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FIGURE. Phylogenetic tree derived from Bayesian analysis, based on nrLSU data. Posterior probability (PP> 0.95) values from the Bayesian analysis are added at the nodes. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide changes per site. (T) indicates the type specimen for this species. The new species are in bold. in Four new species of Entoloma (Entolomataceae, Agaricomycetes) subgenera Cyanula and Claudopus from Vietnam and their phylogenetic position

FIGURE. Phylogenetic tree derived from Bayesian analysis, based on nrLSU data. Posterior probability (PP> 0.95) values from the Bayesian analysis are added at the nodes. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide changes per site. (T) indicates the type specimen for this species. The new species are in bold.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Morphological and olfactory tree traits influence the susceptibility and suitability of the apple species Malus domestica and M. sylvestris to Anthonomus pomorum

The florivorous apple blossom weevil, Anthonomus pomorum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most economically relevant insect pest of European apple orchards in early spring. Neither efficient monitoring nor ecologically sustainable management of this insect pest has yet been implemented. To identify heritable traits of apple trees that might influence host selection of A. pomorum, we compared susceptibility of apple tree species using infestation rates of the domesticated apple, Malus domestica (Rosaceae: Pyreae), and the European crab apple, M. sylvestris. We evaluated the suitability of the two apple species for A. pomorum by quantifying the mass of weevil offspring. Because volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from flower buds of domesticated apple have previously been suggested to mediate female weevil preference via olfactory cues, we conducted bioassay experiments with blossom buds of both apple species to explore the olfactory preference of adult weevils and, furthermore, identified the headspace VOCs of blossom buds of both apple species through GC-MS analysis. The infestation analysis showed that A. pomorum infested the native European crab apple stronger than the domesticated apple, which originated from Central Asia. The European crab apple also appeared to be better suited for weevil larval development than the domesticated apple, as weevils emerging from M. sylvestris had a higher body mass than those emerging from M. domestica. These field observations were supported by olfactory bioassays, which showed that A. pomorum significantly preferred the odor of M. sylvestris buds compared to the odor of M. domestica buds. The analysis of headspace VOCs indicated differences in the blossom bud volatiles separating several M. domestica individuals from M. sylvestris individuals. This knowledge might be employed in further studies to repel A. pomorum from M. domestica blossom buds.

FIGURES 25–26 in New species of tree cricket Oecanthus Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with bioacoustics

FIGURES 25–26. Photographs of Oecanthus rubromaculatus n. sp. in the field. 25–Male stridulating at leaf edge. 26—Male feeding the female during copulation with secretions of the metanotal gland. Photos by Riuler Corrêa Acosta.

FIGURES 12–14 in New species of tree cricket Oecanthus Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with bioacoustics

FIGURES 12–14. Metanotal gland of Oecanthus rubromaculatus n. sp. 12—Dorsal view; 13—Lateral view; 14—Metanotal gland posterior median lobe. Conventions: Sc—scutum; St—scutellum; pml—posterior median lobe; Scp—scutum protuberance; Stp—scutellum protuberance; a—tuft of bristles projected inward; b—tuft of bristles projected posteriorly.

FIGURES 10–11 in New species of tree cricket Oecanthus Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with bioacoustics

FIGURES 10–11. Tegmen of Oecanthus rubromaculatus n. sp. 10–Right tegmen, dorsal view; 11–Stridulatory file with 30 teeth.

FIGURES 3–9 in New species of tree cricket Oecanthus Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with bioacoustics

FIGURES 3–9. Male and Female morphological characteristics of Oecanthus rubromaculatus n. sp. after recent alcohol fixation. 3–Male head and thorax, dorsal views; 4–Male head, dorsal view; 5–Male subgenital plate, ventral view; 6–Female supranal plate, dorsal view; 7–Female subgenital plate, ventral view; 8–Ovipositor apex, dorsal view; 9–Ovipositor apex, ventral view.

FIGURES 1–2 in New species of tree cricket Oecanthus Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with bioacoustics

FIGURES 1–2. Habitus of Oecanthus rubromaculatus n. sp. in vivo. 1–male Holotype, dorsal view; 2–female paratype (05FSFP), dorsal view.

FIGURES 20–24 in New species of tree cricket Oecanthus Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with bioacoustics

FIGURES 20–24. Spectrogram of the calling and courtship song of Oecanthus rubromaculatus n. sp. 20—Sonogram of the calling song with regular train of chirps; 21—Sonogram of the calling song with irregular train of chirps; 22—Sonogram of the courtship song; 23—Oscillogram of the calling song; 24—Oscillogram of the courtship song.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Distribution. Coastal forests of N California from the Klamath Mts of Del Norte County S to Sonoma County. The N border of this species and the S boundary of the Red Tree Vole (A. longicaudus) are poorly defined and this region near Humboldt County, California, warrants further study. in Cricetidae

Distribution. Coastal forests of N California from the Klamath Mts of Del Norte County S to Sonoma County. The N border of this species and the S boundary of the Red Tree Vole (A. longicaudus) are poorly defined and this region near Humboldt County, California, warrants further study.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Regeneration processes on coarse woody debris in mixed forests: do tree germinants and seedlings have species-specific responses when grown on coarse woody debris?

Tree regeneration on coarse woody debris (CWD) is considered to be one the most ecologically valuable aspects of CWD in forest systems. However, most studies have focused solely on uncovering the differences in establishment and growth on CWD (regarded as a homogeneous substrate) in comparison with the forest floor. Our study concentrates on the underlying mechanisms of germinant and seedling colonization patterns and demographic responses relative to various properties of CWD. We analysed the effects of CWD properties (decay class, form, species and diameter) on: (i) germinant and seedling annual counts; (ii) annual germinant and seedling survival; and (iii) seedling growth and height. Our study comprised three species (beech, fir and spruce) over 7-year span in two old-growth stands in the Western Carpathians, and employed generalized linear models and mixed models to test for differences between species. CWD properties affected regeneration at the germination stage. There were some demographic differences between species relative to CWD properties. Decay class had the most pronounced effect on beech, not only on its establishment but also survival and growth. Beech and spruce established and survived in higher densities on beech CWD, while their height growth was enhanced on conifer-derived CWD, particularly on spruce CWD. Stumps enhanced establishment of all species and survival of conifer seedlings. Synthesis. Our study shows that CWD properties do influence seedling establishment, growth, height distribution and survival. Moreover, there may be trade-offs between seedling growth and survival among tree species growing on different species of CWD. This highlights the need to include CWD heterogeneity as a factor that can affect the role of CWD in regeneration in forest ecosystems.

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree inferred from a in A new species of Hystrignathus (Nematoda: Thelastomatoidea: Hystrignathidae) associated with the Bess Beetle Passalus Interruptus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Passalidae) from The Peruvian Amazonia

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree inferred from a Bayesian inference analysis of concatenated dataset of SSU and LSU partial sequences of Hystrignathidae and other Oxyuridomorpha. Values of posterior probability and bootstrap are shown at the nodes. New species in bold fonts. Clade of species found in Passalidae indicated in bold lines. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Leaf traits, plant size and environment data of a common tree species Clausena dunniana in a subtropical broad-leaved forest

This dataset contains the leaf traits, plant size and environment data of 262 individuals of a widespread species Clausena dunniana in the subtropical broad-leaved forests in Maolan National Nature Reserve in the karst region of southwestern China. The 262 individuals of C. dunniana are distributed at two major topographic habitat types, the slope and the hilltop, within the forests of six sites evenly distributed in two regions within the Maolan reserve. The measured individual plant level leaf traits include specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area, leaf dry-matter content (LDMC) and leaf thickness. The plant size represents the first principal component of plant basal diameter and plant height, and the environmental factors include topographic habitat, canopy height, and rock-bareness rate.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Harvesting has variable effects on demographic rates and population growth across three dry forest tree species

Understanding how anthropogenic activities, such as harvesting, influence plant populations is important to quantify sustainable practices that conserve species of socioeconomic importance. There is limited knowledge on how harvesting of branches and non-timber forest products affect populations of trees in the dry tropics. We measure demographic vital rates of three dry tropical tree species in the presence and absence of harvesting and apply integral projection models to quantify population growth rates, which represent the mean fitness across the life cycle. Our results show that the three species vary in their demographic rates and life history. Harvesting significantly decreases the growth of two species. Current levels of harvesting only significantly decreased the population growth rate of one species that experienced both branch and main stem harvesting. Life table response experiments reveal that the negative effect of harvesting on the population growth rate of this species is primarily due to individuals being forced to re-sprout from their base. Few individuals were observed recruiting from seed, and this might be due to the presence of other threats, such as fire, soil erosion, and grazing. Our results provide knowledge on the demography and the effects of harvesting on endemic tree species of the Eastern Ghats, a region for which few demographic studies are available. These results are relevant to conserving forest biodiversity for the benefits of people and can contribute to quantitative threat assessment for IUCN red listing.

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →

FIGURE 1. ITS rDNA phylogenetic tree obtained with MrBayes v. 3.2.1 in Scleroderma furfuraceum (Boletales, Agaricomycetes)-a new species from the Russian Far East

FIGURE 1. ITS rDNA phylogenetic tree obtained with MrBayes v. 3.2.1 (Ronquist et al. 2012) under GTR+I+G model for 1 M generations. Posterior probability values are indicated on the branches. Novel species is indicated in a bold font in the green box; type specimen is indicated with an asterisk (*). GenBank accession numbers of sequences are indicated after the species names.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Data from: Finding common ground: Toward comparable indicators of adaptive capacity of tree species to a changing climate

Adaptive capacity, one of the three determinants of vulnerability to climate change, is defined as the capacity of species to persist in their current location by coping with novel environmental conditions through acclimation and/or evolution. Although studies have identified indicators of adaptive capacity, few have assessed this capacity in a quantitative way that is comparable across tree species. Yet, such multi-species assessments are needed by forest management and conservation programs to refine vulnerability assessments and to guide the choice of adaptation measures. In this paper, we propose a framework to quantitatively evaluate five key components of tree adaptive capacity to climate change: individual adaptation through phenotypic plasticity, population phenotypic diversity as influenced by genetic diversity, genetic exchange within populations, genetic exchange between populations and genetic exchange between species. For each component, we define the main mechanisms that underlie adaptive capacity and present associated metrics that can be used as indices. To illustrate the use of this framework, we evaluate the relative adaptive capacity of 26 northeastern North American tree species using values reported in the literature. Our results show adaptive capacity to be highly variable among species and between components of adaptive capacity, such that no one species ranks consistently across all components. On average, the conifer Picea glauca and the broadleaf Betula papyrifera show the greatest adaptive capacity among the 26 species we documented, whereas the conifers Picea rubens and Thuja occidentalis, and the broadleaf Ostrya virginiana possess the lowest. We discuss limitations that arise when comparing adaptive capacity among species, including poor data availability and comparability issues in metrics derived from different methods or studies. The breadth of data required for such an assessment exemplifies the multidisciplinary nature of adaptive capacity and the necessity of continued cross-collaboration to better anticipate the impacts of a changing climate.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Tree mixtures increase bird taxonomic and functional diversity over pure stands of tree species planted outside their natural range—but not over pure native stands

Recent biodiversity loss has emphasized the necessity to critically evaluate the consequences of human alterations of forest ecosystems. Stand diversification via tree species mixtures and the use of non-native tree species are two such alterations currently gaining importance as climate change adaptations. However, the effects of local versus regional tree mixing on associated biodiversity and notably the modifying role of tree species growing outside their natural range remain poorly understood. We assessed how monocultures and mixtures of native and introduced tree species influence the taxonomic and functional diversity of northwest German bird communities at stand and landscape scales. We focused on the dominant natural tree species (Fagus sylvatica) and economically important conifer species planted outside their natural range (the native Picea abies and non-native Pseudotsuga menziesii). We found that bird species richness and functional diversity were generally higher in pure and mixed stands of native F. sylvatica than in pure conifer stands, especially in comparison to non-native P. menziesii. These differences were particularly strong at the landscape scale. Pure conifer stands harbored only a reduced set of functionally similar bird species. Structural diversity based on tree microhabitat availability emerged as a key predictor of bird diversity. Synthesis and applications: Our study suggests that tree species mixtures do not necessarily increase bird diversity compared to pure stands of native trees, but can promote bird diversity relative to pure stands of species planted outside their natural range. Moreover, local mixtures, rather than a mosaic of pure stands, may promote bird diversity also at the landscape scale. By contrast, pure stands of tree species planted outside their natural range can increase the biotic homogenization of forest birds. Promoting structural diversity of microhabitats via tree retention and ensuring that non-native trees are planted in mixtures with native trees may alleviate potential limitations of climate change-oriented management for biodiversity.

opennotspecifiedAug 2022View details →

FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood trees. A in Descriptions of two new species of Armatoplana (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the coasts of Japan, with their phylogenetic positions in Leptoplanoidea

FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood trees. A, ML tree based on Dataset 2 (32 terminal taxa, 2768 bp, 17% missing data); B, ML tree based on Dataset 3 (28 terminal taxa, 2776 bp, 9% missing data). The Armatoplana species in the tree are presented in bold. For clades that received either ≥70% ML bootstrap or ≥0.90 BI posterior probability, the support values are presented near the nodes.

opennotspecifiedAug 2022View details →

FIGURE. Multilocus phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis based on the combined TEF1-α and ACT sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The tree was rooted with Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621. The species in this study are indicated in bold. Types of species are indicated after the culture collection number (T = ex-type, ex-epitype, ex-neotype, or reference strain). in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIGURE. Multilocus phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis based on the combined TEF1-α and ACT sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The tree was rooted with Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621. The species in this study are indicated in bold. Types of species are indicated after the culture collection number (T = ex-type, ex-epitype, ex-neotype, or reference strain).

opennotspecifiedAug 2022View details →

FIGURE. (Continued) Multilocus phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis based on the combined TEF1-α and ACT sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The tree was rooted with Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621. The species in this study are indicated in bold. Types of species are indicated after the culture collection number (T = ex-type, ex-epitype, exneotype, or reference strain). in Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest

FIGURE. (Continued) Multilocus phylogenetic tree inferred from Bayesian analysis based on the combined TEF1-α and ACT sequences. Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated next to the nodes. The tree was rooted with Cladosporium herbarum CBS 121621. The species in this study are indicated in bold. Types of species are indicated after the culture collection number (T = ex-type, ex-epitype, exneotype, or reference strain).