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FIGURE 7 in New species of the genus Shelfordina Hebard with taxonomic and ecological notes and a key to the known Australian species (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

FIGURE 7. Shelfordina kuranda Rentz & Su, sp. nov. A, adult male abroad at night. B, lateral view of abdomen. Note colour pattern and pustules. C, left foreleg. Note spinal pattern on ventral surface of femur. D, male subgenital plate. Note accessory styles and normal styles. E, male subgenital plate, lateral view. F, tip of male abdomen, ventral view. Note margin of tenth tergite and extruded median phallomere. G, tip of male abdomen, dorsal view. Note margin of tenth tergite, hook-like right phallomere and elongate median phallomere. H, left tegmen and wing, male.

FIGURE 5. Shelfordina orchidae. A in New species of the genus Shelfordina Hebard with taxonomic and ecological notes and a key to the known Australian species (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

FIGURE 5. Shelfordina orchidae. A, adult male abroad at night. Note markings on pronotum and dark brown diagonals on side of abdomen. B, adult female abroad at night in orchid collection. C, ventral view. Note absence of markings on legs and frons. D, male subgenital plate. Note styles (d), accessory styles (e) and margin of subgenital plate. E, nymph. Figure D modified from Roth 1990b.

FIGURE 4. Shelfordina species. A, B, S. yeatesi. A in New species of the genus Shelfordina Hebard with taxonomic and ecological notes and a key to the known Australian species (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

FIGURE 4. Shelfordina species. A, B, S. yeatesi. A, tegmen and wing. B, male genitalia within subgenital plate. Note dense setae on each side of the margin of the subgenital plate. C, S. tozerensis. Note divergent accessory styles and elongate styles. D, S. tozerensis, frons. E, S. robertsi, frons. F, S. robertsi, subgenital plate and genitalia. Note margin of subgenital plate, accessory styles and normal styles. G, S. cooki, subgenital plate and genitalia. Note margin of subgenital plate, the minute accessory styles and the setal tufts. Figures modified from Roth 1990b.

FIGURE 6. Shelfordina orchidae. Male genitalia dissected. A, first valvifer. B, left phallomere. C, accessory median phallomere. D, median phallomere. E in New species of the genus Shelfordina Hebard with taxonomic and ecological notes and a key to the known Australian species (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

FIGURE 6. Shelfordina orchidae. Male genitalia dissected. A, first valvifer. B, left phallomere. C, accessory median phallomere. D, median phallomere. E, hook-like right phallomere. Modified from Roth 1990b.

FIGURE 3 in New species of the genus Shelfordina Hebard with taxonomic and ecological notes and a key to the known Australian species (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

FIGURE 3. Shelfordina oxystyla Rentz, Field, Su, sp. nov. A, left tegmen and wing, male. B, median phallomere. C, extruded genital complex. D, extruded genital complex. Note colour pattern of cercus. E, male subgenital plate. Note margin of plate between the styles.

FIGURE 2 in New species of the genus Shelfordina Hebard with taxonomic and ecological notes and a key to the known Australian species (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

FIGURE 2. Shelfordina oxystyla Rentz, Field, Su, sp. nov. A, frons. B, head and pronotum, dorsal view. C, left foreleg. Note spinal pattern. D, left fore femur illustrating the spinal pattern of the inner ventral surface. E, left wing showing the swollen, darkened diagonal veins.

FIGURE 1 in New species of the genus Shelfordina Hebard with taxonomic and ecological notes and a key to the known Australian species (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

FIGURE 1. Shelfordina oxystyla Rentz, Field, Su, sp. nov. A, adult male. Note distinctive markings on pronotum. B, adult female. C, adult male, ventral surface. Note markings on sides of abdomen and frons. D, nymph abroad at night foraging on leaves of host Phlegmariurus dalhousieanus.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Ecological speciation in anemone-associated snapping shrimps (Alpheus armatus species complex)

Divergent natural selection driven by competition for limited resources can promote speciation, even in the presence of gene flow. Reproductive isolation is more likely to result from divergent selection when the partitioned resource is closely linked to mating. Obligate symbiosis and host fidelity (mating on or near the host) can provide this link, creating ideal conditions for speciation in the absence of physical barriers to dispersal. Symbiotic organisms often experience competition for hosts, and host fidelity ensures that divergent selection for a specific host or host habitat can lead to speciation and strengthen pre-existing reproductive barriers. Here, we present evidence that diversification of a sympatric species complex occurred despite the potential for gene flow and that partitioning of host resources (both by species and by host habitat) has contributed to this diversification. Four species of snapping shrimps (Alpheus armatus, A. immaculatus, A. polystictus and A. roquensis) are distributed mainly sympatrically in the Caribbean, while the fifth species (A. rudolphi) is restricted to Brazil. All five species are obligate commensals of sea anemones with a high degree of fidelity and ecological specificity for host species and habitat. We analysed sequence data from 10 nuclear genes and the mitochondrial COI gene in 11–16 individuals from each of the Caribbean taxa and from the only available specimen of the Brazilian taxon. Phylogenetic analyses support morphology-based species assignments and a well-supported Caribbean clade. The Brazilian A. rudolphi is recovered as an outgroup to the Caribbean taxa. Isolation–migration coalescent analysis provides evidence for historical gene flow among sympatric sister species. Our data suggest that both selection for a novel host and selection for host microhabitat may have promoted diversification of this complex despite gene flow.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Do ecological niche models accurately identify climatic determinants of species ranges?

Defining species' niches is central to understanding their distributions and is thus fundamental to basic ecology and climate change projections. Ecological niche models (ENMs) are a key component of making accurate projections and include descriptions of the niche in terms of both response curves and rankings of variable importance. In this study, we evaluate Maxent's ranking of environmental variables based on their importance in delimiting species' range boundaries by asking whether these same variables also govern annual recruitment based on long-term demographic studies. We found that Maxent-based assessments of variable importance in setting range boundaries in the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense; CTS) correlate very well with how important those variables are in governing ongoing recruitment of CTS at the population level. This strong correlation suggests that Maxent's ranking of variable importance captures biologically realistic assessments of factors governing population persistence. However, this result holds only when Maxent models are built using best-practice procedures and variables are ranked based on permutation importance. Our study highlights the need for building high-quality niche models and provides encouraging evidence that when such models are built, they can reflect important aspects of a species' ecology.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Ecology has contrasting effects on genetic variation within species versus rates of molecular evolution across species in water beetles

Comparative analysis is a potentially powerful approach to study the effects of ecological traits on genetic variation and rate of evolution across species. However, the lack of suitable datasets means that comparative studies of correlates of genetic traits across an entire clade have been rare. Here, we use a large DNA-barcode dataset (5062 sequences) of water beetles to test the effects of species ecology and geographical distribution on genetic variation within species and rates of molecular evolution across species. We investigated species traits predicted to influence their genetic characteristics, such as surrogate measures of species population size, latitudinal distribution and habitat types, taking phylogeny into account. Genetic variation of cytochrome oxidase I in water beetles was positively correlated with occupancy (numbers of sites of species presence) and negatively with latitude, whereas substitution rates across species depended mainly on habitat types, and running water specialists had the highest rate. These results are consistent with theoretical predictions from nearly-neutral theories of evolution, and suggest that the comparative analysis using large databases can give insights into correlates of genetic variation and molecular evolution.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Transcriptome characterization and screening of molecular markers in ecologically important Himalayan species (Rhododendron arboreum)

Rhododendron arboreum is an ecologically prominent species, which also lends commercial and medicinal benefits in the form of palatable juices and useful herbal drugs. Local abundance and survival of the species under a highly fluctuating climate make it an ideal model for genetic structure and functional analysis. However, a lack of genomic data has hampered additional research. In the present study, cDNA libraries from floral and foliar tissues of the species were sequenced to provide a foundation for understanding the functional aspects of the genome and to construct an enriched repository that will promote genomics studies in the genera. Illumina's platform facilitated the generation of ∼100 million high-quality paired-end reads. De novo assembly, clustering, and filtering out of shorter transcripts predicted 113 167 non-redundant transcripts with an average length of 1164.6 bases. Of these, 71 961 transcripts were categorized based on functional annotations in the Gene Ontology database, whereby 5710 were grouped into 141 pathways and 23 746 encoded for different transcription factors. Transcriptome screening further identified 35 419 microsatellite regions, of which, 43 polymorphic loci were characterized on 30 genotypes. Seven hundred and nineteen transcripts had 811 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphic variants with a minimum coverage of 10, a total score of 20, and SNP% of 50.

opennotspecifiedJan 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Dietary ecology of common amphibian species in a seasonal location in northern Sri Lanka

Figure 2. Prey size (mm) preferences of the sampled amphibian species. (Ma: Minervarya agricola, Ec: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Dm: Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Ut: Uperodon taprobanicus, Ur: Uperodon rohani, Eh: Euphlyctis hexadactylus).

opennotspecifiedJan 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Dietary ecology of common amphibian species in a seasonal location in northern Sri Lanka

Figure 1. Relationship between standardised gape width (GW/SVL) of frogs and their prey length (mm).

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

Data from: Movement ecology of Afrotropical birds: Functional traits provide complementary insights to species identity

Effects of anthropogenic activities on habitats and species communities and populations are complex and vary across species depending on their ecological traits. Movement ecology may provide important insights into species´ responses to habitat structures and quality. We investigated how movement behavior across a human-modified landscape depends on species identity and species traits, with particular focus on habitat specialization, feeding guilds and dispersal behavior. We tracked 34 individuals of nine Afrotropical bird species during three years in an anthropogenic riparian landscape of East Africa. We investigated whether species' functional traits predicted their habitat use and movement behavior better than species´ identities. Our results indicate that habitat specialists mainly occur in dense riparian thickets, while habitat generalists do occur in agricultural land. Home-ranges of omnivorous habitat generalists are larger than of frugivorous and insectivorous generalists and omnivorous and insectivorous specialists. Movement speed was highest in settlement areas for all species, with activity peaks during morning and afternoon for habitat specialists. Our results reveal that functional traits and species identity provide complementary insights into responses of organisms to habitat structures and habitat quality.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Multigenerational backcrossing and introgression between two woodrat species at an abrupt ecological transition

When organisms experience secondary contact after allopatric divergence, genomic regions can introgress differentially depending on their relationships with adaptation, reproductive isolation, recombination, and drift. Analyses of genome-wide patterns of divergence and introgression could provide insight into the outcomes of hybridization and the potential relationship between allopatric divergence and reproductive isolation. Here, we generate population genetic data (26,262 SNPs; 353 individuals) using a reduced-representation sequencing approach to quantify patterns of ancestry, differentiation, and introgression between a pair of ecologically distinct mammals – the desert woodrat (N. lepida) and Bryant's woodrat (N. bryanti) – that hybridize at a sharp ecotone in southern California. Individual ancestry estimates confirmed that hybrids were rare in this bimodal hybrid zone, and entirely consisted of a few F1 individuals and a broad range of multigenerational backcrosses. Genomic cline analyses indicated more than half of loci had elevated introgression from one genomic background into the other. However, introgression was not associated with relative or absolute measures of divergence, and loci with extreme values for both were not typically found near detoxification enzymes previously implicated in dietary specialization for woodrats. The decoupling of differentiation and introgression suggests that processes other than adaptation, such as drift, may underlie the extreme clines at this contact zone.

Figure 5 in Ecological notes of the alien species Godiva quadricolor (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) occurring in Faro Lake (Italy)

Figure 5. (a) Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotype TCS network showing genetic mutations occurring within Godiva quadricolor specimens; (b) Bayesian topology based on the COI data set (TrN +G model of evolution). Numbers at nodes indicate the support by Bayesian Inference (5 × 106 generations and 25% burn-in, left half) and Maximum Likelihood (1000 bootstrap replicates, right half).

Figure 3 in Ecological notes of the alien species Godiva quadricolor (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) occurring in Faro Lake (Italy)

Figure 3. Monthly average densities of Godiva quadricolor and Polycera hedgpethi in comparison with surface water temperatures. Asterisks indicate Amathia verticillata blooms.

Figure 2 in Ecological notes of the alien species Godiva quadricolor (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) occurring in Faro Lake (Italy)

Figure 2. Diachronic peaks of density (individuals/100m2) of Godiva quadricolor at the 16 sampling stations of Faro Lake. The arrows indicate the supposed spread.

Figure 4 in Ecological notes of the alien species Godiva quadricolor (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) occurring in Faro Lake (Italy)

Figure 4. (a,b) Godiva quadricolor, different colour patterns; (c) G. quadricolor in deposition; (d) Polycera hedgpethi, typical colour pattern, feeding Amathia verticillata; (e) P. hedgpethi, 'pale' colour pattern, feeding A. verticillata; (f) P. hedgpethi, typical colour pattern, feeding Bugula neritina.

Figure 1 in Ecological notes of the alien species Godiva quadricolor (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) occurring in Faro Lake (Italy)

Figure 1. Italian distribution of Polycera hedgpethi (letters, square) and Godiva quadricolor (numbers, circles). 1: north Adriatic lagoon, Zenetos et al. (2016); 2: Noli, Ligurian Sea, Betti et al. (2015); 3: Sabaudia Lake, Macali et al. (2013); 4: Fusaro Lake, Gulf of Naples, Cervera et al. (2010); 5: Faro Lake, Sicily, present study. A: Sacca Sessola Island, Venice Lagoon, Italy (Keppel et al. 2012); B: Marina di Ravenna docks, Italy (Rudman 2005; Trainito 2005); C: Rimini coast, Italy (Ioni, 2011); D: Fusaro Lake, Gulf of Naples, Cervera et al. 1991 (1988)); E: Faro Lake, Sicily, Giacobbe and De Matteo (2013).