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Fig. 14 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 14. The upper and lower left molars of multituberculate mammal Lambdopsalis bulla Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V20101) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Bayan Ulan locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Crown view of m1–2 (A) and M1–2 (B). Wear facets: 1, on lingual sides of the buccal cusps of m2; 2, on buccal sides of the lingual cusps of m2; 3, on lingual sides of the lingual cusps of m2; 4, on buccal sides of the lingual cusps of M2; 5, on lingual sides of medial cusps of M2; 6, on the buccal sides of medial cusps of M2; 7, on buccal sides of the buccal cusps of m1; 8, on lingual sides of the buccal cusps of m1; 9, on buccal sides of the lingual cusps of m1; 10, on lingual sides of the lingual cusps of m1; no wear facet was developed yet on the cusp of the buccal (external) cusp row of M2 in this specimen.

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Fig. 7 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 7. Multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19032) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Left lower cheek teeth (p4–m2) from the same individual as in Fig. 5 in occlusal (A), medial (B), and lateral (C) views. Photographs (A1–C1), SEM images (A2–C2).

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Fig. 4 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 4. Character state coding of character 68 of Verzi et al. (2014). "Metalophulid II in non-laminar m1–2", as scored by these authors for several octodontoid taxa. A. Acarechimys minutissimus, scored as 68-1 (i.e., metalophulid II, "reduced, proximal portion forming a spur or absent, distal portion fused to metalophulid I so that the lingual end of the latter is usually expanded"). B. Euryzygomatomys, scored as "?". C. Eumysops, scored as "?", see also Thrichomys among others taxa scored as "?".

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Fig. 15 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 15. Teeth of multituberculate mammal from the lower Paleocene Puercan in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. A. Taeniolabis sp., AMNH 117415, cast, occlusal view of right p4–m2. B, C. Taeniolabis taoensis Cope, 1882. B. AMNH 16310, occlusal view of the left p4–m2. C. AMNH 16321, occlusal view of the right P4–M2.

Fig. 10 in Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Fig. 10. Basicranium of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Undorosaurus? kristiansenae Druckenmiller, Hurum, Knutsen, and Nakrem, 2012 (PMO 214.578, holotype) from Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte, Tithonian. A. Basioccipital posterior (A1), right lateral (A2), ventral (A3) and dorsal (A4) views. B. Basisphenoid in ventral (B1), dorsal (B2), and anterior (B3) views. C. Left stapes in posterior (C1), medial (C2), anterior (C3), and dorsal (C4) views.

Fig. 3 in Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Fig. 3. Explanatory drawing of the skeleton of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Keilhauia sp. (PMO 222.667) from Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte, Tithonian. Modified and corrected from Delsett et al. (2016).

Fig. 6 in Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Fig. 6. Cranial elements of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Keilhauia sp. (PMO 222.667) from Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte, Tithonian. A. Lower jaw fragment in dorsal view (anterior to the left). A3, detail of inner structures with arrow showing position of ventral-pointing tooth from the upper jaw, anterior to the right, in dorsal view. B. Right articular in medial (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. Hyoid in lateral or medial view (anterior to the left). D–F. Teeth. Photographs (A1, B–F), μCT scan images (A2, A3).

Fig. 1. A in Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Fig. 1. A. Map of Svalbard archipelago and the main island Spitsbergen with excavation area marked with an asterisk. B. Geological map of the excavation sites for the SML ophthalmosaurid specimens described and discussed in this paper (red dots); see Fig. 2. Adapted from Hurum et al. (2012).

Fig. 2 in Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Fig. 2. Composite section of the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte with the ophthalmosaurids described and discussed in the text. Specimens described in this paper marked with an asterisk. Modified from Delsett et al. (2017). A bed with a high abundance of echinoderm fossils is set as marker bed (0 m) in the section (Hurum et al. 2012; Rousseau and Nakrem 2012).

Fig. 9 in Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Fig. 9. Elements of Ophthalmosauridae indet. (PMO 224.252) from Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte, Tithonian. A. Left quadrate in posterior view. B. Hyoid in anterior or posterior view. C. Rib in anterior or posterior view.

Fig. 4 in Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Fig. 4. Rostrum fragment of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur Keilhauia sp. PMO 222.667) from Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte, Tithonian. Premaxillae, nasals, and vomer in dorsal (A1) and lateral A2) views. Anterior to the right.

Fig. 8 in Osteology and phylogeny of Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte (Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Fig. 8. Skull of Ophthalmosauridae indet. (PMO 224.252) from Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte, Tithonian; in dorsal (A1, A3) and ventral (A2, A4) views. Photographs (A1, A2) and interpretative drawings (A3, A4). L, left; R, right; paf, parietal foramen; suf, supratemporal fenestra.

Fig. 6 in Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of South American octodontoid rodents

Fig. 6. Ventral view of the basicranial region of octodontids. A. Octodon sp., Recent, MLP 12.VII.88.2. B. Ctenomys maulinus Philippi, 1872, Recent, MLP.X.01.4. C. †Protadelphomys latus Ameghino, 1902 from the Sarmiento Formation, Early Miocene, southern Argentina, MPEF 5006. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 9 in Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of South American octodontoid rodents

Fig. 9. Graphical representation of stem-, crown-, and total-groups, and related times of origin (t1 and t3) and morphological differentiation (t2) (modified from Hennig 1965: fig. 4 and Sereno 2005: fig. 1). Note that in clade A (exemplified by Ctenomyinae and Abrocomidae), t2 and t3 are decoupled while in clade B (exemplified by Octodontinae) they are coincident.

Fig. 4 in Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of South American octodontoid rodents

Fig. 4. Lateral view of the mandible of octodontoids. A. Kannabateomys amblyonyx (Wagner, 1845), Recent, MACN-Ma 15457. B. Tympanoctomys barrerae (Lawrence, 1941), Recent, MLP 2050. C. †Protadelphomys sp. from the Sarmiento Formation, Early Miocene, southern Argentina, CNP Pv 89-21a. Dotted line shows the anterior lower margin of the masseteric crest. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of South American octodontoid rodents

Fig. 3. Lateral (A 1, B 1) and posterolateral (A 2, B 2) views of the temporal region of Recent octodontoids. A. Octomys mimax Thomas, 1920, IMCN-CM 24. B. Proechimys poliopus Osgood, 1914, MLP 22.II.00.7. Dotted line indicates the margin of the supraoccipital. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of South American octodontoid rodents

Fig. 1. Strict consensus of the three most parsimonious trees (139 steps; CI = 0.65, RI = 0.88) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis. Numbers above and below branches represent absolute and relative Bremer support, respectively. A to T represent nodes discussed in the text. Black background indicates major taxa and their corresponding nodes as recognised in this study (cf. Table 1). Dashed lines indicate extinct taxa.

Fig. 7 in Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of South American octodontoid rodents

Fig. 7. Occlusal morphology of the right upper molars (left inverted in B) of octodontids. A. DP4-M1 of †Caviocricetus lucasi Vucetich and Verzi, 1996 from the Sarmiento Formation, Early Miocene, southern Argentina, MPEF 505. B. M1 of †Acaremys group from the Santa Cruz Formation, late Early Miocene, southern Argentina, MLP 15-197. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of South American octodontoid rodents

Fig. 8. Temporal ranges and divergence times of octodontoids mapped on to the strict consensus tree. Occlusal figures of the left m1 or m2 are illustrated next to the corresponding genus (when two figures are presented, the one to the right is ontogenetically more derived). Light gray background, clades adapted to xerophytic forest or open environments, first recorded during the Late Miocene global cooling and drying event; darker gray background, the desert-adapted octodontine clade first recorded during the Late Pliocene (ca. 2.5 Ma) global cooling and drying pulse; H, the modernisation stage represented by the acquisition of euhypsodont molars (black occlusal figures); asterisks, crown-groups. Timescale after Gradstein et al. (2008); isotopic curve after Zachos et al. (2008); palaeoclimatic events after Vrba et al. (1995), Verzi and Quintana (2005), Zachos et al. (2008), and Arakaki et al. (2011).