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Fig. 1. Laccophilus kobensis. A in Biological Notes on Immature Stages of Laccophilus kobensis Sharp, 1873 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

Fig. 1. Laccophilus kobensis. A) First instar larva, B) Second instar larva, C) Third instar larva, D) Third instar larva immediately before landing. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

Fig. 8 in What do Eumerus Meigen larvae feed on? New immature stages of three species (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in different plants

Fig. 8 "Bipartite" network between Eumerus species (right) and the genera of host plants (left). Length of the boxes show the number of interactions. Colors of the plant boxes: in red (dark color), genera with at least one species with economic value; in blue (light color), without economic value. Plant genera followed by plant family abbreviations as in Table 1

Fig. 4 in What do Eumerus Meigen larvae feed on? New immature stages of three species (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in different plants

Fig. 4 Anterior spiracles (AS) of Eumerus larvae and puparia, apicoventral view. a Eumerus alpinus, puparium; SEM. b Eumerus figurans, larva; stereo microscope. c Eumerus superbus, puparium; SEM. O spiracular opening. Scale lines: a = 50 μm; b = 200 μm; c = 100 μm

Fig. 1 in What do Eumerus Meigen larvae feed on? New immature stages of three species (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in different plants

Fig. 1 General shape of Eumerus puparia, dorsal view. a Eumerus alpinus. b Eumerus superbus. Scale lines: a and b = 2 mm

Fig. 3 in What do Eumerus Meigen larvae feed on? New immature stages of three species (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in different plants

Fig. 3 Head skeletons of Eumerus, lateral view. a Eumerus alpinus. b Eumerus figurans. c Eumerus superbus. D dorsal cornu, L mandibular lobe, M mandibular hook, P pharyngeal ridges, T accessory tooth, V ventral cornu. Scale lines = 250 μm

Fig. 7 in What do Eumerus Meigen larvae feed on? New immature stages of three species (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in different plants

Fig. 7 Total count of described early stages of Eumerus (triangles) and total count of known life cycles of early stages of Eumerus species (squares) by the first time a host-plant interaction was reported. X-axis shows years. Y-axis, number of Eumerus species

Fig. 6 in What do Eumerus Meigen larvae feed on? New immature stages of three species (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in different plants

Fig. 6 Posterior respiratory processes (PRP) of Eumerus larvae and puparia in dorsal view (left) and polar view (right). a, b Eumerus alpinus, puparium; SEM. c, d Eumerus figurans, larva; stereo microscope. e, f Eumerus superbus, puparium; SEM. α distance from the transverse ridge to the center of the spiracular plate, β width of the PRP at the transverse ridge level, C* spiracular scar, O spiracular opening, R transverse ridge, S spiracular seta. Scale lines: a and e = 500 μm; b and c = 250 μm; d = 100 μm; f = 200 μm

Fig. 5 in What do Eumerus Meigen larvae feed on? New immature stages of three species (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in different plants

Fig. 5 Pupal spiracles (PS) of Eumerus puparia (left) and details of the tubercles bearing spiracular openings (right). a, b Eumerus alpinus. c, d Eumerus superbus. O spiracular opening. Scale lines: a = 100 μm; b and d = 50 μm; c = 250 μm

Fig. 9 in What do Eumerus Meigen larvae feed on? New immature stages of three species (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in different plants

Fig. 9 Feeding network between larvae of Eumerus species (left, in gray) and plant tissues they feed on (right, colored) based on the interactions historically reported in bibliography for different genera of plants. Links between sides indicate relationships. Scales on each segment show the number of interactions established with the counter side. Plant tissue color palette as follows: tuber (yellow), swollen root (orange), rhizome (brown), processed material (black), fruits (red), stem (light green), corm (purple), cone (pink), and bulb (blue). Picture made using "circlize" package for R software

FIGURE 2 in Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov., a new wormlion fly from Yunnan, China, with notes on its immature stages and biology (Diptera: Vermileonidae)

FIGURE 2. Morphological characters of Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov., male. Paratypes. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Right antenna, dorsal view; C–E. Head, left-lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, respectively; F. Right wing, dorsal view.

FIGURE 5 in Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov., a new wormlion fly from Yunnan, China, with notes on its immature stages and biology (Diptera: Vermileonidae)

FIGURE 5. Habitat of Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov. A. Cangshan Mountain; B, C. Larval colony; D. A larva showing its typical Ω-shaped defensive posture.

FIGURE 4 in Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov., a new wormlion fly from Yunnan, China, with notes on its immature stages and biology (Diptera: Vermileonidae)

FIGURE 4. Immature stages of Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov. A. Egg; B–D. Last instar larva, ventral, left-lateral, and dorsal views, respectively; E. Terminal abdomen of last instar larva showing the posterior spiracles, dorso-posterior view; F. Pupa, right-lateral view. Abbreviations: com, comb-shaped spines; lcp, locomotory papillae; prl, proleg; psp, posterior spiracles.

FIGURE 3 in Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov., a new wormlion fly from Yunnan, China, with notes on its immature stages and biology (Diptera: Vermileonidae)

FIGURE 3. Male genitalia of Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov. Paratype.A. T9 (epandrium), dorsal view; B–E. Hypopygium, ventral, caudal, dorsal, and left-lateral views, respectively. Abbreviations: ae, aedeagus; aap, aedeagal apodeme; ce, cercus; dbr, dorsal bridge; gap, gonocoxital apodeme; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; vp, ventral plane.

FIGURE 1 in Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov., a new wormlion fly from Yunnan, China, with notes on its immature stages and biology (Diptera: Vermileonidae)

FIGURE 1. Habitus of Vermiophis cangshanensis sp. nov. Paratypes. A. Male, dorsal view; B. Female, dorsal view.

FIGURES 82–87. First instar larvae. 82 in Description of immature stages of Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)

FIGURES 82–87. First instar larvae. 82. Labrum of Physonota alutacea; 83. mouthparts of Cistudinella obducta; 84. labrum of Cassida stigmatica; 85. maxilla of Physonota alutacea; 86. maxillary palp of Cistudinella obducta; 87. maxilla and labium of Cassida rubiginosa. Abbreviations: lp—labial palp; mal—mala; man—mandibula; mpI—first segment of maxillary palp; mpII—second segment of maxillary palp; pp—palpifer. 82–87. after Świętojańska 2009.

FIGURES 70–75. Mature larvae. 70 in Description of immature stages of Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)

FIGURES 70–75. Mature larvae. 70. Physonota alutacea (Ischyrosonychini); 71. Asteriza flavicornis (Ischyrosonychini); 72. Cistudinella obducta (Ischyrosonychini); 73. Eurypedus nigrosignatus (Ischyrosonychini); 74. Cassida koreana (Cassidini); 75. Aethiopocassis rhodesiana (Cassidini). 70, 71. after Świętojańska and Windsor 2008; 72. after Świętojańska and Medeiros 2007; 73. after Świętojańska et al. 2018; 74. after Świętojańska et al. 2023; 75. after Świętojańska 2004.

FIGURES 54–62. Hybosa acutangula, fifth instar larva. 54 in Description of immature stages of Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)

FIGURES 54–62. Hybosa acutangula, fifth instar larva. 54. Frontal side of head; 55. temporal side of head; 56. dorsal side of labrum; 57. ventral side of labrum; 58. mandible, dorsal aspect; 59. mandible, ventral aspect; 60. maxillae and labium; 61. palpifer and maxillary palp; 62. two aspects of antenna. Abbreviations: hyp—hypopharynx; lp—labial palp; mal—mala; mpI—first segment of maxillary palp; mpII—second segment of maxillary palp; post—postmentum; pp— palpifer; pre—prementum; st—stipes.

FIGURES 48–51. Hybosa acutangula, mature larva. 48 in Description of immature stages of Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)

FIGURES 48–51. Hybosa acutangula, mature larva. 48. Setae of pronotum medially; 49. setae of pronotum laterally; 50. setae of first abdominal tergite (first row of setae); 51. lateral scolus of first abdominal segment (dorsal aspect).

FIGURES 37–43. Hybosa acutangula, first instar larva. 37 in Description of immature stages of Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)

FIGURES 37–43. Hybosa acutangula, first instar larva. 37. Head; 38. stemmata; 39, 40. setae of frons of head; 41. minute seta on vertex of head; 42. labial palp; 43. antenna.

FIGURES 30–36. Hybosa acutangula, first instar larva. 30 in Description of immature stages of Hybosa acutangula Spaeth, 1913 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)

FIGURES 30–36. Hybosa acutangula, first instar larva. 30. Top of leg, arrow points to position where one seta is missing on the side of claw, pointed seta at base of the claw is also invisible in this aspect; 31. spiracle of thorax; 32. leg, one of the six setae surrounding the claw is missing, pointed seta at base of claw is visible—arrow points to this seta; 33. spiracles of abdominal segment I and II; 34. asperities on supra-anal process; 35. supra-anal processes; 36. top of supra-anal process.