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Fig. 2. A in Reconstruction of oviraptorid clutches illuminates their unique nesting biology

Fig. 2. A schematic illustration of an oviraptorid clutch affected by different degrees of compaction. A. Original configuration. B. The same configuration affected by a compaction factor of 25%. C. The same configuration affected by a compaction factor of 50%. Note the change of inclination angle and shape of the eggs.

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Fig. 3 in Reconstruction of oviraptorid clutches illuminates their unique nesting biology

Fig. 3. Radial petrographic thin sections of eggshells from an adult-associated clutch (A) from the Late Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, China (Dong and Currie 1996) and the studied clutches (B–F) from the Late Cretaceous Nanxiong Formation of a construction site in Dayu County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China. A. HGM-41H-V0074. B. DM-2014-P0154. C. PFMM-0014002972. D. PFMM-0014004392. E. PFMM-0014003019. F. IVPP V9608. Dashed line, the ML/CL boundary; arrow, the calcite layer. CL, continuous layer; ML, mammillary layer.

Fig. 7 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 7. Details of limb bone microstructure of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978, NSM-VP-21865 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, B. Mid-diaphyseal section of the radius (see Fig. 2F). C, D. The same section as A, close-up views of inner C) and outer (D) periosteal bone of the radius. E. Cortex of a phalanx (see Fig. 2G). F. The same section as E, close-up view of cortex. Photographed under natural light (A, C, D, F), polarized light without lambda compensator (B), and polarized light with lambda compensator (E).

Fig. 3 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 3. Transverse sections of dorsal ribs of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, B. NSM-VP-21865, proximal sections; A (see Fig. 2A) and B (see Fig. 2D, upper section). C. NSM-VP-20028, mid-shaft section (see Fig. 2B). D. NSM-VP-21865, mid-shaft section (see Fig. 2D, middle section). E. NSM-VP-20028, distal section (see Fig. 2C). F. NSM- VP-21865, distal section (see Fig. 2D, lower section). Photographed under natural light. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 6. Details of bone microstructure of a humerus (see Fig. 2E) of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978, NSM- VP-21865 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, B. Periosteal cortex of mid-diaphyseal section. C. Close-up view of cell lacunae in the periosteal cortex. D. Close-up view of primary osteons in the primary periosteal bone. E. Mid-diaphyseal section, internal part of the shaft region. F, G. Cortex of the anterior flange. Photographed under natural light (A, C, D, F), polarized light without lambda compensator (B, G), and polarized light with lambda compensator (E).

Fig. 5 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 5. Mid-diaphyseal sections of limb bones of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978, NSM-VP-21865 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A. Humerus (see Fig. 2E). B. Radius (see Fig. 2F). C. Phalange (see Fig. 2G). Photographed under natural light. Scale bars 2mm.

Fig. 2 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 2. Analysed skeletal elements of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, D. NSM-VP-21865, dorsal ribs. B, C. NSM- VP-20028, dorsal ribs. E–G. NSM-VP-21865, humerus (E), radius (F), and phalanx (G).The humerus shows a D-shaped outline, consisting of the anterior flange (af) and the shaft region (sr). Grey quadrangles and white lines show the sectional planes. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 4. Details of dorsal rib microstructure of the ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus hataii Shikama, Kamei, and Murata, 1978 (Osawa Formation, Spathian; Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). A, B. NSM-VP-21865, proximal section (see Fig. 2A). C. NSM-VP-20028, mid-diaphyseal section (see Fig. 2B). D, E. NSM- VP-21865, close-up views of cell lacunae in the inner (D) and outer (E) cortices of proximal dorsal rib (see Fig. 2D). F. NSM-VP-20028, distal section (Fig. 2C). Photographed under natural light (A, C–F) and polarized light without lambda compensator (B).

Fig. 1 in Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile Utatsusaurus hataii: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology

Fig. 1. Simplified view of the evolution of the Ichthyopterygia. A. Time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of the Ichthyopterygia. B–D. Schematic drawings from McGowan and Motani 2003) showing the evolution of the body plan within the Ichthyopterygia (not to scale), between the basal ichthyopterygian Utatsusaurus (B), the basal ichthyosaurian Mixosaurus (C), and the scombrid fish-shaped neoichthyosaurian Ophthalmosaurus (D). Stratigraphic data compiled after McGowan and Motani (2003), Fernández (2003), Bennett et al. (2012), and Wiman (1910).

Рис. 7–15. Lixus pulverulentus, груΔные и брюшные сегменты, хетотаксия. 7, 10, 13 – груΔные сегменты; 8, 11, 14 – брюшной сегмент I; 9, 12, 15 – брюшные сегменты VII–X; 7–9 – виΔ сбоку; 10–12 – виΔ сверху; 13–15 – виΔ снизу. Figs 7–15. Lixus pulverulentus, thoracal and abdominal segments, and chaetotaxy. 7, 10, 13 – thoracal segments; 8, 11, 14 – abdominal segment I; 9, 12, 15 –abdominal segments VII–X; 7–9 – lateral view; 10–12 – dorsal view; 13–15 – ventral view. Setae: dls – dorsolateral, dpls – dorsopleurolateral, ds – dorsal, ls – lateral, lsts – laterosternal, msts – mesosternal, pda – pedal, pds – postdorsal, prns – pronotal, prs – prodorsal, ss – spirarulum, sts – sterna, ts – terminal, vpls – ventropleural. in Description of the preimaginal stages and biology of the weevil Lixus (Dilixellus) pulverulentus (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixini)

Рис. 7–15. Lixus pulverulentus, груΔные и брюшные сегменты, хетотаксия. 7, 10, 13 – груΔные сегменты; 8, 11, 14 – брюшной сегмент I; 9, 12, 15 – брюшные сегменты VII–X; 7–9 – виΔ сбоку; 10–12 – виΔ сверху; 13–15 – виΔ снизу. Figs 7–15. Lixus pulverulentus, thoracal and abdominal segments, and chaetotaxy. 7, 10, 13 – thoracal segments; 8, 11, 14 – abdominal segment I; 9, 12, 15 –abdominal segments VII–X; 7–9 – lateral view; 10–12 – dorsal view; 13–15 – ventral view. Setae: dls – dorsolateral, dpls – dorsopleurolateral, ds – dorsal, ls – lateral, lsts – laterosternal, msts – mesosternal, pda – pedal, pds – postdorsal, prns – pronotal, prs – prodorsal, ss – spirarulum, sts – sterna, ts – terminal, vpls – ventropleural.

Рис. 21–32. Lixus pulverulentus, кукоΛка, внешний виΔ и хетотаксия. 21 – виΔ снизу; 22 – виΔ сверху; 23 – виΔ сбоку; 24 – хетотаксия гоΛовы; 25 – хетотаксия переΔнеспинки; 26 – хетотаксия среΔнеспинки; 27 – хетотаксия заΔнеспинки; 28 – хетотаксия брюшного сегмента I; 29 – хетотаксия брюшного сегмента II; 30 – хетотаксия брюшного сегмента VII; 31 – хетотаксия брюшного сегмента VIII; 32 –хетотаксия брюшного сегмента IX. Figs 21–32. Lixus pulverulentus, pupa, habitus and chaetotaxy. 21 – ventral view; 22 – dorsal view; 23 – lateral view; 24 – chaetotaxy of head; 25 – chaetotaxy of pronotum; 26 – chaetotaxy of mesonotum; 27 – chaetotaxy of metanotum; 28 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment I; 29 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment II; 30 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment VII; 31 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment VIII; 32 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment IX. ps – pseudocerci, Th n –thoracic segments, Ab n –abdominal segments; setae: as – apical, d – dorsal, ds – discal, fs – femoral, ls – lateral, os – orbital, pas – postatennal, pls – posterolateral, rs – rostral, sos – super-orbital, sls – superlateral, v – ventral, vs – vertical. in Description of the preimaginal stages and biology of the weevil Lixus (Dilixellus) pulverulentus (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixini)

Рис. 21–32. Lixus pulverulentus, кукоΛка, внешний виΔ и хетотаксия. 21 – виΔ снизу; 22 – виΔ сверху; 23 – виΔ сбоку; 24 – хетотаксия гоΛовы; 25 – хетотаксия переΔнеспинки; 26 – хетотаксия среΔнеспинки; 27 – хетотаксия заΔнеспинки; 28 – хетотаксия брюшного сегмента I; 29 – хетотаксия брюшного сегмента II; 30 – хетотаксия брюшного сегмента VII; 31 – хетотаксия брюшного сегмента VIII; 32 –хетотаксия брюшного сегмента IX. Figs 21–32. Lixus pulverulentus, pupa, habitus and chaetotaxy. 21 – ventral view; 22 – dorsal view; 23 – lateral view; 24 – chaetotaxy of head; 25 – chaetotaxy of pronotum; 26 – chaetotaxy of mesonotum; 27 – chaetotaxy of metanotum; 28 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment I; 29 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment II; 30 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment VII; 31 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment VIII; 32 – chaetotaxy of abdominal segment IX. ps – pseudocerci, Th n –thoracic segments, Ab n –abdominal segments; setae: as – apical, d – dorsal, ds – discal, fs – femoral, ls – lateral, os – orbital, pas – postatennal, pls – posterolateral, rs – rostral, sos – super-orbital, sls – superlateral, v – ventral, vs – vertical.

Рис. 1–6. Lixus pulverulentus. 1 – биотоп, ассоциация Cirsium acanthoides; 2 – Λичинка внутри стебΛя кормового растения; 3 – моΛоÃой жук внутри стебΛя кормового растения; 4 – гоΛова Λичинки; 5 – внешний виÃ Λичинки; 6 – внешний виÃ кукоΛки. Figs 1–6. Lixus pulverulentus. 1 – biotope, Cirsium acantoides association; 2 – larva within the stalk of the host plant; 3 – young beetle inside the stalk of the host plant; 4 – head of the larva; 5 – habitus of the larva; 6 – habitus of the pupa. in Description of the preimaginal stages and biology of the weevil Lixus (Dilixellus) pulverulentus (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixini)

Рис. 1–6. Lixus pulverulentus. 1 – биотоп, ассоциация Cirsium acanthoides; 2 – Λичинка внутри стебΛя кормового растения; 3 – моΛоÃой жук внутри стебΛя кормового растения; 4 – гоΛова Λичинки; 5 – внешний виÃ Λичинки; 6 – внешний виÃ кукоΛки. Figs 1–6. Lixus pulverulentus. 1 – biotope, Cirsium acantoides association; 2 – larva within the stalk of the host plant; 3 – young beetle inside the stalk of the host plant; 4 – head of the larva; 5 – habitus of the larva; 6 – habitus of the pupa.

Рис. 16–20. Lixus pulverulentus, гоΛова Λичинки и ротовые органы. 16 – виΔ сверху; 17 – усик; 18 – максиΛΛоΛабиаΛьный компΛекс; 19 – Λабрум и кΛипеус; 20 – эпифаринкс. Figs 16–20. Lixus pulverulentus, larval head and mouth parts. 16 – dorsal view; 17 – antenna; 18 – maxillolabial complex; 19 – labrum and clypeus; 20 – epipharynx. at – antenna, cl – clypeus, stp – stipes, ma – mala, plb – praelabium, plsb – postlabium; setae: als – anteriolateral, ams – anteriomedial, cls – clypeal, des – dorsal epicranial, dms – dorsal marar, fs – frontal, les – lateral epicranial, mbs – malabasiventral, mds – mandibular dorsal, mes – median, pfs – palpiferal, pslbs – postlabial, vms – ventral malar. in Description of the preimaginal stages and biology of the weevil Lixus (Dilixellus) pulverulentus (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixini)

Рис. 16–20. Lixus pulverulentus, гоΛова Λичинки и ротовые органы. 16 – виΔ сверху; 17 – усик; 18 – максиΛΛоΛабиаΛьный компΛекс; 19 – Λабрум и кΛипеус; 20 – эпифаринкс. Figs 16–20. Lixus pulverulentus, larval head and mouth parts. 16 – dorsal view; 17 – antenna; 18 – maxillolabial complex; 19 – labrum and clypeus; 20 – epipharynx. at – antenna, cl – clypeus, stp – stipes, ma – mala, plb – praelabium, plsb – postlabium; setae: als – anteriolateral, ams – anteriomedial, cls – clypeal, des – dorsal epicranial, dms – dorsal marar, fs – frontal, les – lateral epicranial, mbs – malabasiventral, mds – mandibular dorsal, mes – median, pfs – palpiferal, pslbs – postlabial, vms – ventral malar.

Fig. 8 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 8. Monthly variation of the mean values of GSI ± Standard Deviation (SD) of Cichla kelberi females (a) and males (b), in Lobo Reservoir, during the study period.

Fig. 7 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 7. Histological slides of gônads of Cichla kelberi female (a – c) and male (d – f) in Lobo reservoir (Bouin, hematoxylin and eosin). a- Resting ovary with perinucleolar oocytes (100x); b- In Maturation ovary showing group synchronous development of oocytes (40x); c- Spent ovary with post-ovulatory follicles (40x); d- Resting testicle (200x); e and f- In Maturation testicle showing group synchronous development of spermatocytes (200x). Legend: O P: perinucleolar oocyte, O A: cortical alveoli oocyte, O V: vitellogenic oocyte, P F: post-ovulatory follicle, S 1: primary spermatocyte, S 2: secondary spermatocyte, S T: spermatid and S : spermatozoid.

Fig. 6 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 6. Monthly distribution of frequency of gonadal maturation stages of females (a) and males (b) of Cichla kelberi in the Lobo reservoir during the study. (Legend: 1- Resting; 2- In Maturation; 3- Spawning and 4- Spent).

Fig. 4 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 4. Distribution of the relative frequencies of occurrence of specimens of Cichla kelberi in total length classes, by seasons of the year, at Lobo Reservoir.

Fig. 5 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 5. Monthly variation of the mean relative condition factor values (Kn) ± Standard Deviation (SD) of Cichla kelberi females (a) and males (b), in Lobo Reservoir, during the study period. (Legend: * Kn of significantly different than 1.0).

Fig. 3 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 3. Distribution of the absolute frequencies of occurrence of females and males of Cichla kelberi in the total length classes – Lt - (cm) in Lobo Reservoir during the study period. (Legend: * sex ratio different than 1:1).

Fig. 2 in Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

Fig. 2. Bimonthly variation of average air temperature (°C) and total rainfall (mm) at Lobo Reservoir during the first and second period of study.