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opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURES 1–2 in Life History of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera, Erotyloidea Erotylidae, Erotylini)

FIGURES 1–2. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 1. Adult female, mother of the studied immatures, scale bar = 2 mm. 2. Eggs right after oviposition, scale bar = 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURES 8–9 in Life History of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera, Erotyloidea Erotylidae, Erotylini)

FIGURES 8–9. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 8. Pupae on the surface of Favolus tenuiculus P. Beauv., scale bar = 2 mm. 9. Pupae attached to exuviae, scale bar = 2 mm.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Lifetime reproductive output and life-history traits of lizards

Aim: Latitudinal gradients in life-history traits are apparent in many taxa and are expected to be strong for ectotherms that have temperature-driven constraints on performance and fitness. The strength of these gradients, however, should also be affected by diet. Because diet type (carnivory, omnivory, herbivory) influences accessibility to nutrition and assimilation efficiency, we aim to study how diet affects latitudinal gradients in lifetime reproductive output and the underlying life-history traits in ectotherms. Location: Global. Time period: Recent. Major taxa studied: Lizards (Reptilia, Squamata, Sauria). Methods: We used empirical (352 species) and phylogenetically imputed data (563 species) to analyse the interactive effects of latitude and diet on life-history traits (longevity, age at maturity, reproductive lifespan, hatchling mass, clutch/brood size, clutch/brood frequency, female mass) and lifetime reproductive output of lizards. Results: Lifetime reproductive output does not significantly differ in lizards across diet types, and only carnivores exhibit a small increase at higher latitudes. Diet type, however, influences latitudinal patterns of individual life-history traits. Carnivores exhibit a shift towards "slower-paced" life-histories at higher latitudes for most traits (increased longevity, age at maturity, reproductive lifespan, and decreased clutch frequency). By contrast, herbivores either display "faster-paced" life-histories (reduction in reproductive lifespan, hatchling mass, female mass) or no change (clutch frequency, clutch size, age at maturity) at higher latitudes. Omnivores exhibit intermediate and muted latitudinal patterns. Main conclusions: We suggest that the nutritional challenges of herbivory, compounded by thermal constraints at higher latitudes, may explain differences in life-history characteristics of herbivorous ectotherms. Intermediate patterns exhibited by omnivores highlight how flexibility in diet can buffer environmental challenges at higher latitudes. Our results indicate that lizards with different diet types display various trends in their life-histories across latitudes, which eventually balance out to result in similar reproductive outputs throughout their lifetime, with little benefits to carnivory.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Data from: Genome-wide analysis reveals demographic and life history patterns associated with habitat modification in land-locked, deep-spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Human-mediated habitat fragmentation in freshwater ecosystems can negatively impact genetic diversity, demography and life history of native biota, while disrupting the behaviour of species that are dependent on spatial connectivity to complete their life cycles. In the Alouette River system (British Columbia, Canada), dam construction in 1928 impacted passage of anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), with the last records of migrants occurring in the 1930's. Since that time, O. nerka persisted as a resident population in Alouette Reservoir until experimental water releases beginning in 2005 created conditions for migration; two years later, returning migrants were observed for the first time in ~70 years, raising important basic and applied questions regarding life history variation and population structure in this system. Here, we investigated the genetic distinctiveness and population history of Alouette Reservoir O. nerka using genome-wide SNP data (n=7,709 loci) collected for resident and migrant individuals, as well as for neighbouring anadromous sockeye salmon and resident kokanee populations within the Fraser River drainage (n=312 individuals). Bayesian clustering and principal components analyses based on neutral loci revealed five distinct clusters, largely associated with geography, and clearly demonstrated that Alouette Reservoir resident and migrant individuals are genetically distinct from other O. nerka populations in the Fraser River drainage. At a finer-level, there was no clear evidence for differentiation between Alouette Reservoir residents and migrants; although we detected eight high-confidence outlier loci, they all mapped to sex chromosomes suggesting that differences were likely due to uneven sex ratios rather than life history. Taken together, these data suggest that contemporary Alouette Reservoir O. nerka represents a landlocked sockeye salmon population, constituting the first reported instance of deep-water spawning behaviour associated with this life history form. This finding punctuates the need for re-assessment of conservation status and supports on-going fisheries management activities in Alouette Reservoir.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Idiosyncratic shifts in life-history traits at species' geographic range edges

Anthropogenic changes drive shifts in species' geographic distributions and increase the occurrence of leading or trailing-edge marginal populations. Theoretical predictions and empirical observations indicate substantial changes in life-history traits in marginal populations, often involving dispersal and reproductive abilities. Using a common garden experiment, we studied the variation of life-history traits of populations sampled on spatial gradients extending from range-core to range-edge habitats for three expanding (miner's lettuce Claytonia perfoliata, Danish scurvygrass Cochlearia danica, and rock samphire Crithmum maritimum) and one receding plant species (dune pansy Viola tricolor subs. curtisii). We monitored life-history traits related to dispersal, phenology, survival, reproductive output, and selfing ability. Significant shifts in life-history traits between central and marginal populations strongly differed among species. Marginal populations of the three expanding species displayed modified seed weight in natura, suggesting increased dispersal abilities in leading-edge populations. Discarding unassessed maternal effects, this trait modification can be due to phenotypic plasticity or to genetic differentiation. In miner's lettuce, marginal expanding populations show advanced phenology and higher reproductive output, which may potentially influence their colonization ability. In rock samphire, life-history traits showed large intra- and inter-population variability that did not follow a core-to-edge geographic trend, except for seed size. Finally, the receding populations of the dune pansy displayed a shift towards a plant architecture maximizing survival but reducing individual reproductive success. Altogether, our results indicated a common trend for increased dispersal abilities in marginal populations of expanding species. However, shifts in species' distributions may drive idiosyncratic changes in other life-history traits, for which we observed no general evolutionary syndrome at range edges. These findings go along a stochastic view of trait evolution during range expansion and question how to draw predictive projections of species' distribution shifts under current global change.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: What drives diversification? Range expansion tops climate, life history, habitat, and size in lizards and snakes

Aim: A major challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to explain the dramatic differences in species richness among clades. Much variation in richness is explained by differences in diversification rates among clades, and variation in diversification rates is often linked to various traits. But what types of traits are most important for explaining diversification? Here, we compared the impacts of different types of traits on diversification rates among lizard and snake families, and tested predictions about the relative importance of ecology vs. morphology, static vs. dynamic traits, and alpha vs. beta niche traits. Location: Global. Time period: Recent to ~200 million years ago. Major taxa studied: Squamata. Methods: We compared the relative impacts of traits related to biogeography (range size, range expansion), climate, life history (viviparity), microhabitat, and morphology (body-size) on diversification rates among all 72 family-level clades of squamates. We compiled data on traits, and tested for relationships between traits and diversification rates using phylogenetic multiple regression models. Results: The best-fitting model explained ~60% of the variation in diversification rates across squamate families. This model included only microhabitat (proportion of arboreal species) and a novel, dynamic, ecological/biogeographic beta-niche trait (rate of range expansion), which explained most variance. Other variables had more variable or non-significant contributions, including rates of climatic-niche change. Rates of range expansion were related to species richness, larger body size, and faster rates of climatic-niche change. Main conclusions: Overall, we provide possibly the most comprehensive comparison of the types of traits that can drive diversification. We also help explain diversity patterns in one of the largest vertebrate clades. We show that the rate of range expansion is the most important variable for explaining diversification rates and richness patterns in squamates. We also identify traits that help explain variation in rates of range expansion among clades.

Fig. 6 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 6. Ancestral trait estimation for labrum (general shape and distal margin) and clypeomandibular space of Basiceros ants. Analyses were conducted with the ace function in the APE R package (Paradis et al. 2004) using the pruned1 topology as input (see Material and Methods section). For all traits, each node is graphically represented for the state with the highest probability for the model favored under a likelihood ratio test (see Supp Figs. S2 and S3 and Table S6 [online only]). Graphic size corresponds with likelihood probabilities for a particular node: small graphics represents 0–50% probability, bigger graphics> 50%. Tips present labrum outline for each of the Basiceros species (see Fig. 2). Outcomes for each node for the ER model are shown in more detail in Supp Figs. S3 and S4 (online only).

Fig. 2 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of the labrum (dorsolabrum) of the worker caste of Basiceros species, dtg: dorsal transverse groove, lo: lateral lobe. (A) B. conjugans; (B) B. convexiceps; (C) B. disciger; (D) B. militaris; (E) B. scambognathus; (F) B. singularis (CASENT063735); (G) B. manni; (H) Basiceros sp. n. A, dashed line: tentative reconstruction of posterolabral limits. Crossed arrows give the orientation: a, anterior; p, posterior. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. Labrum shape in Basiceros can be long triangular and sinuate (A, C, D), long triangular and acute (B, H), triangular short (E) or (F, G) lunate. For the distal margin of labrum lobes can have a wide (C) or narrow clef (A, B, D, H), can be blunt with a short cleft (E) or rounded (F, G).

Fig. 5 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 5. Phylogeny of Basiceros ants, analysis with the pruned1 dataset. See Supp Tables S1 and S2 (online only) for taxon codes and further specimen information.Topology presented was obtained from MrBayes and GARLI analyses. Branch length follows MrBayes output, scale bar indicates estimated number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Bayesian posterior probability (PP, obtained with MrBayes) or maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS, obtained with GARLI) values are indicated in most nodes, except for those recovered with high support (>0.95/95%) for both analyses.

Fig. 7 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 7. Distribution map of Basiceros. (A) singularis clade; (B) disciger clade. Georeferenced specimen records from Probst (2015).

Fig. 3 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 3. Ventral view of the labrum (ventrolabrum) of the female caste of Basiceros species,black arrows:an example of specialized ventral setae. (A) B. conjugans; (B) B. convexiceps; (C) B. disciger; (D) B. militaris; (E) B. scambognathus; white arrows point to the anterior margin of the 'basal plate'; (F) B. singularis (CASENT063735); (G) B. manni, mpfl: posterior frontolabral muscle remnants, mafl: anterior frontolabral muscle remnants, to: torma. Crossed arrows give the orientation: a, anterior; p, posterior. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 4. Frontal view of Basiceros species, highlighting mandible shape and clypeomandibular space of the female caste. (A) B. conjugans; (B) B. disciger; (C) B. militaris; (D) B. scambognathus; (E) B. manni, clm. space: clypeomandibular space; (F) B. singularis; (G) Basiceros sp. n. A, me: external margin, dashed line: anteroclypeal margin, bold line: basal margin; (H) B. convexiceps. Figures not to scale. In Basiceros, the clypeomandibular space is either absent (B–D), narrow (A), moderate (H), or broad (E–G).

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data for: Estimating density dependence, environmental variance and long-term selection on a stage-structured life history

We model growth of a density-dependent stage-structured population undergoing small or moderate fluctuations around a deterministically stable equilibrium in a stochastic environment, assuming that a weighted sum of stage abundances, N, exerts density dependence on the stage-specific vital rates of survival and reproduction. We approximate the dynamics of N as a onedimensional stochastic process with three key parameters: the density-independent growth rate and the net density dependence and environmental variance in the life history. Comparisons of populations and species with different life histories are facilitated using the key parameters, which we show how to estimate from long-term demographic data on fluctuations in the vital rates. We also show that life history evolution is a stochastic maximization of a simple function of the key parameters. Elements in the long-term selection gradient acting on the life history can be expressed as sensitivities of this function with respect to density-independent, density-dependent, and stochastic components of the vital rates. Using years of demographic data on a great tit population, we estimate the key demographic parameters, which accurately predict the observed mean, coefficient of variation, and fluctuation rate of N, and also evaluate the long-term selection gradient on the population.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Supplementary material 2 from: Grimm A, Ramírez AMP, Moulherat S, Reynaud J, Henle K (2014) Life-history trait database of European reptile species. Nature Conservation 9: 45-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.9.8908

Comments on taxonomy and species coverage: Explanation note: The supplementary material consists of several tables that explain differences between our updated list of species names to the lists used by Sillero et al. (2014) in their new SEH list of species and the list of Speybroeck et al. (2010).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Grimm A, Ramírez AMP, Moulherat S, Reynaud J, Henle K (2014) Life-history trait database of European reptile species. Nature Conservation 9: 45-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.9.8908

Species names used in our database and used in the Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH) atlas: Explanation note: The table matches the species names in the SEH atlas with the updated speceis names used in our database. It thus provides the two species list that can be used to search the database.

opennotspecifiedJan 2018View details →

FIGURE 1 in Systematics of the combtooth blenny clade Omobranchus (Blenniidae: Omobranchini), with notes on early life history stages

FIGURE 1. Phylogenies resulting from Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of A) concatenated and B) CO1 datasets. Bayesian posterior probability is represented by shapes at nodes (see figure legend). Inset map of Indo-West Pacific region depicts sampling locations (circles) and biogeographic break along Thai-Malay Peninsula. Colored branches and tip names match sampling area. Specimens labeled Blenniidae (JQ349950-JQ349951) are likely Istiblennius sp.—see Results section for more information.

opennotspecifiedJan 2018View details →

FIGURE 2. A in Systematics of the combtooth blenny clade Omobranchus (Blenniidae: Omobranchini), with notes on early life history stages

FIGURE 2. A) Omobranchus ferox, post-flexion larvae, JFBM 48754-JE457a, 12.37 mm SL, Trang, Thailand. B) O. ferox, post-flexion larvae, JFBM 48754-JE457b, 11.63 mm SL, Trang, Thailand. C) O. punctatus, juvenile, JFBM 48493-1999, 13.66 mm SL, Chonburi, Thailand. D) Istiblennius dussumieri, juvenile, JFBM 48526-2104, 18.57 mm SL, Phuket, Thailand. Dorsal edges of pectoral fins of B) and C) were damaged and could not be illustrated. Illustrations by Andrea Nelson.

opennotspecifiedSep 2023View details →

Figure 2 in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals

Figure 2. Bone histology of Ochotona specimens. A–C, Oc. dauurica. A, MSB 215940 (juvenile) showing a cortex formed by FLC and WB. B, MSB 215680 (young adult), with abundant SVs in the outer cortex. Note that microorganisms attacked this region, hiding bone tissues. C, MSB 215953 (adult) with FLC sandwiched between ICL and a scarce LB layer. Note the strong RL (black arrowhead). D, Oc. collaris UAM 63937 (adult), with an extensive deposition of PFB and clear RL (black arrowhead) splitting it from FLC. Notice the presence of one LAG (white arrowhead). E, F, Oc. princeps. E, UAM 35060 (adult), anterior region with PFB surrounded by a FLC full of SOs. F, UAM 113936 (adult), with detail of the PFB region, showing four LAGs (white arrowheads). For abbreviations, see the text. Scale bars equals 100 μm.

opennotspecifiedSep 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals

Figure 1. Bone histology of P. sardus specimens. A, B, R129 (juvenile, 0 LAG) showing the anterior region (A) formed by FLC with SVs and POs, and posterior one (B) where a nonCGM was identified (arrowhead). C, GD52 (juvenile, 0 LAG), medial region showing early external deposition of PFB with some SVs. In the inner cortex, WB is visible, as well as FLC with POs and SVs. D, R000 (juvenile, one LAG), posterior region with FLC sandwiched between the ICL and the outer cortex of LB (reversed image). E, R136 (young adult) showing two LAGs (arrowheads). F, A17 (young adult) with three LAGs (arrowheads). G, R30 (juvenile, two LAGs), detail of the lateral region with SOs