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1,620 results for “spring”
Data from: Timing of spring departure of long distance migrants correlates with previous year's conditions at their breeding site
<p>Precise timing of the migration is crucial for animals targeting seasonal resources at locations encountered across their annual cycle. Upon departure, long distance migrants need to anticipate unknown environmental conditions at their arrival site, and they do zkzdsxso with their internal annual clock. Here, we tested the hypothesis that long distance migrants synchronize their circannual clock according to the phenology of their environment during the breeding season, and therefore adjust their spring departure date according to the conditions encountered at their breeding site the year before. To this end, we used tracking data of Eurasian curlews from different locations and combined movement data with satellite-extracted green-up dates at their breeding site. Spring departure date was better explained by green-up date of the previous year, while arrival date at the breeding site was better explained by latitude and longitude of the breeding site, suggesting that other factors impacted migration timing <i>en route</i>. On a broader temporal scale, our results suggest that long distance migrants may be able to adjust their migration timing to advancing spring dates in the context of climate change. </p>
Figs. 3–4. Caroline Springs. 3 in TyphloelmisBarr (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Elminae), a New Stygobiontic Riffle Beetle Genus with Three New Species from Texas, USA
Figs. 3–4. Caroline Springs. 3) Submerged spring orifice with partially dissolved limestone substrate; 4) Drift nets in place over spring orifice.
FIGURE 26–31 in Description of two new Cymbella (Bacillariophyta) species from Sakarbaşı spring, Turkey
FIGURE 26–31. SEM micrographs of Cymbella yerlii sp. nov. 26. External view of entire valve, 27. External view of central area showing striae composed of slit-like areolae, rounded-rectangular stigmata and the proximal raphe endings, 28, 29. External view of valve apex showing apical pore field, 30. Girdle view of entire valve, 31. Girdle view of valve apex showing apical pore field. Scale bars 10 µm (Figs 26, 30), 5 µm (Figs 27–29, 31).
FIGURE 8–15 in Description of two new Cymbella (Bacillariophyta) species from Sakarbaşı spring, Turkey
FIGURE 8–15. SEM micrographs of Cymbella balkii sp. nov. 8. External view of entire valve, 9. External view of central area, 10. External view of valve apex showing apical pore field. 11. External view of valve center showing striae composed of slit-like areolae, becoming round close to axial area, varied shapes of stigmata and the proximal raphe endings, 12. Internal view of entire valve. 13. Internal view of valve central area, 14. Internal view of valve ends with dorsally curved, knob-like helictoglossae, apical pore field and uniseriate striae, 15. Internal view of valve centre showing internal stigma openings. Scale bars 20 µm (Figs 8, 12), 5 µm (Figs 9, 13); 4 µm (Figs 10, 11, 15); 3 µm (Fig 14).
FIGURE 1 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China
FIGURE 1. Map of China showing the location of the study area, Baimo Cave in Bama County, Guangxi, China, where samples of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. were collected.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China
FIGURE 4. Caloglossa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) maximum likelihood tree based on the rbcL DNA sequences data. Bootstrap supports for maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference (ML/BI) are shown on branches. '*' denotes the branch differed in the BI topology (data not shown).
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular evidence for the recognition of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from an underground spring in Guangxi, China
FIGURE 3. Drawing of Caloglossa fonticola sp. nov. thallus at the node follows Kamiya et al. (1999, 2003). Transverse pericentral cells are omitted. Axial cells are brown, wing cells are purple, and rhizoids are cyan. AB, abaxial side; AD, adjacent side to the lateral branch; AX, adaxial side; FLA, first axial cell of the lateral axis; FMA, first axial cell of the main axis; LA, lateral axis; LPC, lateral pericentral cell; MA, main axis; NA, nodal axial cell; OP, opposite side to the lateral branch; WC, wing cell; Rhizoids form from groups of second and third-order cells arising from the first three axial cells of the main and lateral axes (type B in Kamiya et al. 2003). Scale bar = 200 µm.
Decreasing effects of precipitation on grassland spring phenology in temperate China
<p>Vegetation phenology is highly sensitive to climate change. The timing of spring phenology in temperate grasslands is primarily regulated by temperature and precipitation. This study aims to study whether the primary factor regulating vegetation phenology changed under ongoing climate change and its underlying mechanisms. In this study, we extracted Start of Season (SOS) dates using five standard methods from satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and determined the primary regulating factor for spring phenology using partial correlation analysis.</p>
Life history strategy and extinction risk in the warm desert perennial spring ephemeral Astragalus holmgreniorum (Fabaceae)
<p>This study of Astragalus holmgreniorum examines its adaptations to the warm desert environment and whether these adaptations will enable it to persist. Its spring ephemeral hemicryptophyte life history strategy is unusual in warm deserts. We used data from a 22-year demographic study supplemented with reproductive output, seed bank and germinant survival studies to examine the population dynamics of this species using discrete-time stochastic matrix modeling. The model showed that A. holmgreniorum is likely to persist in the warm desert in spite of high dormant-season mortality. It relies on a stochastically varying environment with high inter-annual variation in precipitation for persistence, but without a long-lived seed bank, environmental stochasticity confers no advantage. Episodic high reproductive output and frequent seedling recruitment along with a persistent seed bank are adaptations that facilitate its survival. These adaptations place its life history strategy further along the spectrum from 'slower' to 'faster' relative to other perennial spring ephemerals. Extinction risk for small populations is relatively high even though mean λs >1 because of high variance in year quality. This risk is also strongly dependent on seed bank starting values, creating a moving window of extinction risk that varies with population size through time. Astragalus holmgreniorum life history strategy combines the perennial spring ephemeral life form with features more characteristic of desert annuals. These adaptations permit persistence in the warm desert environment. A promising conclusion is that new populations of this endangered species can likely be established through direct seeding.</p>
Datasets for 'High Arctic aerosol hygroscopicity at sub- and supersaturated conditions during spring and summer'
<p>For a description of the datasets, please see the readme file included in the zip folder</p>
FIGURE 7. Habitat photos. A. P in New species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda Hydrobiidae) from two Chihuahuan Desert springs
FIGURE 7. Habitat photos. A. P. madridensis sp. nov., Type locality, Madrid Falls, Presidio Co., TX. B. Crawford-Smith Canyon, Presidio Co., TX. Pool at bottom of image about 1 m across and 0.25 m deep. Photos by B. Schwartz.
FIGURE 6 in New species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda Hydrobiidae) from two Chihuahuan Desert springs
FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of radula of Pyrgulopsis madridensis sp. nov. Individuals in A, C were from Madrid Falls and B, D from Crawford-Smith Canyon. A = portion of radular ribbon; B = portion of radular ribbon; C = portion of radular ribbon; D = lateral teeth, inner and outer marginal teeth. Scale bars = 10 µm.
FIGURE 4 in New species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda Hydrobiidae) from two Chihuahuan Desert springs
FIGURE 4. Shells and anatomical features of Pyrgulopsis madridensis sp. nov. A–C. holotype, Madrid Falls Spring, ANSP A492826. D. Animals with shell removed to show variation in pigmentation. E–F. Penial anatomy illustrating glandular features. Pf=Penial filament, Tg=terminal gland, Tl=terminal lobe, Vg=ventral gland, Dp=penial gland, Dg1=dorsal gland 1, Dg2=dorsal gland 2, Dg3=dorsal gland 3. E. Penis, dorsal surface (yellow color due to Bouin's solution). F. Penis, ventral surface. G. Operculum, outer surface. H. Operculum, inner surface. Scale bars A–F = 100 µm; G–H = 200 µm.
FIGURE 2 in New species of Pyrgulopsis Call & Pilsbry, 1886 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda Hydrobiidae) from two Chihuahuan Desert springs
FIGURE 2. Morphometric analyses of shell shape of P. metcalfi, P. harrymilleri, P. rubra, and P. madridensis sp. nov. Oversize black markers indicate centroids for each species. Colored ellipses reflect 95% concentrations. Principal component analysis illustrating PC1 compared to PC2. Discriminant function analysis (LDA), illustrating DF1 compared to DF2. In both comparisons, the populations of Pyrgulopsis are distinguishable in shape from each other as well as other Pyrgulopsis species. MF = Madrid Falls, CSC = Crawford-Smith Canyon.
Data from: Role of horizontal temperature advection in Arctic surface warming in early spring
<p><span>Extreme Arctic warming scenario is studied with an idealized numerical experiment of polar warming. We employ the Community Earth System Model version 1.0 (CESM1.0) in this study. The control starts from the rest of the data with standard configurations (using a CO<sub>2</sub> concentration of 285 ppm). Overall, the model climate reaches a quasi-equilibrium state after 1,000 years of integration (Yang et al., 2015). A surface albedo perturbation experiment (0.1A) is carried out to achieve global warming and AA. During years 1501-2000, 0.1A is "parallel" to control, with the same initial conditions at the end of year 1500, and it reaches quasi-equilibrium after the 500-year integration. In the numerical result study, we focus on the equilibrium responses using the monthly averaged fields over the last 200 years of integration. Here we offered SAT anomaly, 500 hPa geopotential height, surface wind anomaly, and surface horizontal heat advection anomaly.</span></p>
Data for: Spring emergence and canopy development strategies in miscanthus hybrids in Mediterranean, continental and temperate European climates
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Due to its versatility and storability, biomass is an important resource for renewable materials and energy. Miscanthus hybrids combine high yield potential, low input demand, tolerance of certain marginal land types and several ecosystem benefits. To date, miscanthus breeding has focussed on increasing yield potential by maximising radiation interception through: 1) selection for early emergence, 2) increasing the growth rate to reach canopy closure fastest possible, and 3) delayed flowering and senescence. The objective of this paper is to compare early season re-growth in miscanthus hybrids cultivated at across Europe. Determination of differences in early canopy development on end-of-year yield traits are required to provide information for breeding decisions to improve future crop performance. Therefore, a trial was planted with four miscanthus hybrids (two novel seed-based hybrids <em>M. sinensis×sinensis</em> (<em>M sin×sin</em>) and <em>M. sacchariflorus×sinensis </em>(<em>M sac×sin</em>), a novel rhizome-based <em>M sac×sin</em> and a standard <em>Miscanthus</em>×<em>giganteus </em>(<em>M</em>×<em>g</em>) clone) in the UK, Germany, Croatia and Italy and was monitored in the third and fourth growing season. We determined differences in base temperature, frost sensitivity and emergence strategy between the hybrids. <em>M×g</em> and <em>M sac×sin</em> mainly emerged from belowground plant organs, producing fewer but thicker shoots at the beginning of the growing season, but these shoots were susceptible to air frosts (as determined by recording 0°C at 2 m above ground surface). By contrast, <em>M sin×sin</em> emerged 10 days earlier avoiding damage by late spring frosts with a high number of thinner shoots from aboveground shoots. Therefore we recommend cultivating <em>M sac×sin</em> at locations with low risk and <em>M sin×sin</em> at locations with higher risk of late spring frosts. Selecting miscanthus hybrids producing shoots throughout the vegetation period is an effective strategy to limit the risk of late frost damages and avoid a reduction in yield due to a shortened growing season. </span></p>
Effects of mowing, spring precipitation, soil nutrients and enzymes on grassland productivity
<p>Little research has assessed how the timing and intensity of grazing might affect plant biomass, available nutrients, and soil extracellular enzyme activity (EEA), and how climate change might influence these responses. We tested the effect of two <span>spring precipitation variability </span>(rainfed control, -30% of ambient), two mowing intensity (moderate, severe), and two mowing season treatments (June, October) on plant and soil properties. We detected an interactive effect of precipitation, mowing intensity, and mowing season on plant biomass. When plots were mowed at a moderate intensity, water reductions had irregular effects on plant biomass depending on the mowing season. Plant biomass was also 11% greater in plots mowed at moderate than severe intensities. Most soil nutrients were unaffected by treatments, except for calcium. Soil EEA was unaffected by treatments; however, the activity of a phosphorus (P)-acquisition enzyme was ≥4 times greater than the activity of nitrogen (N)- and carbon-acquisition enzymes. A substantial amount (adjusted R2= 0.51) of plot-to-plot variation in plant biomass was explained by three soil properties, especially a N-acquisition enzyme and to a lesser degree by plant available P and soil pH. The grassland had a high degree of natural buffering capacity as most soil properties were resistant to shifts in 6-yr spring precipitation and 5-yr simulated grazing intensity and season. Grassland plant biomass varied by treatments and was seemingly limited by biogeochemical constraints, especially the prevalent need to mobilize P and a secondary need to acquire N as plant biomass increased.</p>
FIG. 3 in Ecosystem Functions of a Spring-Fed Tributary in Providing Foraging Habitat and Thermal Refuge for Juvenile Masu Salmon
FIG. 3. Seasonal changes in the population density of juvenile Oncorhynchus masou masou in the spring-fed tributary (A) and runoff tributary (B) reaches. Gray bands indicate the 95% confidence intervals of the estimated population densities.
FIG. 2 in Ecosystem Functions of a Spring-Fed Tributary in Providing Foraging Habitat and Thermal Refuge for Juvenile Masu Salmon
FIG. 2. Flow (A) and temperature (B) regimes of the spring-fed and runoff tributaries and mainstems. *Water levels were initially set to 0 cm (at the onset of monitoring).
Roots of spring barley
<p>Cropped images of roots of spring barley seedlings. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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