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FIGURE 7. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A. Tree recently cut down. B. Tree stump showing the dark heartwood. C in Mahechadendron puntecascarillo (Vochysiaceae), a new genus and forest tree species from Colombia

FIGURE 7. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A. Tree recently cut down. B. Tree stump showing the dark heartwood. C. Sawn timber in the field. Photos by W. Ariza-Cortés.

FIGURE 9 in Mahechadendron puntecascarillo (Vochysiaceae), a new genus and forest tree species from Colombia

FIGURE 9. Strict consensus tree from the parsimony analysis of Vochysiaceae species based on rbcL and morphological data. Numbers indicate bootstrap support above 50%.

FIGURE 4. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A. Branch showing two axillary and compact inflorescences. B in Mahechadendron puntecascarillo (Vochysiaceae), a new genus and forest tree species from Colombia

FIGURE 4. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A. Branch showing two axillary and compact inflorescences. B. Portion of an inflorescence showing an open central flower and two lateral branches. C. Open flower (lateral view). D. Flower longitudinal section showing the revolute petal and stamen (left), pistil (center), and the distally revolute saccate sepal. E, F. Ovary transverse section showing the central column, three locules, and ovules in pairs. Photos B, C, F by W. Ariza-Cortés; A, D, E by J.L. Fernández-A.

FIGURE 3. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A. Floriferous young branches showing axillary inflorescences. B in Mahechadendron puntecascarillo (Vochysiaceae), a new genus and forest tree species from Colombia

FIGURE 3. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A. Floriferous young branches showing axillary inflorescences. B. Close up of inflorescences showing open flowers and flower buds. C. Branch showing bark exfoliating in thin flakes and cataphylls of former perulate buds. Photos by W. Ariza-Cortés.

FIGURE 5. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A in Mahechadendron puntecascarillo (Vochysiaceae), a new genus and forest tree species from Colombia

FIGURE 5. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A. Immature fruits erect on the branch. B. Branch showing mature fruits with different dehiscence degrees. C. Open mature fruits showing valves and central column. D. Close-up of fruit valves, externally slightly tuberculate (left), internally smooth and shiny (right). E. Seeds showing unilateral shiny wings. F. Close-up of a seed. G. Seedlings showing cotyledons and true leaves. Photos A–C, E, G by W. Ariza-Cortés; D, F by J.L. Fernández-A.

FIGURE 1 in Mahechadendron puntecascarillo (Vochysiaceae), a new genus and forest tree species from Colombia

FIGURE 1. Illustration of Mahechadendron puntecascarillo. A. Terminal branches showing young leaves and inflorescences. B. Leaf, adaxial view. C. Flower at anthesis (lateral view) showing saccate sepal (right) and revolute petal (left), stamen and style in central position. D. Petal with revolute margins (abaxial side). E. Stamen. F. Gynoecium (lateral view). G. Ovary transverse section showing central column, two ovules per locule, and copious villous-woolly indumentum. H. Fruit at the beginning of dehiscence. I. Open fruit showing the three valves in erect-patent position and the thick central column. J. Seed. Illustration by Omar Bernal.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →

Figure 2. Coalescent species trees with 13 in DNA barcoding and coalescent-based delimitation of endosymbiotic clevelandellid ciliates (Ciliophora: Clevelandellida): a shift to molecular taxonomy in the inventory of ciliate diversity in panesthiine cockroaches

Figure 2. Coalescent species trees with 13 (A) and 14 (B) assumed species based on 18S rRNA gene, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and 28S rRNA gene sequences. Posterior probabilities of clades are provided along internal branches and posterior probabilities for the presence of individual species are provided behind the terminal branches. Scale bars denote the fraction of substitutions per site.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →

Figure 5. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from 46 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 5. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from 46 morphological characters and COI coded to Cnodocentron sensu Schmid and related taxa (all compatible groups shown). Morphological character states are displayed along the branches: boxes refer to unambiguous transformations; circles to characters under ACCTRAN optimization. Black symbols indicate unique character changes. Posterior probability support values are displayed in boxes below the node branches. Male genitalia of species of each clade are displayed in lateral view. Oriental species modified from the original descriptions: Malicky & Chantaramongkol (1992), Oláh & Johanson (2010), Schmid (1982).

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Dataset for: Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in Quercus ilex

Plant diversity has often been reported to decrease insect herbivory in plants. Of the numerous mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, how plant diversity influences plant defences via effects on growth has received little attention. In addition, plant diversity effects may be contingent on abiotic conditions (e.g., resource and water availability). Here, we used a long-term experiment to explore the interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth, direct (i.e. phenolics) and indirect (i.e. Volatile Organic Compounds – VOCs) defences and leaf herbivory in Quercus ilex. We quantified herbivory by chewing insects, phenolic compounds and VOCs in Q. ilex trees growing in stands differing in tree species composition (Q. ilex, Q. ilex + Betula Pendula, Q. ilex + Pinus pinaster and Q. ilex + B. pendula + P. pinaster) and water availability (irrigated vs control). Both direct and indirect defences were affected by tree species composition, but such changes were not mediated by changes in tree stem diameter. Q. ilex trees growing in stands with P. pinaster had the lowest concentration of both direct and indirect defences. Importantly, the effects of tree species composition on VOCs were exacerbated on irrigated blocks. Despite variation in defences, tree species composition did not affect herbivory in Q. ilex. Accordingly, we did not find any association between defences and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that changes in the micro-environment rather than growth-defence associations may mediate tree diversity effects on defences. In addition, reduced defensive investment in more diverse stands could negatively impact tree resistance masking the beneficial effects of species diversity at reducing insect herbivory.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data from: Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon

Anthropogenic understory fires have affected large areas of tropical forest in recent decades, particularly during severe droughts. Yet, the mechanisms that control fire-induced mortality of tropical trees and lianas remain ambiguous due to the challenges associated with documenting mortality given variation in fire behavior and forest heterogeneity. In a seasonally dry Amazon forest, we conducted a burn experiment to quantify how increasing understory fires alter patterns of stem mortality. From 2004 to 2007, tree and liana mortality was measured in adjacent 50-ha plots that were intact (B0 – control), burned once (B1), and burned annually for 3 years (B3). After 3 years, cumulative tree and liana mortality (≥1 cm dbh) in the B1 (5.8% yr−1) and B3 (7.0% yr−1) plots significantly exceeded mortality in the control (3.2% yr−1). However, these fire-induced mortality rates are substantially lower than those reported from more humid Amazonian forests. Small stems were highly vulnerable to fire-induced death, contrasting with drought-induced mortality (measured in other studies) that increases with tree size. For example, one low-intensity burn killed >50% of stems <10 cm within a year. Independent of stem size, species-specific mortality rates varied substantially from 0% to 17% yr−1 in the control, 0% to 26% yr−1 in B1, and 1% to 23% yr−1 in B3, with several species displaying high variation in their vulnerability to fire-induced mortality. Protium guianense (Burseraceae) exhibited the highest fire-induced mortality rates in B1 and B3, which were 10- and 9-fold greater than the baseline rate. In contrast, Aspidosperma excelsum (Apocynaceae), appeared relatively unaffected by fire (0.3% to 1.0% mortality yr−1 across plots), which may be explained by fenestration that protects the inner concave trunk portions from fire. For stems ≥10 cm, both char height (approximating fire intensity) and number of successive burns were significant predictors of fire-induced mortality, whereas only the number of consecutive annual burns was a strong predictor for stems <10 cm. Three years after the initial burn, 62 ± 26 Mg ha−1 (s.e.) of live biomass, predominantly stems <30 cm, was transferred to the dead biomass pool, compared with 8 ± 3 Mg ha−1 in the control. This biomass loss from fire represents ∼30% of this forest's aboveground live biomass (192 (±3) Mg ha−1; >1 cm DBH). Although forest transition to savanna has been predicted based on future climate scenarios, our results indicate that wildfires from agricultural expansion pose a more immediate threat to the current carbon stocks in Amazonian forests.

opennotspecifiedApr 2022View details →

FIGURE 1. The best scoring RAxML tree obtained using a in A new species Pseudoplagiostoma dipterocarpicola (Pseudoplagiostomataceae, Diaporthales) found in northern Thailand on members of the Dipterocarpaceae

FIGURE 1. The best scoring RAxML tree obtained using a combined dataset of ITS, LSU, tef1-α and tub2 sequences. The tree is rooted to Togninia minima (AE F56), Togninia novae-zealandiae (CBS 110156) and Phaeoacremonium hungaricum (CBS 123036). ML and MP bootstrap values equal to or greater than 70% and BYPP equal to or greater than 0.95 are given at the nodes (ML/MP/BYPP). Ex-type strains are in black bold and the newly generated sequences are in red bold.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Demographic rates and stature of tree species in 13 sub-tropical forests: annual growth, annual survival, annual recruitment >( 1 cm dbh), stature (max dbh)

Organisms of all species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among tree species, evolution has resulted in different life-history strategies for partitioning resources to these key demographic processes. Life-history strategies in tropical forests have often been shown to align along a trade-off between fast growth and high survival, i.e. the well-known fast-slow continuum. In addition, an orthogonal trade-off has been proposed between tall stature – resulting from fast growth and high survival – and recruitment success, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. However, it is not clear if these two independent dimensions of life-history variation structure tropical forests worldwide. We used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest monitoring plots in three continents to explore the principal trade-offs in annual growth, survival and recruitment as well as tree stature. These forests included relatively undisturbed forests as well as typhoon-disturbed forests. Life-history variation in twelve forests was structured by two orthogonal trade-offs, the growth−survival trade-off and the stature−recruitment trade-off. Pairwise Procrustes analysis revealed a high similarity of demographic relationships among forests. The small deviations were related to differences between African and Asian plots. Synthesis. The fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring many, but not all tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and life-history strategies across different forest types from three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data from: Foraging decisions with conservation consequences: Interaction between beavers and invasive tree species

Herbivore species can either hinder or accelerate the invasion of woody species through selective utilization. Therefore, an exploration of foraging decisions can contribute to the understanding and forecasting of woody plant invasions. Despite the large distribution range and rapidly growing abundance of beaver species across the Northern Hemisphere, only a few studies focus on the interaction between the beaver and invasive woody plants. We collected data on the woody plant supply and utilization at 20 study sites in Hungary, at two fixed distances from the water. The following parameters were registered: taxon, trunk diameter, type of utilization, and carving depth. Altogether 5401 units (trunks and thick branches) were identified individually. We developed a statistical protocol that uses a dual approach, combining whole-database and transect-level analyses to examine foraging strategy. Taxon, diameter, and distance from water all had a significant effect on foraging decisions. The order of preference for the four most abundant taxa was: Populus spp. (softwood), Salix spp. (softwood), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (invasive hardwood), Acer negundo (invasive hardwood). The diameter influenced the type of utilization, as units with greater diameter were rather carved or debarked than felled. According to the central-place foraging strategy, intensity of the foraging decreased with the distance from the water, while both the taxon and diameter selectivity increased. This suggests stronger modification of the woody vegetation directly along the waterbank, together with a weaker impact further from the water. In contrast to invasive trees, for which utilization occurred almost exclusively in the smallest diameter class, even the largest softwood trees were utilized by means of carving and debarking. This may lead to the gradual loss of softwoods or the transformation of them into shrubby form. After the return of the beaver, mature stages of softwood stands and thus the structural heterogeneity of floodplain woody vegetation could be supported by the maintenance of sufficiently large active floodplains. The beaver accelerates the shift of the canopy layer's species composition towards invasive hardwood species, supporting the enemy release hypothesis. However, the long-term impact will also depend on how plants respond to different types of utilization and on their ability to regenerate, which are still unexplored issues in this environment. Our results should be integrated with knowledge about factors influencing the competitiveness of the studied native and invasive woody species to support floodplain conservation and reconstruction.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Combining species delimitation, species trees, and tests for gene flow illuminates complex speciation in scrub-jays

Complex speciation, involving rapid divergence and multiple bouts of post-divergence gene flow, can obfuscate phylogenetic relationships and species limits. In North America, cases of complex speciation are common, due at least in part to the cyclical Pleistocene glacial history of the continent. Scrub-jays in the genus Aphelocoma provide a useful case study in complex speciation because their range throughout North America is structured by phylogeographic barriers with multiple cases of secondary contact between divergent lineages. Here, we show that a comprehensive approach to genomic reconstruction of evolutionary history, i.e., synthesizing results from species delimitation, species tree reconstruction, demographic model testing, and tests for gene flow, is capable of clarifying evolutionary history despite complex speciation. We find concordant evidence across all statistical approaches for the distinctiveness of an endemic southern Mexico lineage (A. w. sumichrasti), culminating in support for the species status of this lineage under any commonly applied species concept. We also find novel genomic evidence for the species status of a Texas endemic lineage A. w. texana, for which equivocal species delimitation results were clarified by demographic modeling and spatially explicit models of gene flow. Finally, we find that complex signatures of both ancient and modern gene flow between the non-sister California Scrub-Jay (A. californica) and Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay (A. woodhouseii), result in discordant gene trees throughout the species' genomes despite clear support for their overall isolation and species status. In sum, we find that a multi-faceted approach to genomic analysis can increase our understanding of complex speciation histories, even in well-studied groups. Given the emerging recognition that complex speciation is relatively commonplace, the comprehensive framework that we demonstrate for interrogation of species limits and evolutionary history using genomic data can provide a necessary roadmap for disentangling the impacts of gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting to better understand the systematics of other groups with similarly complex evolutionary histories.

FIGURE 85. Strict consensus tree from a in Mitochondrial genetics of Ophiderini, with a new species from the Eudocima phalonia species group (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)

FIGURE 85. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5' mtDNA sequences (part): Eudocima clade (part).

FIGURE 82. Strict consensus tree from a in Mitochondrial genetics of Ophiderini, with a new species from the Eudocima phalonia species group (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)

FIGURE 82. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5' mtDNA sequences (part): Eudocima clade (part).

FIGURE 80. Strict consensus tree from a in Mitochondrial genetics of Ophiderini, with a new species from the Eudocima phalonia species group (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)

FIGURE 80. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5' mtDNA sequences (part): Gonodonta and Xylophylla+Eudocima formosa+Huebnerius+Gloriana clades.

FIGURE 84. Strict consensus tree from a in Mitochondrial genetics of Ophiderini, with a new species from the Eudocima phalonia species group (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)

FIGURE 84. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5' mtDNA sequences (part): Eudocima clade (part).

FIGURE 83. Strict consensus tree from a in Mitochondrial genetics of Ophiderini, with a new species from the Eudocima phalonia species group (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)

FIGURE 83. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5' mtDNA sequences (part): Eudocima clade (part).

FIGURE 86. Strict consensus tree from a in Mitochondrial genetics of Ophiderini, with a new species from the Eudocima phalonia species group (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)

FIGURE 86. Strict consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of Calpinae COI 5' mtDNA sequences (part): Eudocima clade (part).