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Fig. 1. The phylogenetic relationship among Tetrastichinae species inferred from the 28S in A new monotypic genus of the subfamily Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) from China
Fig. 1. The phylogenetic relationship among Tetrastichinae species inferred from the 28S
Figure 16 in New remarkable Late Jurassic teleosts from southern Germany: Ascalaboidae n. fam., its content, morphology, and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 16. Ascalabos voithii. Restoration in lateral view, updated from Arratia (1997).
Fig. 2 in Two new species of gymnophthalmid lizards of the genus Petracola (Squamata: Cercosaurinae) from the Andes of northeastern Peru, and their phylogenetic relationships
Fig. 2. Holotype of Petracola amazonensis, female MUBI 11485 (SVL = 43.0 mm, TL = 42.3 mm).
Data from: Osteology of Crocodylus palaeindicus from the late Miocene–Pleistocene of South Asia and the phylogenetic relationships of crocodyloids
<p>Fossil crocodylian remains have been documented from India and other parts of South Asia since the mid-19th century, but specimens attributed to several extinct and extant species of Crocodylus have largely been neglected in modern taxonomic treatments. Here, we present a detailed anatomical description of the extinct species <em>Crocodylus palaeindicus</em>, which we restrict to the Late Miocene to early Middle Pleistocene of India. Using an autapomorphy-based approach to species-level identification, we regard Crocodylus sivalensis as a junior synonym of <em>C. palaeindicus</em>, and provide taxonomic reidentifications of all specimens previously referred to these two species. We present a new diagnosis for <em>C. palaeindicus</em> that facilitates its distinction from the extant mugger crocodile, <em>C. palustri</em>s, which does not unequivocally appear in the fossil record prior to the Pleistocene. The lack of clear spatiotemporal overlap, coupled with the otherwise lengthy ghost lineage implied by their sister taxon relationship in our phylogenetic analyses, provides tentative support that the extant species is either the descendant of <em>C. palaeindicus</em>, or originated via budding cladogenesis. An expanded phylogenetic analysis recovers the Late Miocene African <em>C. checchiai</em> and Pliocene South American <em>C. falconensis</em> as species within the Neotropical Crocodylus clade, supporting an African origin for this radiation. We also recover Kinyang, from the early–middle Miocene of Kenya, as a crocodyline, rather than an osteolaemine as originally described, and it is potentially the stratigraphically earliest known member of the Crocodylus lineage. Other notable results from our phylogenetic analyses suggest that crocodyloids might not have been present in North America prior to the late Neogene arrival of <em>Crocodylus</em>, with <em>Albertosuchus knudsenii</em>, <em>Prodiplocynodon langi</em>, and '<em>Crocodylus</em>' <em>affinis</em> all recovered outside of Crocodyloidea. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an alligatoroid placement for the recently erected latest Cretaceous–Paleogene East Asian clade Orientalosuchina is highly labile, with relationships at the 'base' of Crocodylia unstable.</p>
Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae)
Fig. 1. Carlastyanax aurocaudatus, CI-FML 5015, 46.2 mm SL. Alcohol-preserved specimen.
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of species of Eusurbus and Zentamyia. Tree generated from morpho- logical phylogenetic analysis, unambiguous apomorphies mapped on branches, black circles indicate non- homoplasious changes.
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of species of Eusurbus and Zentamyia. Tree generated from morpho- logical phylogenetic analysis, unambiguous apomorphies mapped on branches, black circles indicate non- homoplasious changes.
Text-fig. 10. Protothymallus elongatus (KRAMBERGER, 1885): Weberian apparatus (UL- V3). in Revision Of The Cyprinids From The Early Oligocene Of The České Středohoří Mountains, And The Phylogenetic Relationships Of Protothymallus Laube, 1901 (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Gobioninae)
Text-fig. 10. Protothymallus elongatus (KRAMBERGER, 1885): Weberian apparatus (UL- V3).
Text-fig. 14: Classification of the Gobioninae according to Naseka (1996). in Revision Of The Cyprinids From The Early Oligocene Of The České Středohoří Mountains, And The Phylogenetic Relationships Of Protothymallus Laube, 1901 (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Gobioninae)
Text-fig. 14: Classification of the Gobioninae according to Naseka (1996).
Table 2. Pairwise uncorrected p - distances for 16 S in Two new species of gymnophthalmid lizards of the genus Petracola (Squamata: Cercosaurinae) from the Andes of northeastern Peru, and their phylogenetic relationships
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Pairwise uncorrected <i>p</i> -distances for 16S rRNA between <i>Petracola</i> species. The asterisk (*) indicates type locality.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>6</th><th>7</th><th>8</th><th>9</th><th>10</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>(1) <i>P. ventrimaculatus</i> CORBIDI 9235</th><td>-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(2) <i>P. ventrimaculatus</i> KU 219838</th><td>0.024</td><td>-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(3) <i>P. waka</i> KU 212687</th><td>0.063</td><td>0.071</td><td>-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(4) <i>P. waka</i> MUBI 2603</th><td>0.073</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.063</td><td>-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(5) <i>P. waka</i> MUBI 2605</th><td>0.073</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.000</td><td>-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(6) <i>P. waka</i> MUBI 2609*</th><td>0.069</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.031</td><td>-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(7) <i>P. waka</i> MUBI 2611*</th><td>0.069</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.000</td><td>-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(8) <i>P. shurugojalcapi</i> MUBI 17727</th><td>0.058</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.079</td><td>-</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(9) <i>P. shurugojalcapi</i> PFAUNA 430</th><td>0.058</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.000</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(10) <i>P. amazonensis</i> MUBI 11473</th><td>0.057</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.085</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.037</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in Two new species of gymnophthalmid lizards of the genus Petracola (Squamata: Cercosaurinae) from the Andes of northeastern Peru, and their phylogenetic relationships
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Morphometric measurements of <i>Petracola amazonensis</i> and <i>P. shurugojalcapi</i>. * broken tail, ** regenerated tail.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>P. shurugojalcapi</i></th><th><i>P. amazonensis</i></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>PFAUNA 431</th><th>PFAUNA 427</th><th>PFAUNA 430</th><th>PFAUNA 429</th><th>MUBI 17727</th><th>MUBI 11485</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Holotype</td><td>Paratype</td><td>Paratype</td><td>Paratype</td><td>Paratype</td><td>Holotype</td></tr><tr><th>Sex</th><td>Female</td><td>Male</td><td>Male</td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td><td>Female</td></tr><tr><th>SVL</th><td>51.0</td><td>48.5</td><td>44.0</td><td>47.4</td><td>50.8</td><td>43.0</td></tr><tr><th>LAL</th><td>26.7</td><td>24.5</td><td>24.6</td><td>26.3</td><td>26.2</td><td>21.6</td></tr><tr><th>LSA</th><td>15.5</td><td>19</td><td>15</td><td>14.8</td><td>18.2</td><td>14.8</td></tr><tr><th>TL</th><td>39.0 (**)</td><td>65.9 (**)</td><td>52.9</td><td>7.4 (*)</td><td>32.4 (**)</td><td>42.3</td></tr><tr><th>HL</th><td>9.3</td><td>10.7</td><td>8.9</td><td>8.4</td><td>10.5</td><td>9.3</td></tr><tr><th>HW</th><td>6.8</td><td>8.2</td><td>6.9</td><td>6.2</td><td>8.1</td><td>5.6</td></tr><tr><th>HH</th><td>5.3</td><td>6.3</td><td>5.4</td><td>5.1</td><td>6.1</td><td>4.6</td></tr><tr><th>FR</th><td>1.9</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.9</td><td>1.4</td><td>2</td><td>1.4</td></tr><tr><th>FN</th><td>2.6</td><td>2.7</td><td>2.1</td><td>2.5</td><td>2.6</td><td>2.5</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 1 in Two new species of gymnophthalmid lizards of the genus Petracola (Squamata: Cercosaurinae) from the Andes of northeastern Peru, and their phylogenetic relationships
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Voucher museum specimens of <i>Petracola</i> lizards, mentioning their collection locations and GenBank codes sequences used in this study. All localities are from Peru.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Species/voucher</b></th><th><b>Locality</b></th><th><b>12S</b></th><th><b>16S</b></th><th><b>ND4</b></th><th><b>cytb</b></th><th><b>c-mos</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>P. amazonensis</i> MUBI 11473</th><td>Chiliquin, Chachapoyas, Amazonas</td><td>OR231541</td><td>OR231652</td><td>OR208583</td><td>OR198057</td><td>OR211561</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. shurugojalcapi</i> MUBI 17727</th><td>La Jalca, Chachapoyas, Amazonas</td><td>OR231542</td><td>OR231653</td><td>-</td><td>OR198058</td><td>OR211562</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. shurugojalcapi</i> PFAUNA 430</th><td>La Jalca, Chachapoyas, Amazonas</td><td>OR231543</td><td>OR231654</td><td>-</td><td>OR198059</td><td>OR211563</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. waka</i> MUBI 2603</th><td>Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Cajamarca</td><td>OR231544</td><td>OR231655</td><td>OR208584</td><td>OR198060</td><td>OR211564</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. waka</i> MUBI 2605</th><td>Baños del Inca, Cajamarca, Cajamarca</td><td>OR231545</td><td>OR231656</td><td>OR208585</td><td>OR198061</td><td>OR211565</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. waka</i> MUBI 2609</th><td>Type locality, Cajabamba, Cajamarca</td><td>OR231546</td><td>OR231657</td><td>OR208586</td><td>OR198062</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. waka</i> MUBI 2611</th><td>Type locality, Cajabamba, Cajamarca</td><td>OR231547</td><td>OR231658</td><td>OR208587</td><td>OR198063</td><td>OR211566</td></tr></tbody></table>
FIGURE 3 in Molecular phylogenetics of the wrens and allies (Passeriformes: Certhioidea), with comments on the relationships of Ferminia
FIGURE 3. Map of primers used in amplification of ZEB1.
Data from: Evolutionary–phylogenetic pathway of the Cretaceous ammonite genus Aegocrioceras and its relationship to Juddiceras spp. and Crioceratites spp.
<p>The systematics of ammonoids are complicated by their large degree of intra-specific variation, which complicates a stable validation of species. <i>Aegocrioceras</i> is a heteromorph ammonite from the Lower Saxony Basin in the Hauterivian Boreal, and a prime example of a genus with an unstable internal systematic and external relationship to other ammonoids. Here, we use quantitative morphometrics on <i>Aegocrioceras</i> species from an assemblage collected in the clay pit Resse (north-west Germany) to evaluate the systematics and phylogeny of this Cretaceous genus. We simplify the systematic of the genus into the three entities <i>A. bicarinatum</i> [m]/<i>A. semicinctum</i> [M] complex (which potentially contains <i>A. quadratum</i> as well), <i>A. raricostatum</i> and <i>A. spathi</i>. The most likely phylogeny coincides very well with the stratigraphic record of the species and implies anagenetic adaptations in <i>A. raricostatum</i> and <i>A. spathi</i> after the origin of the species. <i>Aegocrioceras</i> most likely derived from warm-water adapted Tethyan <i>Crioceratites</i> species, and Boreal <i>Crioceratites</i> are potentially warm-water adapted descendants of the cold-water adapted <i>Aegocrioceras </i>but may alternatively represent renewed Tethyan invasions. Our data imply that <i>Aegocrioceras</i>' success against incumbent ammonites in the Boreal was rooted in abiotic change (Court Jester) processes due to its high adaptability, while selection within the <i>Aegocrioceras</i> clade was more likely based on biotic interaction (Red Queen) processes.</p>
Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 2. Locations of specimens collected in this study.
Fig. 13 in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 13. Fetal specimen present in pleuroperitoneal cavity of holotype of †Asterotrygon maloneyi,
Fig. 17. A in Freshwater Stingrays Of The Green River Formation Of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With The Description Of A New Genus And Species And An Analysis Of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)
Fig. 17. A. Enlarged neurocranial region of Potamotrygon sp. from figure 16A, in dorsal view.
Fig. 2 in Systematics of the family Ocypodidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Crustacea: Brachyura), based on phylogenetic relationships, with a reorganization of subfamily rankings and a review of the taxonomic status of Uca Leach, 1814, sensu lato and its subgenera
Fig. 2. cont'd above.
Fig. 23 in Phylogenetic Studies On Didelphid Marsupials Ii. Nonmolecular Data And New Irbp Sequences: Separate And Combined Analyses Of Didelphine Relationships With Denser Taxon Sampling
Fig. 23. Skull of Tlacuatzin canescens, a composite drawing based on USNM 125659 and 511261.
FIG. 5 in Description and Phylogenetic Relationships of a New Genus and Species of Lizard (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from the Amazonian Rainforest of Northern Brazil
FIG. 5. Maps of northern Brazil showing the type locality (star) of Marinussaurus curupira.
FIG. 6. – Phylogenetic scenario indicating possible relationships h in Contribution to the systematics and phylogeny of Bouvrain, 1982 (Mammalia, Bovidae)
FIG. 6. – Phylogenetic scenario indicating possible relationships h., houtumschindleri.
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