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Life-history stage and the population genetics of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus at a fine spatial scale
<p>As a widespread vector of disease, the mosquito species <em>Aedes albopictus </em>Skuse<em> </em>(Diptera: Culicidae) is a high priority for both public health and invasive species research and management. Like all mosquitoes, <em>A. albopictus </em>has a complex life history with aquatic egg, larval, and pupal stages and a terrestrial adult stage. This requires targeted management strategies for each life stage, coordinated across time and space. Researchers use population genetics to inform control of <em>A. albopictus</em>. However, these studies do not consider the impact on life stage on population genetic characteristics and subsequent conclusions. Our objective was to examine whether the life stage impacted patterns of <em>A. albopictus </em>genetic diversity and differentiation at a spatial scale relevant to management efforts. We first conducted a literature review of field-caught <em>A. albopictus </em>population genetic papers and identified 74 peer-reviewed publications, none of which compared results between life stages.<em> </em>We them examined population genetic patterns of egg and adult <em>A. albopictus </em>at five sites in Wake County, North Carolina USA using 8,425 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found that level of genetic diversity and connectivity between sites varied between adults and eggs. This warrants further study and is critical for research aimed at informing local management.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Life history of the African tiger moth Teracotona rhodophaea (Walker, 1865) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae)
FIGURE 2. Adult specimens, genitalia, and pupa of Teracotona spp. (A–B, E–G, J–L) T. rhodophaea from Zanzibar Island [coll. RMBH]: (A) male; (B) female; (E) male genitalia; (F) aedeagus; (G) female genitalia; and (J–L) pupa (ventral, dorsal, and lateral view, respectively). (C–D, H–I) T. submacula from South Africa [coll. RMBH]: (C–D) males from Kwazulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces, respectively; (H) male genitalia; and (I) aedeagus. (Photos: Elizaveta A. Spitsyna and Vitaly M. Spitsyn).
Data from: Predation, metabolic priming and early life-history rearing environment affect the swimming capabilities of growth hormone transgenic rainbow trout
The period of first feeding, when young salmonid fishes emerge from natal stream beds, is one fraught with predation risk. Experiments conducted in semi-natural stream mesocosms have shown that growth hormone transgenic salmonids are at greater risk of predation than their non-transgenic siblings, due partly to the higher metabolic demands associated with transgenesis, which force risky foraging behaviours. This raises questions as to whether there are differences in the swim-performance of transgenic and non-transgenic fishes surviving predation experiments. We tested this hypothesis in wild-origin rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were reared from first feeding in semi-natural stream mesocosms characterized by complex hydrodynamics, the presence of predators and oligotrophic conditions. Using an open-flume raceway, we swam fish and measured their capacity for burst-swimming against a sustained flow. We found a significant genotype effect on burst-performance, with transgenic fish sustaining performance longer than their wild-type siblings, both in predator and predator-free stream segments. Importantly, this effect occurred before differences in growth were discernable. We also found that mesocosm-reared fish had greater burst-performance than fish reared in the controlled hatchery environment, despite the latter being unexposed to predators and having abundant food. Our results suggest a potential interaction between predation and metabolic priming, which leads to greater burst capacity in transgenic trout.
Data from: Forests as promoters of terrestrial life history strategies in East African amphibians
Many amphibian lineages show terrestrialization of their reproductive strategy and breeding is partially or completely independent of water. A number of causal factors have been proposed for the evolution of terrestrialized breeding. While predation has received repeated attention as a potential factor, the influence of others such as habitat has never been tested using appropriate data or methods. Using a dataset that comprises 180 amphibian species from various East African habitats, we tested whether species occurring in different habitats show different patterns of terrestrialization in their breeding strategy. We recovered a significant association between terrestrialized breeding strategies and forest habitats. In general, forest seems to act as a facilitator, providing a permissive environment for the evolution of terrestrialized breeding strategies. However, while terrestrial oviposition is strongly correlated with lowland and montane forest habitat, complete terrestrial development is significantly correlated with montane forest only, indicating different selective pressures acting at different steps towards complete terrestrial development.
Life history consequences of climate change in hibernating mammals: A review
Climatic shifts to warmer and often drier conditions are challenging terrestrial species worldwide. These shifts are occurring more rapidly at higher elevations and latitudes, likely causing disproportionate effects to mammalian hibernators there. While there is some information about how these species' ranges are responding to climatic shifts, we lack an understanding of how climate components are affecting species' life history variation, which is key to individual success and population-level resilience. We reviewed the literature to identify the direction of life history responses to climate change in mammalian hibernators along three axes: latitudinal, elevational, and temporal. We found 39 studies involving 27 species that reported climate effects on our four target life history traits – phenology, body mass/condition and growth, reproduction, and survival. We found warmer temperatures are advancing hibernator phenology and increasing reproductive success. By contrast, warming and drying trends are having uncertain effects on body condition, and complex effects on survival - depending on season, age class, latitude, and elevation. We found no pattern of significant climate-trait outcomes by duration or decade of study. More research on drought conditions - particularly in relation to resource availability - would help inform hibernator susceptibility to increased drying trends expected to intensify globally. Notably, our results are highly biased towards small mammal hibernators in Northern hemisphere alpine/mountain ecosystems, with few long-term studies conducted on Southern hemisphere hibernators.This review highlights that phenological shifts constitute one of the most obvious consequences of climate change, yet, the timing of life history events (e.g. timing of migration, reproduction, hibernation) remains poorly understood. Further integration of insights from physiologists, evolutionary biologists, and population ecologists working on wild populations will improve our collective understanding of the effects of seasonal climatic shifts on mammalian hibernator life history traits, key drivers of their population-level persistence.
Figure 8 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 8. Cyclocephala octopunctata visiting flowers of Annona crassiflora in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT. (a) A male individual found inside the floral chamber during the female phase. Note the darkening gynoecium, characteristic of an advanced female phase. (b) A specimen covered in pollen found in a male-phase flower. (c) Two individuals inside a femalephase flower. Note that their heads are directed towards the base of the inner petals, where basal alimentary lobes are located. (d) One individual feeding on one basal lobe of an inner petal in a female-phase flower.
Figure 1 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 1. Global occurrence map of Annona crassiflora (araticum). Adapted from: Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2021).
Figure 5 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 5. Aspects of floral biology of Annona crassiflora in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT. (a) Number of sampled flowers (n = 74) according to the floral phase. Note the greater number of male flowers collected in the field relative to the female-phase flowers sampled. (b) Floral thermogenesis during one floral cycle. Note that there are two heat production peaks during the night, one at approximately 7.00pm, when the flowers are in the female phase, and another at approximately 11.00pm, when they are in the male phase. During the interim phase, heat production diminishes without ceasing altogether.
Figure 4 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 4. Some steps in the floral cycle of Annona crassiflora in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT. (a) Interim in the floral cycle. Note that the stigmatic head is detached from the receptacle (arrow). Petals were spread open to show the flower chamber interior. (b) Flower found on the ground in the morning close to anthesis, showing the aspect of the flower during the male phase, with detached stamens filling the floral chamber.
Figure 7 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 7. Pollinators of Annona crassiflora in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT. (a) Dorsal habitus of Cyclocephala octopunctata (male). (b) Dorsal habitus of Cyclocephala octopunctata (female). (c) Dorsal habitus of Cyclocephala celata (male). (d) Dorsal habitus of Cyclocephala celata (female).
Figure 6 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 6. Quantitative data on the visitation of Annona crassiflora flowers in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT. (a) Number of coleopteran and non-coleopteran visitors of anthetic flowers. (b) Number of insect flower visitors sorted by order. (c) Number of beetles visiting anthetic flowers, classified at the family level. (d) Number of beetles visiting anthetic flowers classified at the species and morphospecies levels.
Figure 10 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 10. Quantitative data on the visitation of Annona crassiflora flowers by both Cyclocephala species sampled in this study. (a) Number of individuals of Cyclocephala octopunctata (n = 66) classified according to the anthesis phase of the flowers in which they were found. (b) Number of individuals of Cyclocephala celata (n = 16) classified according to the anthesis phase of the flowers in which they were found. (c) Distribution of the number of individuals of C. octopunctata per sampled flower (n = 41 flowers). (d) Distribution of the number of individuals of C. celata per sampled flower (n = 11 flowers).
Figure 11 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 11. Individuals of Cyclocephalini found in post-anthetic flowers of Annona crassiflora in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT. (a) A specimen of Cyclocephala celata from a flower found on the ground under the tree crown in the morning after anthesis. Note the pollen tetrads adhered to the tibial and tarsal setae of the right mesothoracic leg. (b) Individuals of C. octopunctata collected in the morning after anthesis from a flower still attached to the pedicel.
Figure 9 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 9. Cyclocephala celata visiting flowers of Annona crassiflora in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT. (a) Here, the elytra (arrow) of one individual of C. celata are visible inside a female-phase flower. (b) Individuals of C. celata covered in pollen exiting a male-phase flower. (c) Two individuals of C. celata covered in pollen inside a recently fallen corolla that was picked from the ground beneath an A. crassiflora tree. Note that their heads are directed towards the base of the petals, where the nutritious basal lobes are located. (d) This individual of C. celata had just escaped from inside a corolla that was found on the ground under an A. crassiflora individual on the day following flower anthesis.
Figure 3 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 3. Some steps in the floral cycle of Annona crassiflora in a Cerrado area in the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT. (a) Developing flower buds photographed in early August, almost two months before the flowering season of A. crassiflora. (b) Open flower chamber photographed in the morning before the onset of anthesis. (c) Flower entering the female phase, photographed from below during crepuscule. Note the sticky, transparent, glossy substance on the gynoecium (the stigmatic exudate; arrow). Petals were spread open to show internal structures.
Figure 2 in Life history patterns of coleopteran pollinators of Annona crassiflora Mart. in the Brazilian Cerrado
Figure 2. Study area located in the Cerrado of the municipality of Chapada dos Guimarães, MT, with the positions of the 24 individuals of Annona crassiflora analysed in this research (red circles). Source: Google Earth.
Evolutionary changes in the chromatin landscape contribute to reorganization of a developmental gene network during rapid life history evolution in sea urchins
<p>Chromatin configuration is highly dynamic during embryonic development in animals, exerting an important point of control in transcriptional regulation. Yet there exists remarkably little information about the role of evolutionary changes in chromatin configuration to the evolution of gene expression and organismal traits. Genome-wide assays of chromatin configuration, coupled with whole-genome alignments, can help address this gap in knowledge in several ways. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of regulatory element sequences and accessibility throughout embryogenesis in three sea urchin species with divergent life histories: a lecithotroph <em>Heliocidaris erythrogramma</em>, a closely related planktotroph <em>H. tuberculata</em>, and a distantly related planktotroph <em>Lytechinus variegatus</em>. We identified distinct epigenetic and mutational signatures of evolutionary modifications to the function of putative <em>cis</em>-regulatory elements in <em>H. erythrogramma</em> that have accumulated non-uniformly throughout the genome, suggesting selection, rather than drift, underlies many modifications associated with the derived life history. Specifically, regulatory elements composing the sea urchin developmental gene regulatory network are enriched for signatures of positive selection and accessibility changes which may function to alter binding affinity and access of developmental transcription factors to these sites. Furthermore, regulatory element changes often correlate with divergent expression patterns of genes involved in cell type specification, morphogenesis, and development of other derived traits, suggesting these evolutionary modifications have been consequential for phenotypic evolution in <em>H. erythrogramma</em>. Collectively, our results demonstrate that selective pressures imposed by changes in developmental life history rapidly reshape the <em>cis</em>-regulatory landscape of core developmental genes to generate novel traits and embryonic programs.</p>
FIGURE 12 in Life History of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera, Erotyloidea Erotylidae, Erotylini)
FIGURE 12. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) feeding on resupinate fungi in Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil (June 2018).
FIGURES 3–6 in Life History of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera, Erotyloidea Erotylidae, Erotylini)
FIGURES 3–6. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 3. Two eggs and the first hatched larva, scale bar = 1 mm. 4. Larvae at the end of the first instar, scale bar = 1 mm. 5. Gregarious feeding behavior of second instar larvae, scale bar = 2 mm. 6. Second instar larva in the center, among third instar larvae after ecdysis, scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURES 10–11 in Life History of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera, Erotyloidea Erotylidae, Erotylini)
FIGURES 10–11. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 10. Newly emerged adult (teneral), similar to the original description of Erotylina intermedia (Crotch, 1876) (see Discussion), scale bar = 2 mm. 11. Copulatory behavior (September 19, 2016), scale bar = 2 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.