Kosovo,Macedonia,Bulgaria,andGreece. R.r.cartusianaCouturier,1938—EFranceonWedgeofFrenchAlps. R. r. tatrica Blahout, 1972 — Tatras Mts in S Poland and N Slovakia. Subspecies rupicapra introduced into Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Argentina, and New Zealand. in Bovidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.r.rupicapraLinnaeus,1758—Germany,Switzerland,Liechtenstein,Austria,France,[taly,Slovenia,andNWCroatia. R.r.balcanicaBolkay,1925—BosniaandHerzegovina,Serbia,Montenegro,Albania,Kosovo,Macedonia,Bulgaria,andGreece. R.r.cartusianaCouturier,1938—EFranceonWedgeofFrenchAlps. R. r. tatrica Blahout, 1972 — Tatras Mts in S Poland and N Slovakia. Subspecies rupicapra introduced into Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Argentina, and New Zealand.
Subspecies and Distribution. A.l.lerviaPallas,1777—Morocco,NA.l.,andNTunisia. A.l.angusiRothschild,1921—NWNiger(Air&TermitMassifs). A.l.blaineiRothschild,1913—SELybia,NEChad,andNW&NESudan(probablynowrestrictedtoRedSeahills). A.l.fassiniLepri,1930—NWLibya,extremeSTunisia. A.l.ornatus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1827—SE&SWEgypt. A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 — S Morocco, Western Sahara, NW Mauritania, S A.l ria, extreme S Libya, NE Mali, SE Niger, and NW Chad. Introduced, free-ranging populations occur in S Spain, the Canary Is, USA (California, New Mexico, and Texas), and NE Mexico. Subspecies of free-ranging introduced populations are unknown because they originate from zoo animals of uncertain origin or from hybrids. Most introduced populations are probably from subspecies lervia, derived from European zoos. The Aoudad has become a widespread invasive species. in Bovidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A.l.lerviaPallas,1777—Morocco,NA.l.,andNTunisia. A.l.angusiRothschild,1921—NWNiger(Air&TermitMassifs). A.l.blaineiRothschild,1913—SELybia,NEChad,andNW&NESudan(probablynowrestrictedtoRedSeahills). A.l.fassiniLepri,1930—NWLibya,extremeSTunisia. A.l.ornatus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1827—SE&SWEgypt. A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 — S Morocco, Western Sahara, NW Mauritania, S A.l ria, extreme S Libya, NE Mali, SE Niger, and NW Chad. Introduced, free-ranging populations occur in S Spain, the Canary Is, USA (California, New Mexico, and Texas), and NE Mexico. Subspecies of free-ranging introduced populations are unknown because they originate from zoo animals of uncertain origin or from hybrids. Most introduced populations are probably from subspecies lervia, derived from European zoos. The Aoudad has become a widespread invasive species.
Subspecies and Distribution. B.j.javanicusd'Alton,1823—Java,perhapsBali. B.j.birmanicusLydekker,1898—AsianmainlandincludingMyanmar,SChina(SYunnan,currentpresenceuncertain),Laos,Vietnam,Thailand,Cambodia,andNPeninsularMalaysia. B. j. low: Lydekker, 1912 — Borneo. The domestic form of the Banteng has been introduced, and is now feral, in N Australia, New Guinea, and on various islands of Indonesia (Bali, Sangihe, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Enggano) and occurs in domestication throughout the islands of SE Asia. in Bovidae
Subspecies and Distribution. B.j.javanicusd'Alton,1823—Java,perhapsBali. B.j.birmanicusLydekker,1898—AsianmainlandincludingMyanmar,SChina(SYunnan,currentpresenceuncertain),Laos,Vietnam,Thailand,Cambodia,andNPeninsularMalaysia. B. j. low: Lydekker, 1912 — Borneo. The domestic form of the Banteng has been introduced, and is now feral, in N Australia, New Guinea, and on various islands of Indonesia (Bali, Sangihe, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Sumba, and Enggano) and occurs in domestication throughout the islands of SE Asia.
Subspecies and Distribution. O.v.virginianusZimmermann,1780—fromVirginiatoMississippiandGeorgia. O.v.acapulcensisCaton,1877—coastalSCMexico. O.v.borealisMiller,1900-SECanadaandNEUSA. O.v.cariamuBoddaert.1784-FrenchGuianaandNEBrazil. O.v.carrnimlsGoldman8:Kellogg,1940-NMexico(CarmenMts,Coahuila). O.v.chiriquemisJ.A.Allen,1910-Panama. O.v.clamumBarbour&G.M.Allen,1922-SEUSA(HeridaKeys). O.v.couesiCoues8:Yarrow,1875fromNevada(SWUSA)toNWMexico. O.v.cumxsawhuHummelinck,1940-LesserAntilles(Curaçao1). O.v.dacolensısGoldman8:Kellogg,1940fromBritishColumbia8cAlberta(SWCanada)toColorado8cSDakota(NUSA). O.v.gnudoliiGay8cGervais,1846-C8:EColombia,WVenezuela,ÊEcuador,andNPeru. O.v.gymnotisWiegmann,1833fromEVenezuelatoSuriname. O.v.hillonmsisGoldman8:Kellogg,1940-SEUSA(HiltonHeadI,SouthCarolina). O.v.IeucumsDouglas,1829-NWUSA(CoastalWashington8cOregon). O.v.macmurusRafinesque,1817fromSMinnesotatoCLouisiana(USA). O.v.margarita:Osgood,1910-Venezuela(IslaMargarita). O.v.mcilhennyiEW.Miller,1928-SUSA(coastalTexas8:Louisiana). O.v.mexıcanusGmelin,1788-CMexico. O.v.miquihuanensisGoldman8cKellogg,1940-NCMexico. O.v.nelsoniMerriam,1898-SMexico,Guatemala. O.v.rugribarbisGoldman8:Kellogg,1940-SEUSA(Blackbeardl.Georgia). O.v.oaxacensisGoldman8cKellogg,1940-SMexico(Oaxaca). O.v.ochrourusBailey,1932-SWCanadaandNWUSA(innerWashingtonandOregonioWyoming). O.v.muelaBangs,1896-SEUSA(NWFlorida). O.v.pmıvıanusGray,1874-PeruandNWBolivia. O.v.rothschildiThomas,1902-Panama(Coibal). O.v.semmalusGoldman&Kellogg,1940-SEUSA(Florida). O.v.smaloaeJ.AAllen,1903-CWMexico. O.v.launnsulaeGoldman8cKellogg,1940-EUä(Bulls1,NonlrCarolina). O.v.taranusMeams,1898-CUSA(fromNebraskatoNewMexicoandTexas). O.v.thomasiMerriam,1898-SEMexicoandGuatemala. O.v.loltecusSaussure,1860-SMexico. O.v.lmpualzsCabrera,1918coastalColombiaandEcuador. O.v.truerMerriam,1898fromBelizetoCostaRica. O.v.ustusTrouessart,1910innerEcuador. O.v.venalorıusGoldman8cKellogg,1940—EUSA(HuntingIs,SouthCarolina). O.v.vememıasGoldman8:Kellogg,1940—NEMexico. O. v. yuaıtanensıls Hays. 1872 -SE Mexico (Yucatan). White-tailed Deer have been introduced into Czech Republic, Finland, Serbia, New Zealand, and Cuba. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. O.v.virginianusZimmermann,1780—fromVirginiatoMississippiandGeorgia. O.v.acapulcensisCaton,1877—coastalSCMexico. O.v.borealisMiller,1900-SECanadaandNEUSA. O.v.cariamuBoddaert.1784-FrenchGuianaandNEBrazil. O.v.carrnimlsGoldman8:Kellogg,1940-NMexico(CarmenMts,Coahuila). O.v.chiriquemisJ.A.Allen,1910-Panama. O.v.clamumBarbour&G.M.Allen,1922-SEUSA(HeridaKeys). O.v.couesiCoues8:Yarrow,1875fromNevada(SWUSA)toNWMexico. O.v.cumxsawhuHummelinck,1940-LesserAntilles(Curaçao1). O.v.dacolensısGoldman8:Kellogg,1940fromBritishColumbia8cAlberta(SWCanada)toColorado8cSDakota(NUSA). O.v.gnudoliiGay8cGervais,1846-C8:EColombia,WVenezuela,ÊEcuador,andNPeru. O.v.gymnotisWiegmann,1833fromEVenezuelatoSuriname. O.v.hillonmsisGoldman8:Kellogg,1940-SEUSA(HiltonHeadI,SouthCarolina). O.v.IeucumsDouglas,1829-NWUSA(CoastalWashington8cOregon). O.v.macmurusRafinesque,1817fromSMinnesotatoCLouisiana(USA). O.v.margarita:Osgood,1910-Venezuela(IslaMargarita). O.v.mcilhennyiEW.Miller,1928-SUSA(coastalTexas8:Louisiana). O.v.mexıcanusGmelin,1788-CMexico. O.v.miquihuanensisGoldman8cKellogg,1940-NCMexico. O.v.nelsoniMerriam,1898-SMexico,Guatemala. O.v.rugribarbisGoldman8:Kellogg,1940-SEUSA(Blackbeardl.Georgia). O.v.oaxacensisGoldman8cKellogg,1940-SMexico(Oaxaca). O.v.ochrourusBailey,1932-SWCanadaandNWUSA(innerWashingtonandOregonioWyoming). O.v.muelaBangs,1896-SEUSA(NWFlorida). O.v.pmıvıanusGray,1874-PeruandNWBolivia. O.v.rothschildiThomas,1902-Panama(Coibal). O.v.semmalusGoldman&Kellogg,1940-SEUSA(Florida). O.v.smaloaeJ.AAllen,1903-CWMexico. O.v.launnsulaeGoldman8cKellogg,1940-EUä(Bulls1,NonlrCarolina). O.v.taranusMeams,1898-CUSA(fromNebraskatoNewMexicoandTexas). O.v.thomasiMerriam,1898-SEMexicoandGuatemala. O.v.loltecusSaussure,1860-SMexico. O.v.lmpualzsCabrera,1918coastalColombiaandEcuador. O.v.truerMerriam,1898fromBelizetoCostaRica. O.v.ustusTrouessart,1910innerEcuador. O.v.venalorıusGoldman8cKellogg,1940—EUSA(HuntingIs,SouthCarolina). O.v.vememıasGoldman8:Kellogg,1940—NEMexico. O. v. yuaıtanensıls Hays. 1872 -SE Mexico (Yucatan). White-tailed Deer have been introduced into Czech Republic, Finland, Serbia, New Zealand, and Cuba.
Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI. R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs. R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1. R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi. R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs. R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali. R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845 — Java. Possibly it is native only to Java and Bali islands, introduced into Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Sulawesi, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Britain Is, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Mauritius, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI. R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs. R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1. R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi. R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs. R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali. R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845 — Java. Possibly it is native only to Java and Bali islands, introduced into Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Sulawesi, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Britain Is, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Mauritius, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions.
Subspecies and Distribution. C.n.nipponTemminck,1838—SJapan(SHonshu,Shikoku,Kiushu,NRyukyu,andseveralsmallerassociatedIs). C.n.centralisKishida,1936—CJapan(N&CHonshu). C.n.grassianusHeude,1884—NChina(Shanxi);possiblyextinctinthewild. C.n.kopschiSwinhoe,1873—SEChina. C.n.mandarinusMilne-Edwards,1871—NChina(Hebei&Shandong);possiblyextinctinthewild. C.n.mantschuricusSwinhoe,1864—Ussuriland(RussianFarEast),NEChina(Heilongjiang),andpossiblyNorthKorea. C.n.pseudaxisGervais,1841—NVietnam;probablyextinctinthewild. C.n.sichuanicusGuo,Cheng&Wang,1978—SWChina(Sichuan&Gansu). C.n.taiouanusBlyth,1860—Taiwan. C. n. yesoensis Heude, 1884 — N Japan (Hokkaido). It was anciently introduced to Solo I (Philippines) and in 17" century to Kerama Is (Ryukyu Is, Japan). Also introduced in 19" and 20" centuries into British Is, mainland Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, western Russia, and Ukraine), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Madagascar, New Zealand, and USA. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. C.n.nipponTemminck,1838—SJapan(SHonshu,Shikoku,Kiushu,NRyukyu,andseveralsmallerassociatedIs). C.n.centralisKishida,1936—CJapan(N&CHonshu). C.n.grassianusHeude,1884—NChina(Shanxi);possiblyextinctinthewild. C.n.kopschiSwinhoe,1873—SEChina. C.n.mandarinusMilne-Edwards,1871—NChina(Hebei&Shandong);possiblyextinctinthewild. C.n.mantschuricusSwinhoe,1864—Ussuriland(RussianFarEast),NEChina(Heilongjiang),andpossiblyNorthKorea. C.n.pseudaxisGervais,1841—NVietnam;probablyextinctinthewild. C.n.sichuanicusGuo,Cheng&Wang,1978—SWChina(Sichuan&Gansu). C.n.taiouanusBlyth,1860—Taiwan. C. n. yesoensis Heude, 1884 — N Japan (Hokkaido). It was anciently introduced to Solo I (Philippines) and in 17" century to Kerama Is (Ryukyu Is, Japan). Also introduced in 19" and 20" centuries into British Is, mainland Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, western Russia, and Ukraine), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Madagascar, New Zealand, and USA.
Subspecies and Distribution. R.u.unicolorKerr,1792—India,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,andSriLanka. R.u.brooketHose,1893—Borneo. R.u.cambojensisGray,1861—mainlandSEAsia,fromSChina(includingHainanI)andMyanmartoMalayPeninsula. R.u.equinaG.Cuvier,1823—Sumatra,andseveralsmallerassociatedIs. R. u. swinhoer Sclater, 1862 — Taiwan. Introduced to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and USA. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.u.unicolorKerr,1792—India,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,andSriLanka. R.u.brooketHose,1893—Borneo. R.u.cambojensisGray,1861—mainlandSEAsia,fromSChina(includingHainanI)andMyanmartoMalayPeninsula. R.u.equinaG.Cuvier,1823—Sumatra,andseveralsmallerassociatedIs. R. u. swinhoer Sclater, 1862 — Taiwan. Introduced to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and USA.
Subspecies and Distribution. C.e.elaphusLinnaeus,1758—GreatBritainandcontinentalEurope. C.e.bactrianusLydekker,1900—WTurkestan(Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan&NAfghanistan). C.e.barbarusBennett,1833—AtlasMts(Algeria,Tunisia). C.e.corsicanusErxleben,1777—Corsica(extinct,reintroducedin1985),Sardinia. C.e.maralGray,1850—Anatolia,Caucasus,andNWIran. C. e. yarkandensis Blanford, 1892 — E Turkestan (S Xinjiang, China). It has been introduced into Chile, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. C.e.elaphusLinnaeus,1758—GreatBritainandcontinentalEurope. C.e.bactrianusLydekker,1900—WTurkestan(Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan&NAfghanistan). C.e.barbarusBennett,1833—AtlasMts(Algeria,Tunisia). C.e.corsicanusErxleben,1777—Corsica(extinct,reintroducedin1985),Sardinia. C.e.maralGray,1850—Anatolia,Caucasus,andNWIran. C. e. yarkandensis Blanford, 1892 — E Turkestan (S Xinjiang, China). It has been introduced into Chile, Argentina, Australia, and New Zealand.
Figure 3. A in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies
Figure 3. A, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of femur (F): tibiotarsus (TT): tarsometatarsus (TM) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007). See Supporting Information (Table S19) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagram. B, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of tibiotarsus (TT): tarsometatarsus (TM): pedal digit III phalanx 1 (III/1) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007) for the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus and from Farlow et al. (2013) for the phalanx. See Supporting Information (Table S20) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagrams. C, ternary diagrams comparing intramembral (length) proportions of tarsometatarsus (TM): pedal digit III phalanx 1 (III/1): pedal digit III phalanx 2 (III/2) in the extant ratites and moas. Data for Struthio are from the present work; for other ratites from Dickison (2007) for the tarsometatarsus and from Farlow et al. (2013) for the phalanges. See Supporting Information (Table S21) for the ternary ratios shown in the diagrams. Point labels: An, Anomalopteryx didiformis; Ap, Apteryx (the mean for Apteryx australis, Apteryx mantelli and Apteryx oweni); Ca, Casuarius (the mean for Casuarius casuarius, Casuarius unappendiculatus and Casuarius bennetti); Di, Dinornis (the mean for Dinornis robustus and Dinornis novaezealandiae); Dr, Dromaius novaehollandiae; Em, Emeus crassus; Eu, Euryapteryx curtus (the mean for Euryapteryx curtus curtus and Euryapteryx curtus gravis); Me, Megalapteryx didinus; Pa, Pachyornis (the mean for Pachyornis australis, Pachyornis elephantopus and Pachyornis geranoides; Rh, Rhea (the mean for Rhea americana and Rhea pennata); Sc, Struthio camelus (the mean for Struthio camelus australis, Struthio camelus camelus and Struthio camelus massaicus); Sc+Sm, the mean for Struthio camelus and Struthio molybdophanes; Scs, Struthio camelus syriacus; Ss, Struthio camelus spatzi.
Figure 1 in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies
Figure 1. Graphical representations of measurements as defined in Table 1. A, scapulocoracoid in medial view. B, sternum in dorsal view. C, synsacrum and pelvis in cranial (C1), dorsal (C2), lateral (C3) and ventral (C4) view. D, femur in medial (D1), caudal (D2), proximal (D3 and distal (D4) view. E, tibiotarsus in cranial (E1) and medial (E2) view. F, fibula in cranial (F1), lateral (F2) and caudomedial (F3) view. G, tarsometatarsus in proximal (G1), dorsal (proximal end; G2), plantar (G3) and lateral (G4) view. H, phalanx 1 in dorsal (H1), ventral (H2), lateral (H3), medial (H4) and proximal (H5) view. I, pedal digit III phalanx 2 in dorsal (I1), ventral (I2) and medial (I3) view. Anatomical abbreviations: ai, angulus ilii; al, angulus lateralis; am, angulus medialis; at, antitrochanter; c, caput femoris; cc, crista cnemialis cranialis; cn, crista cnemialis lateralis; cp,
Figure 2 in Metric variation in the postcranial skeleton of ostriches, Struthio (Aves: Palaeognathae), with new data on extinct subspecies
Figure 2. Simpson's ratio diagram comparing the lengths of scapulocoracoid (SC), humerus (H), femur (F), tibiotarsus (TT), tarsometatarsus (TM), and the first (III/1), second (III/2), and third (III/3) pedal digit III phalanges of living and extinct ostriches (Struthio), with Struthio camelus australis NHMUK 1857.2.24.10 as a reference (the black straight line at level 0). See the Supporting Information for the adopted lengths of limb segments (Table S17) and their LOG (decimal logarithmic) values (Table S18).
Subspecies and Distribution. C. l. leuconotus Lichtenstein 1832 — S USA (S Arizona, New Mexico & Texas), most of Mexico (except Yucatan Peninsula) and S to Nicaragua. C. l. figginsi F.W. Miller, 1925 — USA (SE Colorado, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma panhandle). C. l. telmalestes Bailey 1905 — S USA (Big Thicket region of E Texas). in Mephitidae
Subspecies and Distribution. C. l. leuconotus Lichtenstein 1832 — S USA (S Arizona, New Mexico & Texas), most of Mexico (except Yucatan Peninsula) and S to Nicaragua. C. l. figginsi F.W. Miller, 1925 — USA (SE Colorado, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma panhandle). C. l. telmalestes Bailey 1905 — S USA (Big Thicket region of E Texas).
Subspecies and Distribution. A.p.pusillusSchreber,1775—coastalSAfrica,fromAngolatoAlgoaBayinSouthAfrica. A. p. doriferus Wood Jones, 1925 — coastal SE Australia, including Kangaroo I, through Victoria and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania and the Bass Strait. in Otariidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A.p.pusillusSchreber,1775—coastalSAfrica,fromAngolatoAlgoaBayinSouthAfrica. A. p. doriferus Wood Jones, 1925 — coastal SE Australia, including Kangaroo I, through Victoria and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania and the Bass Strait.
Subspecies and Distribution. O.r.rosmarusLinnaeus,1758—NCanada(HudsonBay)toWGreenlandanddiscon-tinuouslyfromEGreenlandtoSvalbardandNRussia(FranzJosefLandandKaraSea);occasionallyreportedinIcelandandstragglersinWEuropeStotheBayofBiscay. O. r. divergens Illiger, 1815 — Laptev Sea off N Russia, Bering and Chukchi seas in N Russia and Alaska; vagrant individuals reported S to New England, USA. in Odobenidae
Subspecies and Distribution. O.r.rosmarusLinnaeus,1758—NCanada(HudsonBay)toWGreenlandanddiscon-tinuouslyfromEGreenlandtoSvalbardandNRussia(FranzJosefLandandKaraSea);occasionallyreportedinIcelandandstragglersinWEuropeStotheBayofBiscay. O. r. divergens Illiger, 1815 — Laptev Sea off N Russia, Bering and Chukchi seas in N Russia and Alaska; vagrant individuals reported S to New England, USA.
Subspecies and Distribution. G.a.arenariusMerriam,1895—upperRioGrandeValleyinSCNewMexicoandWTexas,USA,andNEChihuahua,Mexico. G. a. brevirostris Hall, 1932 — Tularosa Basin of SC New Mexico, USA. in Geomyidae
Subspecies and Distribution. G.a.arenariusMerriam,1895—upperRioGrandeValleyinSCNewMexicoandWTexas,USA,andNEChihuahua,Mexico. G. a. brevirostris Hall, 1932 — Tularosa Basin of SC New Mexico, USA.
Subspecies and Distribution. T.u.umbrinusRichardson,1829—ECZacatecas,SthroughtheTrans-MexicoVolcanicBelt,intoWCVeracruz(PicodeOrizaba),Mexico. T.u.durangiNelson&Goldman,1934—SWDurangoandNWZacatecas,Mexico. T.u.goldmaniMerriam,1901—CChihuahuaandSWCoahuilaintoECDurango,Mexico. T. u. intermedius Mearns, 1897 — SE Arizona and SW New Mexico, USA, S into Sonora and NW Chihuahua, Mexico. in Geomyidae
Subspecies and Distribution. T.u.umbrinusRichardson,1829—ECZacatecas,SthroughtheTrans-MexicoVolcanicBelt,intoWCVeracruz(PicodeOrizaba),Mexico. T.u.durangiNelson&Goldman,1934—SWDurangoandNWZacatecas,Mexico. T.u.goldmaniMerriam,1901—CChihuahuaandSWCoahuilaintoECDurango,Mexico. T. u. intermedius Mearns, 1897 — SE Arizona and SW New Mexico, USA, S into Sonora and NW Chihuahua, Mexico.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. l. leucopus Gray, 1842 — Tasmania. S. I ferruginifrons Gould, 1854 — SW New South Wales, S Victoria, and NE Queensland. in Dasyuridae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. l. leucopus Gray, 1842 — Tasmania. S. I ferruginifrons Gould, 1854 — SW New South Wales, S Victoria, and NE Queensland.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.