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Fig. 1 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 1. Late Paleocene Gashatan localities for multituberculates in the Mongolian Plateau. A. Shabarakh Usu, Mongolia, where Sphenopsalis nobilis and Prionessus lucifer were first discovered. B. Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Lambdopsalis bulla, P. lucifer, and Mesodmops tenuis were reported from Subeng (Missiaen and Smith 2008). L. bulla and P. lucifer were present in Nuhetingboerhe (Wang et al. 2010) and Bayan Ulan (Meng et al. 1998). L. bulla, S. nobilis, and P. lucifer were present in Haliut (Chow and Qi 1978) and Erden (Urtyn) Obo area (this study).

Fig. 6 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 6. Lower incisors of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19025, symphysis of mandibles with partial incisors in lateral right (A1) and left (A2), dorsal (A3), and ventral (A4) views. B. IVPP V19034, right incisor in medial (B1) and lateral (B2) views.

Fig. 17 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 17. Phylogenetic position of Sphenopsalis nobilis within multituberculates. A. The strict consensus tree of 138 trees obtained in the PAUP search where 19 characters were ordered (see SOM). B. The 50% majority rule consensus tree with 19 characters ordered. See additional supporting data in the SOM.

Fig. 12 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 12. The femur of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19030) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. Proximal portion of the left femur in anterior (A1), posterior (A2), and proximal end (A3) views. B. Right femur (with proximal end broken) in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), and distal end (B3) views.

Fig. 8 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 8. Occlusal views of molars of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19037, right m2. B. IVPP V19030, left m2. C. IVPP V19028, right m2. D. IVPP V19029, right m2 (D1), right M1–2 (D2), left M1–2 (D3). E. IVPP V19025, right M1, which belongs to the same individual as in Fig. 4. F. IVPP V19027, a developing right m2? G. IVPP V19033, a deeply worn left m2. H. IVPP V19026, right M2. I. IVPP V19036, right m2.

Fig. 9 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 9. Skull fragments of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19025, skull fragment showing the orbital crest in lateral (A1) and dorsal (A2, A3) views. B. IVPP V19029, skull fragment showing the temporal crest in lateral (B1) and dorsal (B2, B3) views. The anterior end of each element is toward upside. Photographs (A1, A2, B1, B2), explanatory drawings (A3, B3).

Fig. 11 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 11. Fragmentary scapula and humerus of multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V19030, proximal portion of the right scapula in lateral (A1), medial (A2), and ventral (glenoid fossa) (A3) views. B. IVPP V19031, left humerus in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), lateral (B3), and medial (B4) views. Due to the breakage, the proximal (top) and distal (bottom) portions may not be displayed in their precise anatomical positions.

Fig. 5 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 5. Multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19032) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Left upper molars (M1–2) from the same individual as the lower ones in Fig. 7 in occlusal (A), medial (B), and lateral (C) views. The arrow indicates the broken anterior root of the zygomatic arch. Photographs (A1–C1), SEM images (A2–C2).

Fig. 4 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 4. Multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19025) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Partial left maxilla with M1 and M2 in occlusal (A), medial (B), and lateral (C) views. The arrow indicates the broken anterior root of the zygomatic arch; wear facets: 1, on buccal sides of the lingual cusps of M2; 2, on lingual sides of the medial cusps of M2; 3, on buccal sides of the medial cusps of M2; 4, on the cusp of the buccal (external) row, which is aligned with the buccal wear facets of medial cusps of M2. Photographs (A1–C1), SEM images (A2–C2).

Fig. 14 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 14. The upper and lower left molars of multituberculate mammal Lambdopsalis bulla Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V20101) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Bayan Ulan locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Crown view of m1–2 (A) and M1–2 (B). Wear facets: 1, on lingual sides of the buccal cusps of m2; 2, on buccal sides of the lingual cusps of m2; 3, on lingual sides of the lingual cusps of m2; 4, on buccal sides of the lingual cusps of M2; 5, on lingual sides of medial cusps of M2; 6, on the buccal sides of medial cusps of M2; 7, on buccal sides of the buccal cusps of m1; 8, on lingual sides of the buccal cusps of m1; 9, on buccal sides of the lingual cusps of m1; 10, on lingual sides of the lingual cusps of m1; no wear facet was developed yet on the cusp of the buccal (external) cusp row of M2 in this specimen.

Fig. 7 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 7. Multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis nobilis Matthew, Granger, and Simpson, 1928 (IVPP V19032) from the upper Paleocene Nomogen beds at the Erden (Urtyn) Obo locality, Inner Mongolia, China. Left lower cheek teeth (p4–m2) from the same individual as in Fig. 5 in occlusal (A), medial (B), and lateral (C) views. Photographs (A1–C1), SEM images (A2–C2).

Fig. 15 in New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids

Fig. 15. Teeth of multituberculate mammal from the lower Paleocene Puercan in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. A. Taeniolabis sp., AMNH 117415, cast, occlusal view of right p4–m2. B, C. Taeniolabis taoensis Cope, 1882. B. AMNH 16310, occlusal view of the left p4–m2. C. AMNH 16321, occlusal view of the right P4–M2.

Fig. 7 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 7. Bone microstructure of juvenile femur (A) and tibia (B) of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. ZPAL MgD-II/407; outer cortex (A1), showing small patches of parallel-fibered bone (light blue) and multiple primary osteons; canals are arranged longitudinally and the more internal cortex bears forming erosion lacunae; inner cortex (A2). B. ZPAL MgD-II/408, section of the whole compacta showing coarse cancellous bone lined with endosteal lamellar bone in perimedullar region (B1); tibial cortex displaying polishing lines indicated by arrows (B2, B3). Yellow arrowheads show outer bone perimeter. A1, B, polarized light; A2, normal light. Abbreviations: ccnb, coarse cancellous bone; cl, cement lines; po, primary osteons; so, secondary osteons.

Fig. 9 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 9. Bone microstructure in adult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. Ulna ZPAL MgD-II/8, matrix in the outer (A1) and mid-cortex (A2), perimedullar region with endosteally-formed lamellar bone (A3). B. Fibula ZPAL MgD-II/11b; note well formed LAGs (blue arrowheads) and annulus in the cortex (B1); deeper cortex shows signs of remodeling and multiple secondary osteons (B2). C. Femur ZPAL MgD-II/11a, compacta showing wider zones of fast growing woven-fibered bone intersected by thin annuli of parallel-fibered bone (red arrowheads) in the mid-cortex (C1, C3); condensation of the parallel-fibered bone zones in the outer cortex (C2). A, polarized light (quartz wedge); B, normal light; C, polarized light. White arrows point outward. Abbreviations: an, annulus; lb, lamellar bone; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; so, secondary osteons; wfb, woven-fibered.

Fig. 4 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 4. Bone microstructure of parietal frill in subadult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous ZPAL MgD-II/3a). A. Sagittal section through the distal frill margin (A2, magnification of the outer layer, magnified inset). B. Tangential section of the distal frill margin (B2, magnified fragment). C. Sagittal section of frill plate; note the discrete zonation, compactness of the tissue, and acute angle fiber arrangement. B1, C2, normal light; A, B2, C1, polarized light.

Fig. 2 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 2. Long bones microstructure of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. The shaft of the juvenile femur (ZPAL MgD-II/407) formed by a woven-fibered bone tissue; A2, detail of A1. B. The shaft of the subadult tibia (ZPAL MgD-II/35c) showing scarce erosion lacunae in the perimedullar region; B1, detail of B2. A1, B2, polarized light; A2, polarized light (quartz wedge); B1, normal light. Abbreviations: medcav, medullar cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteons; so, secondary osteons (scarce).

Fig. 3 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 3. Long bones microstructure of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Toogreek (A) and Bayn Dzak (B–D), Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A, B. Osteocyte lacunae (arrows) in cortex of subadult tibia ZPAL MgD-II/35c (A) and juvenile femur ZPAL MgD-II/407 (B). C. ZPAL MgDII/11b, adult fibula showing in situ arrangement and abundance of fossilized fibers (arrows) in the cortex (C1) and a structure of the trabeculae with wovenfibered bone in the core lined with lamellar bone (C2). D. ZPAL MgD-II/3d, subadult femur with flocculated collagenous fibers (arrows) at the polished cross section. A–C, D1, normal light; D2, UV light. Abbreviations: lb, lamellar bone; rad, radial canals; so, secondary osteons; wfb, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 6 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 6. Cross-section of the rib of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous (ZPAL MgD-II/3); note the external cortex made of primary bone and extensively remodeled core formed by coarse cancellous bone tissue; in normal (A) and polarized (B) light.

Fig. 8 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 8. Bone microstructure of subadult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Toogreek (A, C, E) and Bayn Dzak (B, D), Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. Humerus ZPAL MgD-II/35a, total view of the compacta displaying patches of parallel-fibered bone (light bands) intercalated by zones of woven-fibered bone with multiple primary osteons (dark bands); note erosion lacunae in the inner cortex. B. Humerus ZPAL MgD-II/15, external cortex showing primary osteons and plies of the parallel fibered bone matrix (B1), perimedullar region showing lamellar bone lining erosion lacunae in primary woven-fibered bone tissue (B2). C, D. Compacta of femora. C. ZPAL MgD-II/35b, section showing modulations in canal arrangement and bone matrix; C1, general picture of the whole bone wall; C2, magnification illustrating thick band (yellow arrows) of the parallel-fibered bone and longitudinal canals changing orientation to radial (white arrows); C3, section placed closer to the epiphysis, showing stronger zonation in bone matrix type; C4, deep cortex showing enlarged canals in a woven-fibered bone. D. ZPAL MgD-II/3d, cortex showing ill defined annulus and less clear modulations of the bone matrix. E. Tibia ZPAL MgD-II/35c, whole compacta (E1) and deep cortex (E2). The section displays a typical fibrolamellar bone complex with zonation in the bone matrix. The outer cortex displays zones of parallel-fibered bone matrix intercalated with the zones of more chaotically oriented collagen fibers, the perimedullar region shows larger erosion lacunae filled with endosteally formed lamellar bone (E2). A, C1, D, E, polarized light; B, C2–C4, polarized light quartz wedge). Abbreviations: an, annulus; el, erosion lacunae; lb, lamellar bone; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; wfb, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 5 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 5. Bone microstructure of the parietal frill in adult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous (ZPAL MgD-II/33). A. Sagittal section. B, C. Transversal sections; note the condensations of the fossilized collagen fibers strengthening the porous tissue (B) and the formation of the small erosion lacunae at the external surface of the frill (C). A, B1, C, normal light; B2, B3, polarized light.