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Co-ocurrence patterns of marine catfishes in the Amazonian estuary: Data and coding
<p>Data and script to analyze the local co-occurrence patterns of ariids in the Amazonian estuary. These results are discussed in the manuscript "Environmental conditions promote local segregation of catfishes in the Amazonian estuary, but ecomorphological differences may allow aggregation", soon to be submitted as a preprint to EcoEvoRxiv Preprints.</p>
Antipredator tactics: a kin-selection benefit for defensive spines in coral catfish?
Morphological features that impair a predator's ability to consume a prey item may benefit individual prey; but what of features that prolong prey-handling but do not enhance prey survival? For example, a Striped Eel Catfish (Plotosus lineatus) will be fatally envenomated if struck by its specialist predator, the Greater Sea Snake (Hydrophis major). Nonetheless, the catfish typically erects long, toxic pectoral and dorsal spines that increase prey-handling times for the snake by around eightfold. Because the catfish travel in swarms of closely-related individuals, the delay enforced by spines may enable the victim's swarm-mates to disperse before the snake is able to search for another meal. In keeping with that hypothesis, defensive spines tend to be longer in catfish from regions where the Greater Sea Snake occurs, than from areas where the snake does not occur. Our data thus suggest that defensive weaponry in catfish, as in some eusocial insects, can evolve via kin selection as well as natural selection.
FIGURE 6 in A new catfish species of Microcambeva Costa & Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes Trichomycteridae) from a coastal basin in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 6. Geographic distribution Microcambeva catfishes in the Atlantic Forest costal basins of southeastern Brazil. White star: type locality new species M. bendego; Black square: type locality of M. barbata; Blue hexagon: M. filamentosa; Gray diamond: M. ribeirae; Red triangle: M. jucuensis; Yellow circle: M. mucuriensis; Pentagon orange: M. draco. White line: Guanabara Bay region; Black line: River basin limits.
FIGURE 2 in A new catfish species of Microcambeva Costa & Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes Trichomycteridae) from a coastal basin in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 2. Ventral view of holotype of Microcambeva bendego, new species, holotype, MNRJ 52042, 28.1 mm SL, white arrow indicates the finger-like projections. Scale bar: 1.0mm.
FIGURE 3 in A new catfish species of Microcambeva Costa & Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes Trichomycteridae) from a coastal basin in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 3. Skull, Hyoid Arch, Jaws, Opercular Apparatus, pectoral fin and girdle, Suspensorium, anterior vertebrae and Weberian complex of Microcambeva bendego, new species, holotype, MNRJ 52042, 28.1 mm SL. Dorsal view (A) and Ventral view (B). Abbreviations: AAR, Anguloarticular; ACH: Anterior ceratohyal; BAR: Barbular; BAS+EXO: Basioccipital-exoccipital bone; BRR: Branchiostegal rays; CLE: Cleithrum; DEN: Dentary; EPO: Epioccipital; HYO: Hyomandibula; IOP: Interopercle; LAN: Lacrimal-antorbital; LAT: Lateral ethmoid; MAX: Maxilla; MET: Mesethmoid; MPT: Metapterygoid; OPE: Opercle; ORB: Orbitosphenoid; PAT: Parietal; PAL: Autoplatine; PCH: Posterior ceratohyal; PMX: Premaxilla; POP, Preopercle; PSC: Posttemporo-supracleithrum; PSO: Parieto-supraoccipital; PTE: Pterotic; PUH: Parurohyal; QUA: Quadrate; SCO, Scapulocoracoid; SPH+POT+PSF: Sphenotic + Prootic + Pterosphenoid complex; VHH: Ventral hypohyal; VOM: Vomer; WEB: Capsule of Weberian apparatus; psp S6: Posterior supraorbital pore S6. Scale bar: 1.0mm.
FIGURE 4 in A new catfish species of Microcambeva Costa & Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes Trichomycteridae) from a coastal basin in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 4. Suspensorium, opercular apparatus and jaws of Microcambeva bendego, new species, holotype, MNRJ 52042, 28.1 mm SL. Left lateral view. Abbreviations: ACH: Anterior ceratohyal; BRR: Branchiostegal rays; DEN: Dentary; HYO: Hyomandibula; IOP: Interopercle; LAT: Lateral ethmoid; MAX: Maxilla; MET: Mesethmoid; OPE: Opercle; ORB: Orbitosphenoid; PMX: Premaxilla; POP: Preopercle; PUH: Parurohyal; QUA: Quadrate; VHH: Ventral hypohyal. Scale bar: 1.0mm.
FIGURE 5 in A new catfish species of Microcambeva Costa & Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes Trichomycteridae) from a coastal basin in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 5. Caudal skeleton of Microcambeva bendego, new species, holotype, MNRJ 52042, 28.1 mm SL. Left lateral view. Abbreviations: HES: Hemal spine; HYP 1–2: Hypural plate 1–2 plus parhypural, fused; HYP 3–5: Hypural plate 3–5 fused; NES: Neural spine; URO: Uroneural. Scale bar: 1.0mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new catfish species of Microcambeva Costa & Bockmann 1994 (Siluriformes Trichomycteridae) from a coastal basin in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Microcambeva bendego, new species, holotype, MNRJ 52042, 28.1 mm SL. Rio Guapiaçu, near Cachoeiras de Macacu, rio Guapi-Macacu basin, Guapimirim Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil. a. lateral view; b. dorsal view; c. ventral view. Scale: 10 mm.
FIGURE 1 A in The identity of the exotic Pterygoplichthys sailfin catfishes in Sri Lanka (Teleostei Loricariidae)
FIGURE 1 A, Variations in ventral color patterns of the Pterygoplichthys species. 1, holotype of Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, MZUSP 28360, with ventral vermiculations; 2–4, individuals identified as P. disjunctivus morphotype in Sri Lanka; 5–9, individuals identified as intermediate morphotypes; 10–11, individuals identified as P. pardalis morphotype; 12, holotype of P. pardalis, MNHN A-9574 with discrete ventral spots. Photographs 1 and 12 are courtesy of Michel Donato Gianeti and Malclyne Hautecoeur, respectively. B, Distribution of Pterygoplichthys species in Sri Lanka. Black lines represent basin boundaries. C, Median-joining haplotype network for Pterygoplichthys samples based on the 452 bp fragment of the 16S-rRNA gene. Sizes of circles correspond to the number of individuals sharing a given haplotype. Number of mutational steps are indicated by hatch-marks along the edges. D, Factor scores of PC1 vs PC2 of the Principal Component Analysis of species identified as P. disjunctivus morphotype (black circle, n=12), P. pardalis morphotype (white circle, n=5) and intermediate morphotype (white square, n=11) based on 13 external measurements.
Data from: High levels of genetic structure and striking phenotypic variability in a sexually dimorphic suckermouth catfish from the African Highveld
Uncovering biological diversity to more accurately understand diversity patterns, and ultimately the processes driving diversification, is important not only from an evolutionary perspective but also a conservation perspective. This is particularly pertinent in Africa's rivers in which overall diversity, as well as how it arose, is poorly understood in comparison with lacustrine environments. Here we investigate population divergence in the sexually dimorphic suckermouth catfish species Chiloglanis anoterus (Crass, 1960) from the African Highveld, in which we observe striking variability in exaggerated male caudal fins across its range. As this trait is likely to be indirect evidence for sexual selection by female choice, a mechanism that has been shown to increase species diversity in different taxa, we used an integrated approach to test if current diversity in this species is underestimated. Results based on phylogenetic inference, population genetics and geometric morphometrics indicate that the recognized species C. anoterus represents five distinct lineages that may be considered confirmed candidate species. We suggest that diversification in these highland catfish has been facilitated through geographical isolation in upper river catchments, and that sexual selection through female choice has probably driven variation in male caudal fin morphology. In contrast to the relatively large range size of the currently recognized species (C. anoterus), our findings highlight highly restricted ranges of the lineages identified here, indicating that these highland habitats may harbour higher levels of endemic diversity than previously thought.
Data from: Continental diversification of an African catfish radiation (Mochokidae: Synodontis)
Despite African rivers containing high species diversity, continental-scale studies investigating the mechanisms generating biological diversity of African riverine faunas are limited compared to lacustrine systems.To investigate the build up of diversity in a tropical aquatic continental radiation, we test different models of lineage diversification and reconstruct the biogeographic history in a species-rich siluriform genus, Synodontis (~130 species), with a broad distribution across all major tropical African drainage basins. The resulting robust species-level phylogeny (~60% complete, based on a multigene dataset) exhibits a near constant rate of lineage accumulation throughout the mid-Cenozoic to Recent, irrespective of missing species and despite the changing environmental conditions that were prevalent during this time period. This pattern contrasts with the findings for species-level diversification of large clades that commonly show an early burst of cladogenesis followed by declining rates through time. The identification of distinct biogeographic cladesdemonstrates acorrelation between river hydrology and cladogenesis, although there is evidence of recent repeat dispersal into the southern range of the focal group.We conclude that diverse freshwater fish radiations with tropical continental distributions represent important organisms to test hypotheses of diversification and investigate the effects of palaeo landscapes and climates on present day biodiversity.
Data from: Reduction of the pectoral spine and girdle in domesticated Channel Catfish is likely caused by changes in selection pressure
Locked pectoral spines of the Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus more than double the fish's width and complicate ingestion by gape-limited predators. The spine mates with the pectoral girdle, a robust structure that anchors the spine. This study demonstrates that both spine and girdle exhibit negative allometric growth and that pectoral spines and girdles are lighter in domesticated than in wild Channel Catfish. This finding could be explained by changes in selection pressure for spine growth during domestication or by an epigenetic effect in which exposure to predators in wild fish stimulates pectoral growth. We tested the epigenetic hypothesis by exposing domesticated Channel Catfish fingerlings to Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides predators for 13 weeks. Spines and girdles grow isometrically in the fingerlings, and regression analysis indicates no difference in proportional pectoral growth between control and predator-exposed fish. Therefore a change in selection pressure likely accounts for smaller pectoral growth in domesticated Channel Catfish. Decreasing spine growth in older fish suggests anti-predator functions are most important in smaller fish. Additionally, growth of the appendicular and axial skeleton is controlled differentially, and mechanical properties of the spine and not just its length are an important component of this defensive adaptation.
Data from: Kooiichthys jono n. gen. n. sp., a primitive catfish (Teleostei, Siluriformes) from the marine Miocene of southern South America
A specimen of a remarkable new catfish genus and species was collected in middle/late Miocene marine beds of the Puerto Madryn Formation at the base of the marine cliff of the sea lion colony area near Puerto Pirámide, southern coast of Península Valdés, northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Siluriforms (catfishes) constitute a most important monophyletic ostariophysan group of mainly freshwater fishes that occurs in almost all continents but it is especially diverse in South America. Catfishes are presently distributed in tropical to temperate areas and a small number of species are marine or amphibiotic. The new catfish shows many primitive features for catfishes in the maxilla, autopalatine, hyal elements, and Weberian apparatus. The genus is clearly distinguished by four autapomorphies: sand clock—shaped autopalatine, posterior limb of autopalatine widening strongly, post-articular arm of autopalatine longer, and a metapterygoid longer than broad. One tree was obtained both under equal and implied weighting with the following topology: a basal polytomy in the Siluriformes formed by Diplomystidae, Bachmanniidae, Kooiichthys and the Siluroidei. The new species appears to have been a marine or amphibiotic taxon: it was collected in beds considered to represent the Maximum Flooding Horizon of the transgression that deposited the Puerto Madryn Formation. The coast at this moment was at approximately 90 km to the west. According to faunistic evidence, the sea was warm temperate.
Data from: Molecular phylogeny of the highly diversified catfish subfamily Loricariinae (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) reveals incongruences with morphological classification
The Loricariinae belong to the Neotropical mailed catfish family Loricariidae, the most species-rich catfish family. Among loricariids, members of the Loricariinae are united by a long and flattened caudal peduncle and the absence of an adipose fin. Despite numerous studies of the Loricariidae, there is no comprehensive phylogeny of this morphologically highly diversified subfamily. To fill this gap, we present a molecular phylogeny of this group, including 350 representatives, based on the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (8426 positions). The resulting phylogeny indicates that Loricariinae are distributed into two sister tribes: Harttiini and Loricariini. The Harttiini tribe, as classically defined, constitutes a paraphyletic assemblage and is here restricted to the three genera Harttia, Cteniloricaria, and Harttiella. Two subtribes are distinguished within Loricariini: Farlowellina and Loricariina. Within Farlowellina, the nominal genus formed a paraphyletic group, as did Sturisoma and Sturisomatichthys. Within Loricariina, Loricaria, Crossoloricaria, and Apistoloricaria are also paraphyletic. To solve these issues, and given the lack of clear morphological diagnostic features, we propose here to synonymize several genera (Quiritixys with Harttia; East Andean members of Crossoloricaria, and Apistoloricaria with Rhadinoloricaria; Ixinandria, Hemiloricaria, Fonchiiichthys, and Leliella with Rineloricaria), to restrict others (Crossoloricaria, and Sturisomatichthys to the West Andean members, and Sturisoma to the East Andean species), and to revalidate the genus Proloricaria.
Data from: Trunk dental tissue evolved independently from underlying dermal bony plates but is associated to surface bones in living odontode-bearing catfish
Although oral dental tissue is a vertebrate attribute, trunk dental tissue evolved in several extinct vertebrate lineages but is rare among living species. The question of which processes trigger dental-tissue formation in the trunk remains open, and would shed light on odontogenesis evolution. Extra-oral dental structures (odontodes) in the trunk are associated with underlying dermal bony plates, leading us to ask whether the formation of trunk bony plates is necessary for trunk odontodes to emerge. To address this question, we focus on Loricarioidei: an extant, highly diverse group of catfish whose species all have odontodes. We examined the location and cover of odontodes and trunk dermal bony plates for all six loricarioid families and 17 non-loricarioid catfish families for comparison. We inferred the phylogeny of Loricarioidei using a new 10-gene dataset, eight time-calibration points, and noise-reduction techniques. Based on this phylogeny, we reconstructed the ancestral states of odontode and bony plate cover, and find that trunk odontodes emerged before dermal bony plates in Loricarioidei. Yet we discovered that when bony plates are absent, other surface bones are always associated with odontodes, suggesting a link between osteogenic and odontogenic developmental pathways, and indicating a remarkable trunk odontogenic potential in Loricarioidei.
Figure 2 in Two new catfish species of typically Amazonian lineages in the Upper Rio Paraguay (Aspredinidae: Hoplomyzontinae and Trichomycteridae: Vandelliinae), with a biogeographic discussion
Figure 2. Live coloration of Paracanthopoma saci. Lateral view of MZUSP 125622, 19.9 mm SL.
Data from: Aggression supersedes individual oxygen demand to drive group air-breathing in a social catfish
1) Group-living is widespread among animals and comes with numerous costs and benefits. To date, research examining group-living has focused on trade-offs surrounding foraging, while other forms of resource acquisition have been largely overlooked. 2) Air breathing has evolved in many fish lineages, allowing animals to obtain oxygen in hypoxic aquatic environments. Breathing air increases the threat of predation, so some species perform group air breathing, to reduce individual risk. Within species, air breathing can be influenced by metabolic rate as well as personality, but the mechanisms of group air breathing remain unexplored. It is conceivable that keystone individuals with high metabolic demand or intrinsic tendency to breathe air may drive social breathing, especially in hypoxia. 3) We examined social air breathing in African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, to determine whether individual physiological traits and spontaneous tendency to breathe air influence the behaviour of entire groups, and whether such influences vary in relation to aquatic oxygen availability. 4) We studied eleven groups of four catfish in a laboratory arena and recorded air-breathing behaviour, activity, and agonistic interactions at varying levels of hypoxia. Bimodal respirometry was used to estimate individual standard metabolic rate (SMR) and the tendency to utilise aerial oxygen when alone. 5) Fish took more air breaths in groups as compared to when they were alone, regardless of water oxygen content, and displayed temporally clustere air-breathing behaviour, consistent with existing definitions of synchronous air breathing. However, groups displayed tremendous variability in surfacing behaviour. Aggression by dominant individuals within groups was the main factor influencing air breathing of the entire group. There was no association between individual SMR, or the tendency to obtain oxygen from air when in isolation, and group air breathing. 6) For C. gariepinus, synchronous air breathing is strongly influenced by agonistic interactions, which may expose subordinate individuals to risk of predation. Influential individuals exerted an overriding effect on risk-taking by the entire group, for reasons independent of their physiological oxygen requirements. Overall, this illustrates that social context can obscure interactions between an individual's physiological and behavioural traits and their tendency to take risks to obtain resources.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of the catfish genus Akysis (Siluriformes: Akysidae) from southern Borneo
FIGURE 2. Ventral view of head of: a. A. meridionalis, MZB 6102, holotype, 31.4 mm SL; b. A. baramensis, ANSP 88950, paratype, 36.3 mm SL.
FIGURE 1. Akysis meridionalis, MZB 6102 in A new species of the catfish genus Akysis (Siluriformes: Akysidae) from southern Borneo
FIGURE 1. Akysis meridionalis, MZB 6102, holotype, 31.4 mm SL; Borneo: Barito River basin. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views.
FIGURE 2 in Ompok platyrhynchus, a new silurid catfish (Teleostei: Siluridae) from Borneo
FIGURE 2. Lateral views of heads of: a. Ompok platyrhynchus, ZRC 48678, holotype, 78.9 mm SL; b. O. hypophthalmus, UMMZ155789, 126.0 mm SL; c. O. rhadinurus, UMMZ 155679, 80.9 mm SL and d. O. urbaini, UMMZ 234411, 85.5 mm SL. Scale bar represents 5 mm.
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