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Figure 12. Paracanthopoma cangussu, MZUSP 105899 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 12. Paracanthopoma cangussu, MZUSP 105899, CT scan images of head skeleton. (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Specimen poorly calcified, some structures not properly shown.
Figure 10. Paracanthopoma alleynei, MZUSP 103052 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 10. Paracanthopoma alleynei, MZUSP 103052, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 11. Paracanthopoma cangussu, MZUSP 105899, 13.0 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 11. Paracanthopoma cangussu, MZUSP 105899, 13.0 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cocalinho, Corixão do Meio. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 33 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 33. Paracanthopoma saci, holotype, MZUSP 125624, 19.6 mm SL. Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Alcinópolis, Rio Taquarizinho. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 9. Paracanthopoma alleynei, INPA 16555 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 9. Paracanthopoma alleynei, INPA 16555, SEM images of head. (A) Dorsal; (B) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 8. Paracanthopoma alleynei, MZUSP 103052, 21.6 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 8. Paracanthopoma alleynei, MZUSP 103052, 21.6 mm SL, Brazil, Roraima, Boa Vista, Maracá, Rio Branco. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) ventral view of head.
Figure 7. Paracanthopoma ahriman, holotype FMNH 105525 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 7. Paracanthopoma ahriman, holotype FMNH 105525, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Specimen poorly calcified, some structures not properly shown.
Figure 37 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 37. Paracanthopoma satanica, paratype, ANSP 178231, SEM images of head. (A) Dorsal; (B) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 6. Paracanthopoma ahriman, FMNH 147290 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 6. Paracanthopoma ahriman, FMNH 147290, SEM images of head. (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Arrow indicates extended periodontodal fold between opercular and interopercular odontodophores. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 5. Paracanthopoma ahriman, FMNH 105525 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 5. Paracanthopoma ahriman, FMNH 105525, holotype, 19.9 mm SL,Venezuela,T.F. Amazonas, Río Autana. (A) Lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal view of head; (C) Ventral view of head.
Figure 41 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 41. Paracanthopoma truculenta, holotype, MZUSP_30399, CT scan images of head skeleton, (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral.
Figure 25 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 25. Paracanthopoma malevola, paratype, INPA 31566, SEM images of head. (A) Dorsal; (B) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 40 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 40. Paracanthopoma truculenta, paratype, MZUSP 30404, SEM images of head. (A) Lateral; (B) Dorsal; (C) Ventral. Scale bar = 500 μm.
Figure 27 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 27. Map of northern South America showing geographical distribution of Paracanthopoma irritans (dot) and Pc. malevola (triangle). Open symbols represent type localities. Some symbols may represent more than a single locality or lot of specimens.
Figure 3 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 3. Schematic representations of the head of species of Paracanthopoma in dorsal view. (A) Pc. ahriman; (B) Pc. alleynei; (C) Pc. cangussu; (D) Pc. capeta; (E) Pc. carrapata; (F) Pc. daemon; (G) Pc. irritans; (H) Pc. malevola; (I) Pc. parva; (J) Pc. saci; (K) Pc. satanica; (L) Pc. truculenta; (M) Pc. vampyra.
Figure 4 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 4. Comparative chart of jaws and anterior portion of head of Paracanthopoma species, cleared and stained specimens, ventral views: (A) Pc. ahriman FMNH 105525; (B) Pc. alleynei MZUSP 103052; (C) Pc. cangussu MZUSP 86250; (D) Pc. capeta MZUSP 29154; (E) Pc. daemon MZUSP 95597; (F) Pc. irritans INPA 20529; (G) Pc. malevola MCP 36217; (H) Pc. parva MZUSP 30400; (I) Pc. saci MZUSP 125626; (J) Pc. satanica MZUSP 100149; (K) Pc. truculenta MZUSP 30404; (L) Pc. vampyra MZUSP 100138. Scale bars = 500 μm. Pc. carrapata not shown.
Figure 1 in A taxonomic review of the vampire catfish genus Paracanthopoma Giltay, 1935 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with descriptions of nine new species and a revised diagnosis of the genus
Figure 1. Schematic Paracanthopoma showing homologous landmarks and derivative measurements. (A) Left lateral view of body; (B) Dorsal head view; (C) Ventral head view.
Data from: Exceptional levels of species discovery ameliorate inferences of the biogeography and diversification of an Afrotropical catfish family
<p>Endeavours in species discovery, particularly the characterisation of cryptic species, have been greatly aided by the application of DNA molecular sequence data to phylogenetic reconstruction and inference of evolutionary and biogeographic processes. However, the extent of cryptic and undescribed diversity remains unclear in tropical freshwaters, where biodiversity is declining at alarming rates. To investigate how data on previously undiscovered biodiversity impacts inferences of biogeography and diversification dynamics, we generated a densely sampled species-level family tree of Afrotropical Mochokidae catfishes that was ca. 70% complete. This was achieved through extensive continental sampling specifically targeting the genus <em>Chiloglanis</em> a specialist of the relatively unexplored fast-flowing lotic habitat. Applying multiple species-delimitation methods, we report exceptional levels of species discovery for a vertebrate genus, conservatively delimiting a staggering ca. 50 putative new <em>Chiloglanis</em> species, resulting in a near 80% increase in species richness for the genus. Biogeographic reconstructions of the family identified the Congo Basin as a critical region in the generation of mochokid diversity, and our study further revealed complex scenarios for the build-up of continental assemblages of the two most species-rich mochokid genera, <em>Synodontis</em> and <em>Chiloglanis</em>. While <em>Syndontis</em> showed most divergence events within freshwater ecoregions consistent with largely in situ diversification, <em>Chiloglanis</em> showed much less aggregation of freshwater ecoregions, suggesting dispersal as a key diversification process in this older group. Despite the significant increase in mochokid diversity identified here, diversification rates were best supported by a constant rate model consistent with patterns in many other tropical continental radiations. While our findings highlight fast-flowing lotic freshwaters as potential hotspots for undescribed and cryptic species diversity, a third of all freshwater fishes are currently threatened with extinction, signifying an urgent need to increase exploration of tropical freshwaters to better characterise and conserve its biodiversity.</p>
supplementary atherial of article Pleistocene aquatic refuges support the east-west breakage of the Neotropical catfish Trichomycterinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) and high diversity in the Magdalena, Guiana, and Paraná-Paraguay basins
<p>Figure S1. Phylogenetic tree original of Trichomycterinae based on 566 cytochrome b sequences (405 haplotypes) with 999bp. Bayesian Inference with values above each branch correspond to the branch consistency index (BPP); Figure S2. Phylogenetic tree original of Trichomycterinae based on 566 cytochrome b sequences (405 haplotypes) with 999bp. Bayesian Inference with values above each branch correspond to age for clades, as well as the margin of error demonstrated in node bars; Figure S3. Phylogenetic tree original of Trichomycterinae based on 566 cytochrome b sequences (405 haplotypes) with 999bp. Maximum Likelihood with values above each branch correspond to the branch consistency index (ML bootstrap); Table S1: Sequences used in the present study with their respective locations, references, haplotypes, and clades according to the phylogenetic tree in figure 2; Table S2: Type locality of the species nominally allocated to Trichomycterus and of the type species of the nine genera of Trichomycterinae. Type species in asterisk.; Table S3A: Table with percentages of K2P pairwise genetic distances between the subclades of Trichomycterus sensu stricto. Values in diagonal (below, dark grey) correspond to the genetic distance between clades by category. Values above (above, blue) refer to the respective standard errors. Bold values on the diagonal refer to the intraclade distance (1 to 31, as referenced in Table S1 and S3C); Table S3B: Genetic divergence range, by category, and occurrence within subclades. genera and subfamily; Table S3C: List of Alphabetical clade code and respective genus/species and numerical subclade code with respective species.</p>
Dataset for: Rio de Janeiro and other paleodrainages evidenced by the genetic structure of an Atlantic Forest catfish
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