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FIGURE 10 in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 10. An intact CuP vein on the forewing is a plesiomorphy (cf. Fig. 9) and occurs only in basal Metarbelidae in northeastern parts of the Republic of South Africa, mainly on the Southern African Plateau, and on the plateau area of Mount Mulanje, only 90 km to the North of the Zambezi River (Lehmann 2019b). Figured are examples of apomorphies in regard to the CuP on forewing (red arrows): a. CuP absent, CuP fold is weak but not continuous in Lukeniana michaelgrzimeki, female, paratype; b. The CuP fold is almost entirely absent in L. rajaeii, male, paratype; c. Zambezia darrelplowesi, female, holotype and d. Z. madambae, male, paratype, both have a strong CuP fold, continuous and partly sclerotized. Images were taken by Dr. Hossein Rajaei (SMNS) in November 2015.

FIGURE 15 in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 15. Examples of male genitalia in lateral view: a. Zambezia madambae, paratype, with extremely small thorn-like process and small weakly-sclerotized projection (red arrows); b. Lukeniana timdavenporti, paratype, with strongly bent ventral edge of valva and well developed thorn-like process (red arrows); c. L. bergsteni, paratype, without strongly bent ventral edge of valva and two thorn-like processes (red arrows); d. L. butleri, paratype, with many long setae on valva that appear to be black in colour and one thorn-like process (red arrows).

FIGURE 20. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 20. a. Habitat of Lukeniana enaiposha with Rothschild's Giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi Lydekker (1903) graze in a woodland site at 1.786 m elevation within Lake Nakuru National Park (Kenya) ca. 1 km south of the lake dominated by tall (> 15 m) and young trees of Acacia xanthophloea Benth. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) mixed with shrubs of Rhus natalensis Bernh. (Anacardiaceae) (right) and Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae) (foreground). Picture taken by Shimoni Lehmann in March 2016. b. Between 1600 and 2000 m Lower montane Cassipourea forest sensu Hemp (2006b) covers the slopes of Mount Meru (4.566 m). The picture shows an undisturbed forest of this type comprising trees of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae), Olea capensis L. (Oleaceae) and Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. (Meliaceae) with smaller trees of Vepris simplicifolia (Verd.) Mziray (Rutaceae) and Casearia battiscombei R.E. Fries (Flacourtiaceae). Ferns are present on the ground indicating a wetter site with species of Pteris dentata Forssk. (Pteridaceae) and Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Bech. (Aspleniaceae). Note that Lukeniana timdavenporti occurs in a similar habitat on Mount Elgon (Kenya/Uganda), but is not closely related to L. andreashempi and L. michaelgrzimeki, that both occur on Mount Meru. Picture by Dr. Andreas Hemp. c. Habitat of Lukeniana mzuzuensis: wetter, ca. 50 years old Zambezian miombo woodland sensu White (1983) at Nkhorongo (Malawi) with diverse structure, high species diversity, e.g. leguminous trees. The treelet with broad leaves in the bottom right corner is Uapaca nitida Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae); in the centre left is U. kirkiana Müll. Arg.; background trees are Brachystegia utilis Burtt Davy & Hutch., B. floribunda Benth., B. spiciformis Benth. (Fabaceae: Caesalpiniaceae), Uapaca sansibarica Pax., Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin (Caesalpiniaceae), Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. (Papilionaceae). In the top right centre is Cussonia arborea Hochst. (Araliaceae) with light green leaves. Picture by Raymond Murphy (Nkhorongo), May 2016. d. Road ca. 23 km southeast Mbala (Zambia), close to the habitat of Lukeniana hausmanni, on the Southern African Plateau with northern wet miombo sensu Chidumayo (1997); Brachystegia-Isoberlinia-Julbernardia association mixed with Albizia antunesiana Harms (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). Picture by Jürgen Lenz (Leipzig), October 2009.

FIGURE 13. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 13. a. Lukeniana enaiposha, holotype, male, Kenya, Rift Valley Province, near Lake Naivasha; b. L. obliqualinea, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Nairobi; c. L. raymondrevellii, holotype, male, Namibia, Otjozondjupa Region, Ozombanda; d. L. rajaeii, paratype, male, Ethiopia, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples'Region, Gidole; e. L. tubiraensis, holotype, male, Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Tubira Forest; f. L. lutztoepferi, holotype, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Ololua Forest.

FIGURE 8. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 8. a. Lukeniana jankiellandi, holotype, male, Tanzania, Katavi Region, Luega village; b. L. bergsteni, paratype, male, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Region, Mount Kilimanjaro, Kibonoto; c. L. bergsteni, paratype, male, Tanzania, Arusha Region, Usa River; d. L. bergsteni, paratype, female, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Region, Mount Kilimanjaro, Kibonoto; e. L. carolae, holotype, male, Malawi, Central Region, Mount Ntchisi, Ntchisi Forest Reserve; f. L. stevecollinsi, holotype, male, Malawi, Northern Region, Nyika Plateau, Nyika National Park, near Thazima Gate.

FIGURE 7. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 7. a. Lukeniana georgeadamsoni, holotype, male, Kenya, Eastern Province, Game Ranch of Dr. David Hopcraft, 1.5 km west from the Lukenia Hills; b. L. mikerobertsi, holotype, male, Kenya, County Laikipia, Lolldaiga Hills Ranch and Wildlife Conservancy, "Kambi ya Simba"; c. L. mikerobertsi, paratype, male, Kenya, County Laikipia, Mpala Research Centre, Site 1; d. L. mikerobertsi, paratype, female,

FIGURE 18. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 18. a. shows two fronto-clypeal projections (red arrows) of Lukeniana bergsteni, female, paratype. The projections are close together, that means the distance between the projections is ca. 1.0–1.5× of the width of the pit behind the labial palpus, and they are more pronounced in females than in males of Lukeniana and Zambezia. The two projections are more widely separated in species of Mountelgonia Lehmann, 2013, that means the distance between the projections is ca. 2.5–3.5× of the width of the pit behind the labial palpus. b. shows an enlargement of one fronto-clypeal projection. c. shows four branches of the female antenna. The pictures were taken with a Scanning Electron Microscope at ZFMK by Karin Ulmen in March 2012.

FIGURE 5. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 5. a. Lukeniana chapmani, holotype, male, Malawi, Southern Region, Mount Mulanje, Likabula; b. L. michaelgrzimeki, holotype, male, Tanzania, Arusha Region, Mount Meru, Momella; c. L. michaelgrzimeki, paratype, female, Tanzania, Arusha Region, Mount Meru, Momella; d. L. timdavenporti, holotype, male, Kenya, Rift Valley Province, Mount Elgon National Park, Chepnyalil Cave; e. L. mzuzuensis, holotype, male, Malawi, Northern Region, Mzuzu, Nkhorongo; f. L. mzuzuensis, paratype, female, Malawi, Northern Region, Mzuzu, Nkhorongo.

FIGURE 6. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 6. a. Lukeniana kammeri, holotype, male, Kenya, County Kiambu, Thika; b. L. mbalaensis, paratype, female, Zambia, Northern Province, Mbala; c. L. mbalaensis, holotype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mbala; d. L. hausmanni, paratype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, 23 km southeast Mbala; e. L. lenzi, paratype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mutinondo Wilderness Area; f. L. robplowesi, holotype, male, Zambia, Northern Province, Mbala; g. L. utaheidenreichae, holotype, male, Mozambique, Manica Province, Barr De Chikamba Real; h. L. stueningi, holotype, male, Zambia, Muchinga Province, Nyika National Park, Manyenjere Forest.

FIGURE 4. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 4. a. Lukeniana lutztoepferi, holotype, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Ololua Forest; b. L. lutztoepferi, paratype, female, Kenya, County Nairobi, Ngong; c. L. madrandelei, paratype, male, DRC, Katanga Province, Lubumbashi; d. L. madrandelei, paratype, female, DRC, Katanga Province, Lubumbashi; e. L. friederikebauerae, paratype, male, Zambia, Lusaka Province, Lusaka; f. L. friederikebauerae, paratype, female, Zambia, Lusaka Province, Lusaka.

FIGURE 3. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 3. a. Lukeniana enaiposha, holotype, male, Kenya, Rift Valley Province, near Lake Naivasha; b. L. obliqualinea, male, Kenya, County Nairobi, Nairobi; c. L. obliqualinea, female, Kenya, County Nairobi, Loresho Ridge; d. L. raymondrevellii, holotype, male, Namibia, Otjozondjupa Region, Ozombanda; e. L. rajaeii, paratype, male, Ethiopia, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples'Region, Gidole; f. L. tubiraensis, holotype, male, Tanzania, Kigoma Region, Tubira Forest.

FIGURE 2. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 2. a. Lukeniana butleri, paratype, male, Zimbabwe, Harare Province, Harare, "Fawlty Towers"; b. L. butleri, paratype, female, Zimbabwe, Harare Province, Harare, "Fawlty Towers"; c. L. kollhorsti, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Busi Farm; d. Zambezia diredaouaensis, holotype, male, Ethiopia, Harar Plateau, Dire Daua, today: chartered city of Dire Dawa; e. Z. madambae, holotype, male, Botswana, Chobe District Council, Kasane, Chobe River, Chobe Rapids; f. Z. madambae, paratype, female, Botswana, Chobe District Council, Kasane, Chobe River, Chobe Rapids.

FIGURE 21. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 21. a. Wetter type of miombo with open canopies and consequently with a high grass cover. The picture shows colourful woodland viewed from a small grassy plateau down into in the Mutinondo Wilderness Area (Zambia). The wet miombo is dominated by Brachystegia longifolia Benth., B. spiciformis and Julbernardia paniculata (Caesalpiniaceae). The picture was taken in October 2010 by Jürgen Lenz. b. One of the granite inselbergs (the hill in the centre) with distinctive scrub woodland in the Mutinondo Wilderness Area that is still on but close to the northeastern edge of the Southern African Plateau. Inselbergs sensu Bornhardt (1900) are rock outcrop formations occurring in a broad range of size, e.g. as single hills or as inselberg plateaus and in a varying degree of isolation. Hence, inselbergs are often least-disturbed ecosystems. The inselberg in the picture is partly covered by scrub woodland comprising, e.g. Vitex madiens Oliv. (Verbenaceae) and Ozoroa insignis Delile (Anacardiaceae) between the granite blocks and is surrounded by wet miombo. The picture was taken in October 2010 by Jürgen Lenz. c. The artificial lake of Chikamba Real (Mozambique) viewed from the Bvumba Mountains (Zimbabwe) in the West. The landscape that represents the habitat of Lukeniana utaheidenreichae is diverse and comprises Deciduous Miombo Savanna Woodland sensu Wild & Barbosa (1968) characterised by Caesalpiniaceae, e.g., Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii Taub. and Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin (Jonathan Timberlake, Friston, East Dean, U.K., pers. com. to I.L. in 2015). The picture was taken in April 2006 by Jürgen Lenz (Harare, Zimbabwe). d. Habitat of Mountelgonia arcifera (Hampson, 1909) and Lukeniana georgeadamsoni on the game ranch of Dr. David Hopcraft in Somalia-Masai edaphic grassland sensu White (1983). A young tree (left) of Acacia xanthophloea Benth. is in the foreground. To the right and in the background occur small trees of Balanites glabra Mildbr. (Balanitaceae) in Themeda triandra Forssk. (Poaceae) grassland. The small light green woody plant below the Acacia is Hibiscus flavifolius Ulbr. (Malvaceae). The picture was taken by Ingo Lehmann in March 1999. e. Habitat of Lukeniana mikerobertsi: 270–286 years old trees of Juniperus procera Hochst. (Cupressaceae) that form a Single-dominant Afromontane forest sensu White (1983) on Site 1 of Kambi ya Simba at 2.165 m (Lolldaiga Hills Ranch and Wildlife Conservancy). The smaller tree in the foreground (right) is Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae). Picture by Ingo Lehmann, March 2016.

FIGURE 1. a in Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa

FIGURE 1. a. Zambezia jennyhuntae, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Mutare (formerly Umtali); b. Z. durrellbarnesi, holotype, female, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Bvumba Mountains; c. Z. darrelplowesi, holotype, female, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Mutare (formerly Umtali), Hospital (today Kopje House); d. Metarbelodes umtaliana, holotype, male, Zimbabwe, Manicaland Province, Old Umtali or Umtali (today Mutare).

Figure 12 in Aloe ×caesia Salm-Dyck (Asphodelaceae) is the correct name of the common hybrid aloe [Aloe arborescens Mill. × A. ferox Mill.]from the southern Cape, South Africa

Figure 12. Material that Todaro (1889) described and illustrated as Aloe fulgens is clearly identifi- able with some variants, such as this one, of the nothospecies A. ×caesia.

Figure 7 in Aloe ×caesia Salm-Dyck (Asphodelaceae) is the correct name of the common hybrid aloe [Aloe arborescens Mill. × A. ferox Mill.]from the southern Cape, South Africa

Figure 7. Close-up of an inflorescence of Aloe africana × A. ferox. Note how the open flowers flare upwards.

Figure 6 in Aloe ×caesia Salm-Dyck (Asphodelaceae) is the correct name of the common hybrid aloe [Aloe arborescens Mill. × A. ferox Mill.]from the southern Cape, South Africa

Figure 6. Hybrids involving Aloe africana,such as this one with Aloe ferox as the other parent, often have the flowers turned up at anthesis, a character typical of A. africana.

Figure 3 in Aloe ×caesia Salm-Dyck (Asphodelaceae) is the correct name of the common hybrid aloe [Aloe arborescens Mill. × A. ferox Mill.]from the southern Cape, South Africa

Figure 3. The nothospecies (Aloe arborescens × A. ferox) known as A. ×caesia is plentiful in the vicinity of Mosselbaai in South Africa's southern Cape.

Figure 4 in Aloe ×caesia Salm-Dyck (Asphodelaceae) is the correct name of the common hybrid aloe [Aloe arborescens Mill. × A. ferox Mill.]from the southern Cape, South Africa

Figure 4. Aloe africana is a single-stemmed to, more rarely, multi-stemmed species from espe- cially the Jeffrey's Bay-Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage- Grahamstown region of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province.

Figure 8 in Aloe ×caesia Salm-Dyck (Asphodelaceae) is the correct name of the common hybrid aloe [Aloe arborescens Mill. × A. ferox Mill.]from the southern Cape, South Africa

Figure 8. The leaves of some forms of Aloe ×caesia are glaucous green, such as in the case of this form cultivated in the Botanical Garden of the University of Lisbon, Portugal.