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FIGURE 2 in An updated synopsis of Neurolaena (Neurolaeneae, Asteraceae) with a new species from the Colombian Andes

FIGURE 2. Occurrence map of Neurolaena (Asteraceae, Neurolaeneae) species in the Caribbean and northern South America. Each symbol represents territory and country level species occurrences. CS—Caribbean Sea. Countries and Territories: AB—Antigua and Barbuda, AG—Anguilla, AV—American Virgin Islands, BA—Bahamas, BB—Barbados, BV—British Virgin Islands, CB—Cuba, CI—Cayman Islands, CN—Saint Kitts and Nevis, CO—Colombia, DM—Dominica, DR—Dominican Republic, GD—Guadeloupe, GR—Grenada, GU—Guyana, HA—Haiti, JM—Jamaica, MS—Montserrat, MT—Martinique, PR—Puerto Rico, RR—Roraima state, Brazil, SB—Saba, SL—Saint Lucia, TB—Trinidad and Tobago, TC—Turks and Caicos Islands, VG—Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, VN—Venezuela.

FIGURE 1 in An updated synopsis of Neurolaena (Neurolaeneae, Asteraceae) with a new species from the Colombian Andes

FIGURE 1. Occurrence map of Neurolaena (Asteraceae, Neurolaeneae) species in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean. Each symbol represents state or country level species occurrences. PO—Pacific Ocean, CS—Caribbean Sea. Countries and Territories: BZ—Belize, CI—Cayman Islands, CB—Cuba, CR—Costa Rica, EL—El Salvador, GT—Guatemala, HO—Honduras, NI—Nicaragua, PA—Panama. Mexican states: CP—Chiapas, PB—Puebla, OX—Oaxaca, QR—Quintana Roo, SL—San Luis Potosí, TB—Tabasco, VE—Veracruz.

FIGURE 3 in The spiraling story of Tyleropappus and a new name for Calea (Asteraceae: Neurolaeneae) from Venezuela

FIGURE 3. Schematic phylogeny of Calea (Neurolaeneae, Asteraceae) by Bueno (2023). The bold clade within the dashed box indicates the phylogenetic position of the Nana clade.

FIGURE 2 in The spiraling story of Tyleropappus and a new name for Calea (Asteraceae: Neurolaeneae) from Venezuela

FIGURE 2. Distribution of Calea spiralis nom. nov. (Neurolaeneae, Asteraceae) in Venezuela. VE – Venezuela, BR – Brazil, CO – Colombia.

FIGURE 1 in The spiraling story of Tyleropappus and a new name for Calea (Asteraceae: Neurolaeneae) from Venezuela

FIGURE 1. Calea spiralis nom. nov. (Neurolaeneae, Asteraceae). A. Flowering branch. B. Leaf abaxial surface. C. Indumentum of abaxial leaf surface. D. Capitulum. E. First series of phyllaries. F. Second series of phyllaries. G. Third series of phyllaries. H. Fourth series of phyllaries. I. Disc floret with bilength pappus scales. J. Cypsela with polylength pappus scales. A–J drawn from the lectotype H.H. Tate 605 (NY); A–J: millimeter scale. Illustration by Débora Dalzotto.

FIGURE 5 in An updated synopsis of Neurolaena (Neurolaeneae, Asteraceae) with a new species from the Colombian Andes

FIGURE 5. Geographic occurrence of Neurolaena curtipalea sp. nov. (Asteraceae, Neurolaeneae) in Colombia. CO—Colombia, CS— Caribbean Sea, EC—Ecuador, PN—Panama, PO—Pacific Ocean.

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Data on involucre colour and indumentum intensity from Scorzoneroides autumnalis (Asteraceae)

Scorzoneroides autumnalis is a highly polymorphic perennial with several described infraspecific taxa, largely differing in involucre colour and indumentum intensity. Here, we examine the role of ecotypic divergence and phenotypic plasticity in shaping large-scale geographical variation in these characters. We collected phenotypic data from herbarium specimens and garden-grown plants of S. autumnalis, representing several habitats throughout Scandinavia and Iceland, and subjected progenies from controlled crosses within a subset of the common garden material to different temperature regimes to assess patterns of phenotypic plasticity. Our results strongly suggest that colour and indumentum of involucral bracts, as well as the size of capitula (measured by ligule length), are environmentally plastic and much affected by temperature. Reduced temperature resulted in significantly larger capitula, with both thicker and darker involucre indumentum. Since dark colouration, dense indumentum and large floral structures have been shown to facilitate heat retention and insect visitation in other plant species growing in cold climate, we hypothesize that plants of S. autumnalis benefit from possessing these features under cool conditions, and that much of the geographical variation in capitulum characters reflects adaptive phenotypic plasticity rather than ecotypic divergence. For this reason, we deem these characters to have a low taxonomic value for distinguishing infraspecific taxa within S. autumnalis.

Fig. 7 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic analysis and partial sequence comparison. (A) Phylogenetic tree based on 27 plant STSs. (Z)-γ-bisabolol synthases from sunssower and Arabidopsis thaliana are boxed, and bootstrap values are given in each node. Gymnosperm Abies grandis STSs were used to serve as a root. Sequences used (but not described in the Figure) are: GhCDS, δ-cadinene synthase [Gossypium hirsutum]; GaCDS δ-cadinene synthase [Gossypium arboreum]; CsAFS, α-farnesene synthase [Cucumis sativus]; CsCS, δ- caryophyllene synthase [Cucumis sativus]; CsVS, valencene synthase [Citrus sinensis]; CjFS, δ-farnesene synthase [Citrus junos]; ObGDS, germacrene D synthase [Ocimum basilicum]; CmCDS, δ-cadinene synthase [Cucumis melo]; CmAFS, α-farnesene synthase [Cucumis melo]; CaEAS, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase [Capsicum annuum]; AaGAS, germacrene A synthase [Artemisia annua]; AtCS, δ-caryophyllene synthase [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtATP12 (Z)-γ-bisabolene synthase 1 [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtTPS13 (Z)-γ- bisabolene synthase 2 [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtBAS α-barbatene synthase [Arabidopsis thaliana]; ObCDS γ-cadinene synthase [Ocimum basilicum]; AmNS nerolidol synthase [Antirrhinum majus]; LaBERS α-bergamotene synthase [Lavandula angustifolia]; AgHS γ-humulene synthase [Abies grandis]; AgSS δ-selinene synthase [Abies grandis]. (B) Amino acid sequences neighboring the Y402 residue of A. annua β-farnesene synthase are compared among the clustered STSs (β-farnesene, α-bisabolol, amorpha-4,11-diene synthases, see the bracket in A). Accession numbers of HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 are KU674381 and KU674382, respectively.

Fig. 6 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 6. Observed longrange coupling (solid arrow) and nuclear overhauser effects (dotted arrow) in COSY and ROESY 1H NMR 2D experiments with the purified enzyme product cis-γ-bisabolene.

Fig. 5 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 5. Quantification of cis-γ-bisabolene produced in yeast expression experiments with HaTPS12_K7 und HaTPS12_K11 and the corresponding N-terminal thioredoxion fusion (Trx) constructs. The values represent means and standard deviations of n = 5 independent experiments; different letters indicate statistical significance at the level of p> 0.05.

Fig. 3 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 3. GC–MS analysis of sesquiterpene products of the in vivo expression of HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 in S. cerevisiae EPY300. The GC diagrams show metabolite profiles of extracts from yeast cultures transformed with the candidate genes in the high-level expression plasmid pESCLeu2d in compared to a yeast train transformed with the empty vector (NC, negative control). Mass spectra of the identified peak A (γ-bisabolene) and B (farnesyl/nerolidol) are shown.

Fig. 1 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 1. Bisabolene-type sesquiterpenes reported from sunssower Helianthus annuus (Spring et al., 1992; Macias et al., 1999).

Fig. 2 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 2. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of bisabolene synthase genes HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower. Boxes: typical amino acid sequence motives of sesquiterpene synthases (RxR and DDxxD motive). Arrows: amino acid differences between the two enzyme isoforms.

Fig. 4 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 4. GC analysis of sesquiterpene products from in vivo expression of HaTPS12_K7Trx and HaTPS12_K11Trx in S. cerevisiae EPY300 compared to HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11.A (γ-bisabolene), B (farnesyl/nerolidol).

Fig. 38 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 38. Isotype of Xerochrysum neoanglicum (L.M. Copeland 3468, J.J. Bruhl & I.R. Telford, NE 80118).

Fig. 17 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 17. Lectotype of Xerochrysum banksii (G-DC G00328465). Image: © Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève.

Fig. 12. STRUCTURE bar plots for Xerochrysum bicolor, X in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 12. STRUCTURE bar plots for Xerochrysum bicolor, X. halmaturorum, and X. sp. Lofty Ranges major clustering modes K = 3. Bar plots show each individual as a horizontal bar divided into segments on the basis of the proportion of ancestry suggested for 1–10 subpopulations across all of the 10 runs; n = 51. Fine black lines delineate sampling locations.

Fig. 14 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 14. STRUCTURE bar plots for Xerochrysum boreale and genetically similar putative species, major and minor clustering modes K = 6. Bar plots show each individual as a horizontal bar divided into segments on the basis of the proportion of ancestry suggested for 1–10 subpopulations across all of the 10 runs; n = 63. Fine black lines delineate sampling locations.

Fig. 9 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 9. Xerochrysum sp. North Kennedy and genetically similar entities principal coordinate analysis of 1342 single-nucleotide polymorphism loci. Each dot represents an individual sample, coloured by population. (a) Axes 1 and 2; (b) Axes 1 and 3.

Fig. 11 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 11. STRUCTURE bar plots for the putative species Xerochrysum sp. Barrington Tops (white, pale yellow and yellow phyllary colours), X. sp. Glencoe, X. sp. New England, and X. sp. Point Lookout, major clustering modes K = 5. Bar plots show each individual as a horizontal bar divided into segments on the basis of the proportion of ancestry suggested for 1–10 subpopulations across all of the 10 runs; n = 52. Fine black lines delineate sampling locations.