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Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Wind Speed and Wind Direction Measurements, 1965 - present
Wind data have been measured by an anemometer mounted 3 m above the ground at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Headquarters since 1965. Prior to 1981, every mile of wind movement caused a tick mark on a strip-chart recorder, and wind direction as N, S, E, W, or a combination, was recorded continuously. From 1981-2003, wind speed and direction were measured with a MetOne wind speed sensor. In June 2003 the MetOne was replaced with a R.M. Young company wind speed direction sensor (model 05103). Since that time, wind direction (azimuth) is based on a 0 to 360 degree scale. These data were gathered at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in Woodstock, NH, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Vapor Pressure Measurements, 1966 - ongoing
Relative humidity has been measured within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest since 1956. Prior to 1981, relative humidity was measured at seven hygrothermographs within the forest. Minimum relative humidity at the time of maximum daily temperature was converted to vapor pressure. Digital data from the hygrothermograph charts are only available for three short periods prior to 1981: January 1966 to April 1966; June 1967 to Sept. 1967 and; May 1971 to April 1973. Beginning in 1981, a humidity sensor has operated as part of the automatic weather station at Headquarters. After installation of the digital sensor in 1981, mean daily air temperature and mean daily relative humidity were used in vapor pressure calculations. These data were gathered at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in Woodstock, NH, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Chemistry of Streamwater – Monthly Fluxes, Watershed 4, 1963 - ongoing
These data are monthly fluxes of solutes in stream water measured in watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and are a part of the Hubbard Brook Watershed Ecosystem Record (HBWatER), which is a long-term record of stream and precipitation chemistry and volume. The solute fluxes in stream water are calculated as the product of the volume of stream water and solute concentrations. There are nine gaged watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, some of which have been subjected to experimental manipulations. The calculation of fluxes is currently supervised by John Campbell (US Forest Service). The long-term stream water record is collected and maintained by the US Forest Service. The collection and management of the long-term stream and precipitation chemistry record was initiated in 1963 by Gene E. Likens, F. Herbert Bormann, Robert S. Pierce, and Noye M. Johnson. HBWatER is currently sustained by Tammy Wooster (Cary IES) and Jeff Merriam (USFS) and the dataset is curated and maintained by a team of researchers: Chris Solomon (Cary IES), Emma Rosi (Cary IES), Emily Bernhardt (Duke), Lindsey Rustad (USFS), John Campbell (USFS), Bill McDowell (UNH), Charley Driscoll (Syracuse U.), Mark Green (Case Western), and Scott Bailey (USFS). Current Financial Support for HBWatER is provided by NSF LTREB # 1907683 and the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the US Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Daily Solar Radiation Measurements, 1959 - present
Daily solar radiation has been measured at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest Headquarters since 1959, using several different sensors. Radiation was recorded continuously first by a Belfort pyranograph and later by a Weather Measure pyranograph. The pyranograph has been at its current Headquarter location since 1960 and before that at weather station 1, near weir 1. With the installation of the automatic weather station in 1981, a LiCor pyranometer was collocated with the pyranograph and used as the primary radiation sensor. In April, 2018 the LiCor sensor was exchanged for an Apogee SP230 light sensor. Data checking was done on the entire record and values flagged when changes were made to previously posted, erroneous or missing data. These data are gathered at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in Woodstock, NH, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Chemistry of Streamwater – Monthly Fluxes, Watershed 5, 1963 - ongoing
These data are monthly fluxes of solutes in stream water measured in watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and are a part of the Hubbard Brook Watershed Ecosystem Record (HBWatER), which is a long-term record of stream and precipitation chemistry and volume. The solute fluxes in stream water are calculated as the product of the volume of stream water and solute concentrations. There are nine gaged watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, some of which have been subjected to experimental manipulations. The calculation of fluxes is currently supervised by John Campbell (US Forest Service). The long-term stream water record is collected and maintained by the US Forest Service. The collection and management of the long-term stream and precipitation chemistry record was initiated in 1963 by Gene E. Likens, F. Herbert Bormann, Robert S. Pierce, and Noye M. Johnson. HBWatER is currently sustained by Tammy Wooster (Cary IES) and Jeff Merriam (USFS) and the dataset is curated and maintained by a team of researchers: Chris Solomon (Cary IES), Emma Rosi (Cary IES), Emily Bernhardt (Duke), Lindsey Rustad (USFS), John Campbell (USFS), Bill McDowell (UNH), Charley Driscoll (Syracuse U.), Mark Green (Case Western), and Scott Bailey (USFS). Current Financial Support for HBWatER is provided by NSF LTREB # 1907683 and the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the US Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Chemistry of Streamwater – Monthly Fluxes, Watershed 6, 1963 - ongoing
These data are monthly fluxes of solutes in stream water measured in watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and are a part of the Hubbard Brook Watershed Ecosystem Record (HBWatER), which is a long-term record of stream and precipitation chemistry and volume. The solute fluxes in stream water are calculated as the product of the volume of stream water and solute concentrations. There are nine gaged watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, some of which have been subjected to experimental manipulations. The calculation of fluxes is currently supervised by John Campbell (US Forest Service). The long-term stream water record is collected and maintained by the US Forest Service. The collection and management of the long-term stream and precipitation chemistry record was initiated in 1963 by Gene E. Likens, F. Herbert Bormann, Robert S. Pierce, and Noye M. Johnson. HBWatER is currently sustained by Tammy Wooster (Cary IES) and Jeff Merriam (USFS) and the dataset is curated and maintained by a team of researchers: Chris Solomon (Cary IES), Emma Rosi (Cary IES), Emily Bernhardt (Duke), Lindsey Rustad (USFS), John Campbell (USFS), Bill McDowell (UNH), Charley Driscoll (Syracuse U.), Mark Green (Case Western), and Scott Bailey (USFS). Current Financial Support for HBWatER is provided by NSF LTREB # 1907683 and the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the US Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Chemistry of Streamwater – Monthly Fluxes, Watershed 7, 1965 - ongoing
These data are monthly fluxes of solutes in stream water measured in watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest and are a part of the Hubbard Brook Watershed Ecosystem Record (HBWatER), which is a long-term record of stream and precipitation chemistry and volume. The solute fluxes in stream water are calculated as the product of the volume of stream water and solute concentrations. There are nine gaged watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, some of which have been subjected to experimental manipulations. The calculation of fluxes is currently supervised by John Campbell (US Forest Service). The long-term stream water record is collected and maintained by the US Forest Service. The collection and management of the long-term stream and precipitation chemistry record was initiated in 1963 by Gene E. Likens, F. Herbert Bormann, Robert S. Pierce, and Noye M. Johnson. HBWatER is currently sustained by Tammy Wooster (Cary IES) and Jeff Merriam (USFS) and the dataset is curated and maintained by a team of researchers: Chris Solomon (Cary IES), Emma Rosi (Cary IES), Emily Bernhardt (Duke), Lindsey Rustad (USFS), John Campbell (USFS), Bill McDowell (UNH), Charley Driscoll (Syracuse U.), Mark Green (Case Western), and Scott Bailey (USFS). Current Financial Support for HBWatER is provided by NSF LTREB # 1907683 and the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the US Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Fisher Meteorological Station at Harvard Forest since 2001
The Fisher Meteorological Station became operational on 11 Feb 2001. The station is located in an open field 200 m north of the Shaler Met Station, in a site chosen to minimize the angle of surrounding trees above the horizon (currently 15-25 degrees from the station at breast height). The Fisher Met Station records air temperature, relative humidity, dew point, precipitation (including water equivalent of snow), global solar radiation, PAR radiation, net radiation, barometric pressure, scalar wind speed, vector wind speed, peak gust speed (1-second), vector wind direction, standard deviation of wind direction (wind measurements at 10 m height), and soil temperature (10 cm depth). Instruments are scanned once per second, and 15-minute (hourly before 2005) and daily values are calculated and stored by a datalogger. Data for the current month are available online, updated every 15 minutes, with out-of-range values replaced by NA but values not otherwise checked. Earlier data are checked and archived monthly with missing, questionable, and estimated values flagged, following methods of the LTER ClimbDB project. A log of events affecting station measurements (e.g., instrument repair and recalibration, ice storms, lightning) and selected monthly and annual values are also posted. For current data, please see: https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/met-hydro-stations. For a longer climate record that includes adjusted data from the Shaler Met Station, please see dataset HF300.
Holocene Development of a Forested Wetland in Central Massachusetts from 12500 BP to Present
The post-glacial history of two adjacent sites in the Harvard Forest, a 10-ha swamp (Black Gum Swamp) and a 0.006-ha hollow (Hemlock Hollow) in a Tsuga canadensis forest were investigated using pollen analysis. The sites were selected in order to contrast the regional vegetation history revealed from the swamp sediments with the local history of the Tsuga forest reconstructed from the Hollow sediments. Specific objectives were (1) to document the natural and anthropogenic disturbance history, (2) to examine the long-term vegetation dynamics of the two sites resulting from environmental change, species migration, and disturbance, especially with respect to Tsuga, and (3) to contrast the pre-and post-settlement vegetation and environments. The Swamp and Hollow cores contain continuous sediment records covering the past 12,300 and 9500 yr, respectively. Regional vegetation changes are delimited in six pollen zones: I, Herb zone, (12500 – 11800 yr BP); II, Picea zone (11800 –9350 yr BP) III, Pinus-Quercus zone (9350-8350 yr BP); IV, Tsuga-northern hardwoods zone (8350-1750 yr BP); V, Tsuga-Castanea-hardwoods zone (1750-200 yr BP); and VI, Post-settlement zone (200 yr BP-present). No disturbances are detected in the periods of tundra or boreal vegetation from 12500 to 8350 yr BP. Since 8350 yr BP three distinct disturbance processes are detectable: (1) fires recorded in discrete charcoal horizons, (2) the apparent pathogenic decline of Tsuga (4700-3500 yr BP) and the blight of Castanea (~1915 A.D.), and (3) post-settlement forest cutting, burning, land clearance an cultivation (1750 A.D. to present).
Litterfall in Simulated Hurricane Experiment at Harvard Forest since 1989
The hurricane site contains two plots - the blowdown (treatment) and the control - TSB and TSC respectively. The control plot contains 12 baskets and the blowdown 13. Litter baskets were placed in both the blowdown and control plots in Sept 1989. TSB-13 was originally part of an AVIRIS overflight study and was not included in the data collections until 1990. The litterfall year begins approximately September 20 each year. Years are designated with the fall date, e.g., Sept 1989-Sept 1990 is the 1989 litter year. Litter was collected 2x/year (Nov and the following Sep) in 1989 and 1990 and 3x/year in all subsequent years (Nov, June and Sep). Baskets were removed from the blowdown plot in fall 1990 while the experimental manipulation was underway. Only control plot baskets were collected for the 1990-1991 litterfall year. Nov. 2005 and June 2006 are combined as early snow in Nov. 2005 precluded collection. Litter was not sorted by species in all years and in most cases only the Nov collections were sorted from 1989 through 1993, 2000 and 2006. In other years, a total unsorted litter weight for each basket was recorded. Unsorted litter is indicated as unsorted species type.
Prey Capture by Carnivorous Plants Worldwide 1923-2007
Available phylogenetic data illustrate that in all carnivorous lineages, the ancestral trap type is a sticky, flypaper-type trap (Ellison and Gotelli, 2001). In the Caryophyllales, pitfall traps (Nepenthes) and snap traps (Dionaea and Aldrovanda) are derived relative to the sticky pads of Drosera. Similarly, in the Lamiales, the sticky-leaved Pinguicula is ancestral to Genlisea with its eel (or lobster-pot) traps and Utricularia with its vacuum traps. In the Ericales, the Sarraceniaceae with its pitfall traps are derived relative to Roridula, another species with flypaper traps. Muller et al. (2004) hypothesed that carnivorous genera with rapidly evolving genomes (Genlisea and Utricularia) have more predictable and frequent captures of prey than do genera with more slowly evolving genomes; by extension it could be hypothesized that in general, carnivorous plants with more complex traps should have more predictable and frequent captures of prey than do those with relatively simple traps. Increases in predictability and frequency of prey capture could be achieved by evolving more elaborate mechanisms for attracting prey, by specializing on particular types of prey, or, as Darwin suggested, by specializing on particular (large) sizes of prey. In all cases, one would expect that prey actually captured would not be a random sample of the available prey. Furthermore, when multiple species of carnivorous plants co-occur, one would predict, again following Darwin that interspecific competition would lead to specialization on particular kinds of prey. Because the traps of carnivorous plants accumulate identifiable remains of prey, analysis of trap contents can provide an aggregate record of the prey that have been successfully "sampled" by the plant. Such samples could be used to begin to test the hypothesis that carnivorous plant genera differ in prey composition and to look for evidence of specialization in prey capture. Over the past 80 years, numerous ecologists have gat
Construction Costs of Carnivorous and Non-Carnivorous Plants at Harvard Forest 2006-2008
Leaf traits, including photosynthetic rates, leaf mass area, and leaf nutrient content covary in a coordinated way for a wide range of plant taxa. This covariation results from trade-offs between the costs of constructing plant tissues and the benefits accrued from photosynthesis. Carnivorous plants have been found to be outliers in the "universal spectrum of leaf traits" because they have very low photosynthetic rates for the amount of nitrogen in their leaves and traps. But no studies have measured simultaneously the actual construction costs of carnivorous traps and rates of photosynthesis to determine the amortization required to recover the investment (the "payback time") and thereby calculate the "marginal gain" of "investing" in carnivorous structures. The objective of this study was to measure construction costs (CCmass, grams of glucose required to build 1g of ash-free dry mass of tissue) and photosynthesis (Amass, nmol CO2 g-1 s-1) for traps, leaves, roots, and rhizomes of 15 carnivorous plant species with differing mechanisms of prey capture and consumption (pitfall traps, snap-traps, sticky pads) grown under greenhouse conditions. Payback time (h) was calculated as the quotient of CCmass and Amass after conversion to nmol of carbon per gram of ash-free dry mass. There were highly significant differences amongst species for CCmass of traps but there were no significant differences for CCmass amongst traps, roots and rhizomes. Mean (+- SD) CCmass for traps (1.14 +- 0.24 g glucose g-1) was significantly lower than the mean CCmass of leaves of 267 non-carnivorous plant species (1.47 +- 0.17 g glucose g-1). However, all 15 carnivorous plants examined in this study had low Amass and thus, the marginal gain of carnivory is small with a long payback time (524-1641 h). Our results of low CCmass for carnivorous traps is contrary to the oft-stated expectation of a high cost to construct elaborate carnivorous traps. Payback time integrates traits used to assess leaf
Sarracenia Purpurea Prey Capture at Harvard Forest 2008
We experimentally demonstrate that nectar, not color, is the primary attractant of prey to carnivorous pitcher plants in their native habitats. Prey capture (either all taxa summed or individual common taxa considered separately) was not associated with total red area or patterning on pitchers of living pitcher plants. We separated effects of nectar availability and coloration using painted "pseudopitchers", half of which were coated with sugar solution. Unsugared pseudopitchers captured virtually no prey, whereas pseudopitchers with sugar solution captured the same amount of prey as living pitchers. In contrast to a recent study that associated red coloration with prey capture but that lacked appropriate controls for nectar availability, we conclude that nectar, not color, is the primary means by which pitcher plants attract prey.
Harvard Forest Flora Database from 1908 to Present
We conducted a floristic inventory of Harvard Forest, in order to: (1) document the current vascular flora of Harvard Forest; (2) evaluate the extent to which the flora has changed over the past century.
Harvard Forest Herbarium Database from 1908 to Present
As a part of the broader Harvard Forest Flora project (see data set HF116), we prepared a database of all specimens located in the Harvard Forest herbarium.
Ant Assemblages in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest since 2003
Ants comprise a considerable amount of animal biomass in terrestrial ecosystems and play major roles in ecological processes ranging from seed dispersal to soil turnover. Invasion by the hemlock woolly adelgid will transform late-successional hemlock forests into earlier successional mixed hardwood - white pine forests or red-maple wetlands. Understanding how ant assemblages vary in different habitat types allows for predictions of how hemlock decline could alter the composition of ant assemblages, with implications for a wide range of ecosystem processes. As part of the Hemlock Removal Experiment at the Simes Tract, we annually monitor ant species composition and abundance.
Tree Seed Dispersal in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest 2005
Throughout the northeast, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) threatens eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) through direct mortality resulting from infestation followed by defoliation and indirect mortality in the form of pre-emptive logging. The efficacy of regeneration of vegetation following hemlock decline depends upon advance regeneration of seedlings and saplings, seed dispersal, and recruitment. In this study, we investigated (1) whether the basic parameters of height of release and wind velocity affected seed dispersal distance and (2) tested the fit of a basic ballistic model of seed dispersal to empirical data in areas both with and without canopies. We collected empirical data from seed dropping and seed rain experiments at Harvard Forest. Height and wind velocity only affected seed dispersal distance in open areas. Predicted values of dispersal distance generated by the basic ballistic model did not provide a good fit to observed dispersal data. Poor fits of the ballistic model to the data were due to the model’s inability to account for rare, long distance dispersal events. More complex models with additional parameters are necessary to model non-localized seed dispersal.
Stream Macroinvertebrates in Hemlock and Deciduous Watersheds at Harvard Forest 2005-2007
Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) is a common forest species that is declining throughout its range in the eastern United States because of the invasion of an non-native forest pest, Adelges tsugae (Hemlock Woolly Adelgid). This pest kills infected trees, and over time, infected stands are replaced by deciduous forests. The conversion of forests from Hemlock to deciduous species is predicted to impact the hydrology, chemistry, and biology of associated headwater streams. In this study, we examined the macroinvertebrate communities of two adjacent headwater streams with differing Hemlock influence in central Massachusetts. Abundance, taxa richness, diversity, and unique taxa were generally greater in the deciduous stream. Differences in the distribution of functional feeding groups were observed: the Hemlock stream had a greater percentage of collector-gatherers while the deciduous stream had a greater percentage of shredders and predators. These findings suggest that macroinvertebrate communities in streams draining Hemlock and deciduous watersheds may differ in structure and function, and that anticipated Hemlock mortality may impact the region’s stream ecology.
Canopy LiDAR Measurements in Hemlock Removal Experiment at Harvard Forest 2005
As the ecological functioning of a forest stand is often related to the spatial organization of the canopy, we used a portable canopy LiDAR (PCL; Parker et al. 2004) to measure volumetric canopy structure in the simulated HWA management treatments. In September and October 2005, prior to leaf abscission, we set up 16 parallel transects spaced 2 meters apart in the 900 m2 (30 x 30 m) interior of each of the eight treatment plots. The orientation of the transects were either north-south or east-west to minimize the difficulty of traversing the stand. The distances to canopy surfaces more than1 m above the ground along the transects were recorded with the PCL. Assuming a constant horizontal sampling rate, the continual height measures were binned into 1 m intervals. From these measures, vertical canopy profiles, canopy openness, canopy rugosity, and other metrics related to the three-dimensional structure of the canopy can be derived. These canopy measures will be repeated minimally at 5 and 15 year intervals to develop an understanding of early structural dynamics and micrometeorological consequences associated with the simulated HWA treatments. (Parker, G.G., D.J. Harding, and M.L. Berger. 2004. A portable LIDAR system for rapid determination of forest canopy structure. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 755-767).
Forest Change and Human Populations in New England 1600-2015
As part of retrospective studies of land-use across New England, information was compiled on forest cover and human population for the New England states. The states share a common history of deforestation for agriculture followed by farm abandonment and natural reforestation with the exception of northern Maine, which was never densely settled and largely remained forested. The extent to which these secondary forests differ in structure and function from permanently wooded areas or the forests of the pre-settlement period forms a major research emphasis of Harvard Forest studies.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.