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opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Species diversity, composition, and distribution of the herpetofauna in the Northwestern Region of Bangladesh

Fig. 1. Locations of the study sites in the Northwestern region of Bangladesh.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Species diversity, composition, and distribution of the herpetofauna in the Northwestern Region of Bangladesh

Fig. 2. Species richness of amphibians and reptiles at different study sites.

opennotspecifiedAug 2024View details →

Texas Natural Diversity Database: Listed Species in Texas

In Texas, animal or plant species of conservation concern may be listed as threatened or endangered under the authority of state law and/or under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Species may be listed as state threatened or endangered and not federally listed. The state list deals only with the status of the species within Texas. A federal listing means a species is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range which may encompass several other states or nations. https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/wildlife_diversity/nongame/listed-species/

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Knodus (Characiformes: Characidae), with deep genetic divergence, from the Mearim and Munim river basins, Northeastern Brazil, and evidence for hidden diversity in adjacent river basins

FIGURE 5 | Geographical distribution of Knodus guajajara.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Fig. 4 in Unravelling the species diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of the mycoheterotrophic Voyrieae (Gentianaceae) and the description of a new species

Fig. 4. Habit of Voyria bicolor (Gomes & Merckx 62, L). Photos: V. Merckx. Scale bars: 1 cm.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Development of tools to rapidly identify cryptic species and characterize their genetic diversity in different European kelp species

Marine ecosystems formed by kelp forests are severely threatened by global change and local coastline disturbances in many regions. In order to take appropriate conservation, mitigation and restoration actions, it is crucial to identify the most diverse populations which could serve as a "reservoir" of genetic diversity. This requires the development of specific tools, such as microsatellite markers to investigate the level and spatial distribution of genetic diversity. Here, we tested new polymorphic microsatellite loci from the genome of the kelp, Laminaria digitata, and tested them for cross-amplification and polymorphism in four closely related congeneric species (Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria ochroleuca, Laminaria rodriguezii and Laminaria pallida). Adding these 20 new microsatellite loci to the ten L. digitata loci previously developed by Billot et al. (1998) and Brenan et al. (2014) and to the ten L. ochroleuca loci previously developed by Coelho et al. (2014), we retained a total of 30 polymorphic loci for L. digitata, 19 for L. hyperborea, 16 for L ochroleuca, 19 for L. rodriguezii and 12 for L. pallida. These markers have been tested for the first time in the last two species. As predicted, the proportion of markers that cross-amplified between species decreased with increasing genetic distance. In addition, as problems of species identification were reported in this genus, mainly between L. digitata and Hedophyllum nigripes, but also between L. digitata, L. hyperborea and L. ochroleuca in areas where their range distributions overlap, we report a rapid PCR identification method based on species-specific cox1 mitochondrial primers that allows these four species of kelp to be rapidly distinguished.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Agricultural intensification erodes taxonomic and functional diversity in Mediterranean olive groves by filtering out rare species

1. Agri-Environmental Schemes (AES) have been proposed to mitigate the impact of agriculture on both taxonomic and functional biodiversity. However, a better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the loss of agrobiodiversity is needed to implement efficient AES. An unbalanced effort on research towards arable lands compared to permanent crops, and on fauna relative to plants, is patent, which limits the generalization of AES effectiveness. 2. We evaluated the effects of agricultural management and landscape simplification on taxonomic and functional diversity of the ground herb cover of 40 olive groves. We use a recently developed approach based on Hill numbers (rare, common and dominant species based) to analyze taxonomic and functional dissimilarity between farms with contrasting agricultural practices, and its potential attenuation by landscape complexity. We further explore the filtering effect of agricultural intensification on functional traits, and the relationship between functional and species richness across landscapes. 3. We found that taxonomic and functional dissimilarity of herb assemblages between intensively and low-intensively managed fields was mainly due to rare species. Dissimilarity decreased as landscape complexity increased, evidencing that complex landscapes attenuate the impact of agriculture intensification on herb assemblage composition. Agricultural intensification favoured more functionally homogeneous assemblages and disfavoured the herbs pollinated by insects, while it did not seem to affect wind-pollinated species. 4. Overall, functional richness increased exponentially with species richness across landscapes, but the latter was insufficient to drive any clear enhancement in functional richness in simple landscapes. In contrast, high species richness accelerated the enhancement in functional richness in intermediate and complex landscapes. These results highlight the functional filtering that intensive agriculture has generated for decades in homogeneous olive-dominated landscapes. 5. Herb cover is essential to support the fauna of permanent croplands and their sustainable production. Hence, AES in these croplands should promote management practices favouring the diversity and functionality of herb assemblages. Such AES should be particularly prioritized in homogeneous landscapes, where ground herb cover composition and function has long been homogenized to a great extent.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Win some, lose some: mesocosm communities maintain community productivity despite lower phosphorus availability because of increased species diversity

Aims The restoration of degraded ecosystems typically focuses on establishing assemblages of target species, but successful recovery should also be evaluated by the ecosystem's functioning to guarantee long-term persistence. We investigated how the processes underlying community assembly (i.e. species loss, species gain and changes in abundance of resident species) influenced ecosystem functioning in experimental grassland communities in different restoration states. Location A greenhouse experiment in Northern Flanders, Belgium. Methods We set up a mesocosm experiment with communities of nineteen planted species, ranging from slow-growing species from poorly productive Nardus grasslands to fast-growing species from highly productive Lolium perenne grasslands. We categorized the mesocosms into different grassland restoration states based on known abiotic and biotic restoration barriers for semi-natural grassland restoration: soil phosphorus levels and soil biota communities. After two growing seasons, we used the CAFE approach, an ecological application of the Price equation, to partition the effects of plant community assembly on ecosystem functioning (here community productivity) for the different restoration states. Results Adding soil biota communities sampled from reference Nardus grasslands versus more intensively managed grasslands did not have a significant effect on either plant species richness or biomass productivity. Lower soil phosphorus concentrations (i.e. abiotic restoration) resulted in a higher plant species richness. However, the net effect on productivity was close to zero. The increase in productivity caused by species gains was compensated through decreases in productivity caused by species loss and by decreases in the abundance or functioning of species that are present in both abiotically degraded and abiotically restored states. Conclusions Not only species richness but also species identity resulted in changes in ecosystem functioning (i.e. productivity), even though the net functional effects were close to zero. More specifically, we found that species richness-driven increases in productivity were counterbalanced by resource-driven and species identity-driven reductions in productivity.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Supplementary Data for: Whole genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani

Supplementary Data for: Whole genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani This repository contains: SNP call data / VCF file Scripts for all processing steps from mapping up to PCA and phylogenetic analyses (script.ts) Scripts for population genomic analyses with LEA and PopGenome (scripts.SE) All script names are self explanatory.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest

Aim: The importance of restoring ecosystem functions to native systems that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed is increasingly recognised. Yet few studies have measured the effect of restoration efforts on ecosystem functioning or the functional diversity (FD) that underpins it. Here we assessed change in FD of restored assemblages one to 25 years after the onset of post-mine restoration. Location: Northern Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) Forest bioregion of south-western Australia. Methods: Functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion were derived from five plant functional traits relevant to community reassembly. Effects of three explanatory variables (i.e., age, year restoration was initiated, and time since fire) on six response variables (i.e., four FD indices, species richness, and compositional similarity to nearby reference forest) were analysed using linear mixed models for a dataset with repeated measures of plots through time (n= 810 plots), and linear models for a sub-set of one-time measures of different aged assemblages (i.e., space-for-time approach; n= 490 plots). Results: Functional evenness and functional dispersion increased with age, while functional divergence and functional richness decreased with age. Functional dispersion increased with time since fire, while functional richness decreased with time since fire. Species richness decreased with age, but at 25-years, species richness was comparable to that observed in reference forest. In contrast, similarity showed no relationship with age of restored forest, and at 25-years, similarity of restored forest to reference was low compared with similarity of reference forest to itself. Three of four FD indices had not reached those of reference jarrah forest 25-years after restoration had been initiated. Conclusions: Reassembly of FD suggests importance of environmental filtering and high functional redundancy. A longer time frame may be needed to assess FD of restored assemblages, and in the meantime, species richness is not an adequate surrogate of FD.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2005View details →

Figure 4 in Morphological diversity of habrobathynellids (Parabathynellidae, Bathynellacea) in India, with the description of a new species

Figure 4. Map to show distribution of the five known species of Habrobathynella.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2005View details →

Figure 1 in Species diversity of the genus Phortica Schiner in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of nine new species (Diptera, Drosophildae)

Figure 1. Map of Yunnan Province, indicating eight main localities.

Figure 3 in Chaetotaxy and setal diversity of grooming legs in species of porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Figure 3. (A-H) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Pachycheles grossimanus (Guérin, 1835), male (MZUSP 26392). (A) Left P5, ventral view. (B) Straight serrate setae on distal surface of carpus, lateral view. (C) Detail of the straight serrate setae on distal surface of carpus.(D) Pappose setae (several setae with abraded setulae) on lateroproximal surface of coxa. (E) Simple setae on lateroproximal surface of basis-ischium (arrow indicates the suture line between the basis-ischium). (F) Distal surface of chela, frontal view. (G) Sickle-shaped serrate setae on distoventral surface of propodus. (H) Tooth-like cuspidate and club-shaped setae on distal margin of propodus. Cx = coxa; BI = basis-ischium; M = merus; C = carpus; P = propodus; D = dactylus; CS = club-shaped setae; Pp = pappose setae; S0 = simple setae; S1 = sickle-shaped serrate setae; SS = straight serrate setae; TC = tooth-like cuspidate setae. Scale bars = (A) 0.3 mm; (B, D-F) 0.1 mm; (C, G) 0.01 mm; (H) 0.005 mm.

Figure 4 in Chaetotaxy and setal diversity of grooming legs in species of porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Figure 4. (A, B) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Pachycheles grossimanus (Guérin, 1835), male (MZUSP 26392). (A) Distal margin of propodus and dactylus, frontal view showing tooth-like cuspidate and club-shaped setae. (B) Detail of tooth-like cuspidate and club-shaped setae on distal margin of propodus. (C-H) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850), male (MZUSP 24562). (C) Left P5, ventral view. (D) Straight serrate setae on distal surface of carpus. (E) Detail of the straight serrate setae on distal surface of carpus. (F) Dactylus and propodus, lateral view. (G) Tooth-like cuspidate and club-shaped setae on distal margin of dactylus. (H) Detail of tooth-like cuspidate setae on distal margin of dactylus. Cx = coxa; BI = basis-ischium; M = merus; C = carpus; P = propodus; D = dactylus; CS = club-shaped setae; Pp = pappose setae; S0 = simple setae; S1 = sickle-shaped serrate setae; SS = straight serrate setae; TC = toothlike cuspidate setae. Scale bars = (A, B, G) 0.01 mm; (C) 0.3 mm; (D, F) 0.1 mm; (E, H) 0.005 mm.

Figure 7 in Chaetotaxy and setal diversity of grooming legs in species of porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Figure 7. (A-C) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Porcellana platycheles (Pennant, 1777), male (MZUSP 16261). (A) Left P5, lateral view. (B) Dactylus and distal half of propodus, lateral view. (C) Tooth-like cuspidate setae on distal margin of dactylus and propodus. (D-H) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Porcellana sayana (Leach, 1820), male (MZUSP 28138). (D) Left P5, ventral view. (E) Dactylus and distal third of propodus, lateral view. (F) Distal surface of propodus and dactylus, frontal view. (G) Distal margin of propodus and dactylus, frontal view, with tooth-like cuspidate, club-shaped and simple setae. (H) Detail of tooth-like cuspidate setae and club-shaped setae on distal margin of propodus. Note in E distinct gap between fixed and movable fingers when chela is closed, and in H the tooth-like cuspidate setae provided with minute, unevenly sized, slightly acuminate teeth. Cx = coxa; BI = basis-ischium; M = merus; C = carpus; P = propodus; D = dactylus; CS = club-shaped setae; Pp = pappose setae; S0 = simple setae; S1 = sickle-shaped serrate setae; SS = straight serrate setae; TC = tooth-like cuspidate setae. Scale bars = (A, D) 0.3 mm; (B, E, F) 0.1 mm; (C, G, H) 0.01 mm.

Figure 1 in Chaetotaxy and setal diversity of grooming legs in species of porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Figure 1. (A-H) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Megalobrachium pacificum Gore & Abele, 1974, female (MZUSP 33040). (A) Left P5, ventral view. (B) Simple setae on distomesial surface of coxa. (C) Pappose setae on distolateral surface of basis-ischium. (D) Pappose setae on lateral surface of merus. (E) Straight serrate setae on distal surface of carpus, ventral view. (F) Detail of the straight serrate setae on distal surface of carpus. (G) Sickle-shaped serrate setae on distoventral surface of dactylus. (H) Tooth-like cuspidate setae and club-shaped setae on distal margin of dactylus (chelae). Cx = coxa; BI = basis-ischium; M = merus; C = carpus; P = propodus; D = dactylus; CS = club-shaped setae; Pp = pappose setae; S0 = simple setae; S1 = sickle-shaped serrate setae; SS = straight serrate setae; TC = tooth-like cuspidate setae; TP = terminal pore. Scale bars = (A) 0.3 mm; (B, C, E-H) 0.01 mm; (D) 0.1 mm.

Figure 8 in Chaetotaxy and setal diversity of grooming legs in species of porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Figure 8. (A) Megalobrachium roseum (Rathbun, 1900). Schematic representation of the thoracic sternum in ventral view. (B, C) Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850), male, dorsal view (MZUSP 18688). (B) Grooming leg (arrow) folded in Z-form in resting position outside the branchial chamber. (C) Grooming leg (arrow) kept inside the branchial chamber. Abbreviations: CxP1-P5, coxae of pereiopods 1 to 5; CxMxp3, coxae of maxiliped 3; ThSt III-VIII, thoracic sternites III to VIII; 3/4-6/7, thoracic sternal sutures; MA, membranous area. Scale bar: (A) = 1 mm. (B, C) = 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Chaetotaxy and setal diversity of grooming legs in species of porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Figure 6. (A-D) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Pisidia brasiliensis Haig in Rodrigues da Costa, 1968, male (MZUSP 23355). (A) Right P5, ventral view (arrow indicates the male gonopore). (B) Dactylus and distal third of propodus, lateral view. (C) Distal margin of propodus and dactylus with tooth-like cuspidate, club-shaped and simple setae. (D) Tooth-like cuspidate and club-shaped setae on distal margin of propodus. Note in D the inner and outer parts of tooth and terminal pore. (E-H) Photomicrograph (SEM) of the grooming leg, Polyonyx gibbesi Haig, 1956, male (MZUSP 19524). (E) Left P5, ventral view. (F) Distal surface of propodus and dactylus, frontal view. (G) Detail of distal surface of propodus and dactylus, frontal view. (H) Tooth-like cuspidate setae and club-shaped setae on distal margin of propodus. Note in H the tooth-like cuspidate setae provided with minute, unevenly sized, slightly acuminate teeth. Cx = coxa; BI = basis-ischium; M = merus; C = carpus; P = propodus; D = dactylus; CS = club-shaped setae; Pp = pappose setae; S0 = simple setae; S1 = sickle-shaped serrate setae; SS = straight serrate setae; TC = tooth-like cuspidate setae; TP = terminal pore. Scale bars = (A, F) 0.1 mm; (B, C, G) 0.01 mm; (D, H) 0.005 mm; (E) 0.3 mm.

Figure 5 in Chaetotaxy and setal diversity of grooming legs in species of porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Figure 5. (A-F) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Petrolisthes tuberculatus (Guérin, 1835), male (MZUSP 25888). (A) Left P5, ventral view. (B) Distal surface of propodus and dactylus, lateral view. (C) Propodus and dactylus, lateral view. (D) Sickle-shaped serrate setae on distal surface of propodus. (E) Dactylus and distal third of propodus, lateral view. (F) Tooth-like cuspidate and club-shaped setae on distal margin of propodus. (G, H) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Pisidia longicornis (Linnaeus, 1767), male (MZUSP 18730). (G, H) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Pisidia longicornis (Linnaeus, 1767), male (MZUSP 18730). (G) Left P5, ventral view (arrow indicates the hinged articulation and the extensive area of arthrodial membrane between merus and carpus). (H) Tooth-like cuspidate setae on distal margin of dactylus. Note in B scattered club-shaped setae on the closing surface of dactylus, and in F tooth-like cuspidate setae furnished with a strong, single median spine. Cx = coxa; BI = basis-ischium; M = merus; C = carpus; P = propodus; D = dactylus; CS = club-shaped setae; Pp = pappose setae; S0 = simple setae; S1 = sickle-shaped serrate setae; SS = straight serrate setae; TC = tooth-like cuspidate setae. Scale bars = (A, G) 0.3 mm; (B, H) 0.005 mm; (C, E) 0.1 mm; (D, F) 0.01 mm.

Figure 2 in Chaetotaxy and setal diversity of grooming legs in species of porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae)

Figure 2. (A-H) Photomicrograph (SEM) of grooming leg, Megalobrachium roseum (Rathbun, 1900), female (MZUSP 33143). (A) Left P5, ventral view. (B) Pappose setae on distolateral surface of basis-ischium. (C) Straight serrate setae on distal surface of carpus, ventral view. (D) Detail of the straight serrate setae on distal surface of carpus. (E) Distal surface of chela (propodus and dactylus), frontal view. (F) Dactylus and distal third of propodus, lateral view. (G) Distal margin of propodus and dactylus with tooth-like cuspidate and club-shaped setae. (H) Detail of tooth-like cuspidate setae on distal margin of propodus and dactylus. Note in F distinct gap between fixed and movable fingers when chela is closed. Cx = coxa; BI = basis-ischium; M = merus; C = carpus; P = propodus; D = dactylus; CS = club-shaped setae; Pp = pappose setae; S0 = simple setae; S1 = sickle-shaped serrate setae; SS = straight serrate setae;TC = tooth-like cuspidate setae. Scale bars = (A) 0.1 mm; (B-D, G) 0.01 mm; (E, F) 0.05 mm; (H) 0.005 mm.