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Fig. 1 in Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

Fig. 1. Geographical distribution of three species of ischnoceran chewing lice parasitizing wild and domestic chicken (Gallus spp). Each circle is divided into three sectors, representing the three louse species: upper left = Goniodes gigas (Taschenberg, 1879); upper right = Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842; lower = Goniocotes gallinae (De Geer, 1778). Black sectors indicate that this louse species is known from this country, whereas hollow sectors indicate that we have found no published records of this species in this country. Presence of the three species of chewing lice in a country is based on the reports summarized in Table 1.

Figs 5–6 in Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

Figs 5–6. Gallancyra dentata (Sugimoto, 1934) gen. et comb. nov. ex Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK010682393). 5. Habitus, ♂, dorsal and ventral view. 6. Habitus, ♀, dorsal and ventral views. Legs II and III distorted in all examined males, here illustrated approximately, and rotated compared to how they are in the slide specimen.

Fig. 4 in Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

Fig. 4. Geographical distribution of the known records of Gallancyra dentata (Sugimoto, 1934), based on the reports cited in Table 1. Black circles indicate countries where G. dentata has been reported at in at least one survey, including the present report. Hollow circles indicate countries for which surveys of domestic chicken have been published, but G. dentata has not been found. In addition to the areas indicated on the map, Emerson (1956) reported G. dentata from "various islands in the Central Pacific Area", but gave no detail.

Fig. 14 in Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

Fig. 14. Gallancyra dentata (Sugimoto, 1934) gen. et comb. nov. ex Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK010682393). Male legs I–III, dorsal and ventral views. Legs II and III distorted in all examined males, and here illustrated approximately; note that marginal and near-marginal setae (marked with small black circles) are illustrated on both dorsal and ventral side, as their exact placement is difficult to establish due to the distortion of the legs. Some setae on tibiae II–III appear hyaline in examined specimens, and have here been illustrated as hollow.

opencc-zeroJul 2020View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Kitnya N, Prabhudev MV, Bhatta CP, Pham TH, Nidup T, Megu K, Chakravorty J, Brockmann A, Otis GW (2020) Geographical distribution of the giant honey bee Apis laboriosa Smith, 1871 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). ZooKeys 951: 67-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.951.49855

Collection locality information

Figure 1 from: Kitnya N, Prabhudev MV, Bhatta CP, Pham TH, Nidup T, Megu K, Chakravorty J, Brockmann A, Otis GW (2020) Geographical distribution of the giant honey bee Apis laboriosa Smith, 1871 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). ZooKeys 951: 67-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.951.49855

Figure 1 Apis laboriosa and Apis dorsata worker bees. A. laboriosa (left) has a completely dark abdomen and long golden thoracic hairs. A. dorsata (right) has several orange or yellow anterior abdominal segments and dark thoracic hairs. Details for the specimens photographed: A. laboriosa, collected by BA Underwood, Kaski District, Nepal, 1860 m, 8 v 1984 (Nest 6–8); A. dorsata, collected by GW Otis, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, 3.00 N, 101.68 E, 8 ii 1989. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 3 from: Kitnya N, Prabhudev MV, Bhatta CP, Pham TH, Nidup T, Megu K, Chakravorty J, Brockmann A, Otis GW (2020) Geographical distribution of the giant honey bee Apis laboriosa Smith, 1871 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). ZooKeys 951: 67-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.951.49855

Figure 3 Elevational distribution of A. laboriosa records for Uttarakhand, Nepal, Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. 94% of all records were found between 500–3500 m a.s.l.. The lowest occurrence of A. laboriosa was observed in Arunachal Pradesh (229 m a.s.l.), and the highest in Nepal (4267 m a.s.l.). Uttarakhand (N = 17; range: 1008–2743 m a.s.l.; mean: 1927 ±131 m), Nepal (N= 60; range: 800–4100 m a.s.l.; mean: 2036 ±103 m), Bhutan (N = 43; range: 631–3399 m a.s.l.; mean: 2077 ±124 m), Arunachal Pradesh (N = 17; range: 229–3649 m a.s.l.; mean: 1620 ±143 m).

Figure 2 from: Kitnya N, Prabhudev MV, Bhatta CP, Pham TH, Nidup T, Megu K, Chakravorty J, Brockmann A, Otis GW (2020) Geographical distribution of the giant honey bee Apis laboriosa Smith, 1871 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). ZooKeys 951: 67-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.951.49855

Figure 2 Geographical distribution of Apis laboriosa. Each circle indicates a locality at which a nest of A. laboriosa or workers foraging on flowers were found. The color indicates the source of information. Dark red: information collected by one or several of the authors; orange: photos published on websites; tan: information from published papers; and grey: oral reports by colleagues or local people. Scale bar: 250 km.

Figure 4 from: Kitnya N, Prabhudev MV, Bhatta CP, Pham TH, Nidup T, Megu K, Chakravorty J, Brockmann A, Otis GW (2020) Geographical distribution of the giant honey bee Apis laboriosa Smith, 1871 (Hymenoptera, Apidae). ZooKeys 951: 67-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.951.49855

Figure 4 Sites of sympatric occurrence of Apis laboriosa and Apis dorsata in Arunachal Pradesh, India. All five localities (black dots) where we found A. laboriosa and A. dorsata foraging together were below 1500 m a.s.l. (1) West Kameng District, Nag Mandir, 27.203N, 92.561E, 1164 m a.s.l; (2) West Siang District, Tumbin, 28.456N, 94.684E, 356 m a.s.l; (3) Siang District, Modi, 28.487N, 95.087E, 534 m a.s.l; (4) Tirap District, Kala Pahar, 26.934N, 95.576E ,1470 m a.s.l; (5) Tutnyu, 26.962N, 95.631E, 1060 m a.s.l. Scale bar: 100 km.

Figure 3 in Geographic distribution, host plants, and morphological variation of the currently radiating phytophagous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna diekei

Figure 3. Variation of the elytral pattern and abdominal melanism of Henosepilachna diekei. Dorsal view (top) and lateral view (middle) of habitus and ventral view of abdomen (bottom) in male specimens collected in Java (1–3), Kalimantan (4), Sulawesi (5, 6) and Lombok (7). Localities of collection were shown upper of each picture, and the host plants are denoted in the parentheses as M; Mikania, L; Leucas, A; Asystacea, C; "Coleus". Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in Geographic distribution, host plants, and morphological variation of the currently radiating phytophagous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna diekei

Figure 2. Distribution and host-plant use of Henosepilachna diekei populations in South East Asia. The distribution of H. diekei was investigated in shaded islands/regions. Localities where the occurrence of H. diekei was observed were shown by the names and symbols for the host plants. Six beetle populations from five localities used for the morphological analysis were black-edged.

Figure 1 in Geographic distribution, host plants, and morphological variation of the currently radiating phytophagous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna diekei

Figure 1. Morphological characters of Henosepilachna diekei measured in the present study. (A) Dorsal and lateral views of habitus with measured body parts; BL, body length; PL, pronotum length; PW, pronotum width; EL, elytra length; EW, elytron width, EH, elytra height. (B) Lateral view of tegmen (PA, paramera; H, hair on penis guide; PG, penis guide). (C) Lateral view of penis (P, Penis; PA, ventral view of apical edge of penis).

Figure 6 in Geographic distribution, host plants, and morphological variation of the currently radiating phytophagous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna diekei

Figure 6. Variation in the structure of apical edge of penis in males of the seven populations of Henosepilachna diekei. Type I, emarginate (filled symbol); Type II, truncate (dark grey symbol); Type III, convex (light grey symbol). Solid line denotes the Wallace line. The number in each pie chart shows the number of specimen. The host plants were shown in the parentheses as M, Mikania; L, Leucas; D, Dicliptera; P, Plectranthus. The different letter on the right shoulder of each box indicates significant difference (P <0.05) after adjustment of P-value for multiple comparisons.

Figure 4 in Geographic distribution, host plants, and morphological variation of the currently radiating phytophagous ladybird beetle Henosepilachna diekei

Figure 4. Body length of seven populations of Henosepilachna diekei. (A) Females; (B) males. The host plants were denoted in the parentheses as M; Mikania, L; Leucas, D; Dicliptera, P; Plectranthus. The different letter on the right shoulder of each box indicates significant difference (P <0.05) after adjustment of P-value for multiple comparisons (NS, P ≥ 0.05).

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

dryad28/100

Demographic history shaped geographical patterns of deleterious mutation load in a broadly distributed Pacific Salmon

A thorough reconstruction of historical processes is essential for a comprehensive understanding the mechanisms shaping patterns of genetic diversity. Indeed, past and current conditions influencing effective population size have important evolutionary implications for the efficacy of selection, increased accumulation of deleterious mutations, and loss of adaptive potential. Here, we gather extensive genome-wide data that represent the extant diversity of the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to address two objectives. We demonstrate that a single glacial refugium is the source of most of the present-day genetic diversity, with detectable inputs from a putative secondary micro-refugium. We found statistical support for a scenario whereby ancestral populations located south of the ice sheets expanded in postglacial time, swamping out most of the diversity from other putative micro-refugia. Demographic inferences revealed that genetic diversity was also affected by linked selection in large parts of the genome. Moreover, we demonstrate that the recent demographic history of this species generated regional differences in the load of deleterious mutations among populations, a finding that mirrors recent results from human populations and provides increased support for models of expansion load. We propose that insights from these historical inferences should be better integrated in conservation planning of wild organisms, which currently focuses largely on neutral genetic diversity and local adaptation, with the role of potentially maladaptive variation being generally ignored.

Figure 7 from: Li Y, Liu C, Lin L, Li Y, Xiao J, Loh K-H (2020) Pleistocene isolation caused by sea-level fluctuations shaped genetic characterization of Pampus minor over a large-scale geographical distribution. ZooKeys 969: 137-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.52069

Figure 7 BSPs showing NefT (Nef = effective population size; T = generation time) changes over time for P. minor based on Cytb sequences. The upper and lower limits of the blue line represent the 95% confidence intervals of highest posterior densities (HPD) analysis. The solid black line represents median estimates of NefT.

Figure 5 from: Li Y, Liu C, Lin L, Li Y, Xiao J, Loh K-H (2020) Pleistocene isolation caused by sea-level fluctuations shaped genetic characterization of Pampus minor over a large-scale geographical distribution. ZooKeys 969: 137-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.52069

Figure 5 Matrix of pairwise FST values between 11 P. minor populations based on Cytb sequences. * significant at p < 0.05 by the permutation test, ** extremely significant at p < 0.01 by the permutation test.

Figure 6 from: Li Y, Liu C, Lin L, Li Y, Xiao J, Loh K-H (2020) Pleistocene isolation caused by sea-level fluctuations shaped genetic characterization of Pampus minor over a large-scale geographical distribution. ZooKeys 969: 137-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.52069

Figure 6 The expected mismatch distributions under a sudden expansion model (solid gray line) and the observed pairwise difference (black bars) of Cytb haplotypes of P. minor.

Figure 4 from: Li Y, Liu C, Lin L, Li Y, Xiao J, Loh K-H (2020) Pleistocene isolation caused by sea-level fluctuations shaped genetic characterization of Pampus minor over a large-scale geographical distribution. ZooKeys 969: 137-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.52069

Figure 4 Unrooted minimum spanning tree showing the genetic relationships among the Cytb haplotypes of P. minor. Circle sizes are proportional to haplotype frequency. Perpendicular tick marks on the lines joining the haplotypes represent the number of nucleotide substitutions.

Figure 1 from: Li Y, Liu C, Lin L, Li Y, Xiao J, Loh K-H (2020) Pleistocene isolation caused by sea-level fluctuations shaped genetic characterization of Pampus minor over a large-scale geographical distribution. ZooKeys 969: 137-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.52069

Figure 1 Sampling locations of P. minor. Populations are marked by abbreviations that correspond to Table 1.