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FIGURE 1 in Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics: the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity

FIGURE 1. Diagram of hypothesized adult ground plan of the Lepidoptera. Roman numerals refer to putative synapomorphies of Trichoptera and Lepidoptera, hence autapomorphies of superorder Amphiesmenoptera. Arabic numerals refer to putative lepidopteran groundplan autapomorphies. The characters in question are listed in the text. After Kristensen & Skalski (1998), slightly modified.

FIGURE 2 in Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics: the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity

FIGURE 2. Lectotype of Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758, type species of the genus Papiio Linnaeus, 1758. "… if this is not a butterfly in a nomenclatural sense, then nothing is" (Vane-Wright 2007: 59). Courtesy of The Linnean Society of London.

FIGURE 1 in A new butterfly species from the Colombian Andes and a review of the taxonomy of the genera Idioneurula Strand, 1932 and Tam an i a Pyrcz, 1995 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

FIGURE 1. Map of northern Colombia and western Venezuela showing localities where I. donegani Huertas & Arias, n. sp. was found (Serranía de los Yariguíes: red dots). Other symbols show collecting localities of I. erebioides (Santander, Boyacá: blue squares), I. eremita (Tamá: pink triangles) and T. jacquelinae (Tamá: black dot). A. Digital elevation map in bottom right shows isolation of Serranía de los Yariguíes highlands from the rest of the Cordillera Oriental.

FIGURE 5. A in A new butterfly species from the Colombian Andes and a review of the taxonomy of the genera Idioneurula Strand, 1932 and Tam an i a Pyrcz, 1995 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

FIGURE 5. A. Serranía de los Yariguíes páramo type locality. B. Habitat where Idioneurula donegani n. sp. was collected. C–D. I. donegani n. sp. resting during daylight. E–F. I. donegani n. sp. head and leg detail.

FIGURE 4. Figures A–D in A new butterfly species from the Colombian Andes and a review of the taxonomy of the genera Idioneurula Strand, 1932 and Tam an i a Pyrcz, 1995 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

FIGURE 4. Figures A–D: Idioneurula donegani n. sp. A. Male genitalia B. Aedeagus C. Aedeagus detail D. Valvae detail E. Female genitalia, sterigma detail F. Signa detail. Figures G–H: I. erebioides G. Female genitalia, sterigma detail H. Signa detail.

FIGURE 2. Idioneurula and Tamania adult male species. A. I. donegani n in A new butterfly species from the Colombian Andes and a review of the taxonomy of the genera Idioneurula Strand, 1932 and Tam an i a Pyrcz, 1995 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

FIGURE 2. Idioneurula and Tamania adult male species. A. I. donegani n. sp. HT male, Serranía de los Yariguíes, Colombia. B. I. erebioides Arcabuco, Boyacá, Colombia. C. Tamania jacquelinae PT, PNN El Tamá, Venezuelan side. D. I. eremita PNN El Tamá, Colombian side. Dorsal and ventral views on the right and left handsides respectively.

FIGURE 4 in Description of a new high Andean butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from the " Sierra Nevada del Cocuy ", Colombia

FIGURE 4. Map of Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes illustrating the known distribution of P. elisabeth (triangle) and P. saraha (square).

FIGURE 3. Genital structures. A, paratype P in Description of a new high Andean butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from the " Sierra Nevada del Cocuy ", Colombia

FIGURE 3. Genital structures. A, paratype P. elisabeth male genitalia in lateral view; B, paratype P. elisabeth male genitalia in ventral view (aedeagus removed); C, P. elisabeth female, ductus bursae in lateral view; D, P. saraha female, ductus bursae in lateral view. Relation between anterior and posterior ductus bursae length is indicated.

FIGURE 2 in Description of a new high Andean butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from the " Sierra Nevada del Cocuy ", Colombia

FIGURE 2. Adults—female (dorsal surface on left and ventral surface on right). A, B paratype Ƥ P. elisabeth; C, D P. saraha Ƥ Colombia, Cauca.

FIGURE 1 in Description of a new high Andean butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from the " Sierra Nevada del Cocuy ", Colombia

FIGURE 1. Adults—male (dorsal surface on left and ventral surface on right). A, B Holotype 3 P. elisabeth; C, D P.

FIGURE 9 in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 9. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia peruana: a, male, Peru, Pasco, Chuchurras (NHMUK); b, female, Peru, Pasco, Chuchurras (FLMNH); c, male, Peru, Pasco, Pachitea (MfN); d, female, Peru, Pasco, Pachitea (NHMUK); e, male, Peru, Ucayali, Pucallpa (ZSM). Intermediate between rebeli and peruana: f, male, Peru, Ucayali, Jepelacio (NHMUK).

FIGURE 12 in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 12. Map showing collection localities of Bia species and subspecies (see Appendix). Some close localities are represented by one single dot. Dubious label data, localities that could not be accurately identified or were incomplete (e.g., Brazil, Pará) were not placed on map.

FIGURE 8 in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 8. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia caelestis Penz & DeVries, new sp.: a, male holotype, Brazil, Acre, Mâncio Lima (DZUP); b, male paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença (MfN); c, male paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença (CMNH); d, female paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença (CMNH). Bia pucallpa Casagrande & Penz, new sp.: e, male holotype, Peru, Peru, Pasco, Rio Palcazu, Santa Rosa (MHNL). Intermediate between caelestis and actorion: f, male, Colombia, Amazonas, Puerto Nariño (LACM).

FIGURE 5 in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 5. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia rebeli rebeli: a, male, Peru (USNM); b, female, Peru, Huallaga, Tingo Maria (ZSM). Bia rebeli aegina Penz & Simonsen, new ssp.: c, male holotype, Peru, Madre de Dios, Los Amigos Research Center [Puerto Maldonado] (PJD); d, female paratype, same locality (PJD); e, male, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Buenavista (CMNH); f, female, same locality (CMNH). Intermediate between B. rebeli rebeli and B. rebeli aegina: g, male, Peru, Madre de Dios, Manu, Pakitza (USNM).

FIGURE 1. a in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 1. a, iconotype of Bia actorion; b, lectotype of Bia peruana (SMT); c, holotype of Bia actorion rebeli (NRM); d, male and female Bia actorion showing characters used in the diagnoses (see Methods for explanation). Codes: 1—DFW white apical ocelli, 2—DFW orange band, 3—DFW iridescent band, 4—DFW androconial scales at the CuA-CuA1-CuA2 intersection, 5—DHW discal androconial pad, 6—DHW discal hairpencil, 7—VFW ripple pattern of the postmedial area.

FIGURE 3 in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 3. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia actorion actorion: a, male, Guyana, Kartabo (CMNH); b, female, Guyana, Two Hat Mountain, E Kanukus S Rupununi (USNM). Bia actorion ecuatoria DeVries & Penz, new ssp.: c, male holotype, Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza Cocha (PJD); d, female paratype, Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza Cocha (PJD). Bia actorion occulta Casagrande & Penz, new ssp.: e, male holotype, Brazil, Pará, Acará (DZUP); f, female paratype, Brazil, Pará, Sto Antonio do Tauá (DZUP). Intermediate between actorion and decaerulea: g, male, Suriname (RMNH); h, male, Suriname, Coronie (RMNH).

FIGURE 11. Genitalia. a in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 11. Genitalia. a, male actorion, Guyana (dissection Penz 12-01, CMNH); b, female actorion, Guyana (dissection Penz 10-02, LACM; scale bar different from male illustrations); c, male decaerulea, Lectotype, Brazil, Pará, Faro, (dissection Miller 9047, MfN); d, male rebeli, Peru, San Martín (dissection Penz 10-08, USNM); e, male caelestis, paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, São Paulo de Olivença (dissection Penz 10-29, CMNH); f, male pucallpa, Peru, Pucallpa (USUSNM 2041410); g, male peruana, Peru, Huanuco, Rio Pichis (dissection Penz 09-06, FLMNH).

FIGURE 7 in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 7. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia rebeli cuprea Penz & Casagrande, new ssp.: a, male holotype Brazil, Amazonas, Borba (DZUP), note that dorsal anterior hairpencil has been removed from the left HW but that of the right HW can be seen in Fig. 10j; b, female paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, Borba (DZUP); c, male paratype, Brazil, Tapajós, Monte Christo (CMNH). Bia rebeli tapajos Penz & Simonsen, new ssp.: d, male holotype, Brazil, Pará, Belterra, Flona Tapajós (DZUP); e, male paratype, Brazil, Pará, Santarém (CMNH); f, female, Brazil, Tocantins, Ilha do Bananal (DZUP).

FIGURE 2 in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 2. Variation in valva and gnathos morphology (lateral view) across the range of Bia, including a sample of various species and subspecies. Note intraspecific variation in series from the same locality outlined by boxes.

FIGURE 4 in Documenting diversity in the Amazonian butterfly genus Bia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURE 4. Adults in dorsal and ventral views. Taxon names appear below each set. Bia decaerulea decaerulea: a, male, Brazil, Amazonas, Manacapuru (CMNH); b, female, same locality (CMNH). Bia decaerulea cayana, Simonsen & Penz, new ssp.: c, male holotype, French Guiana, Mana River (CMNH); d, male paratype, same locality (CMNH); e, male paratype, same locality (CMNH); f, female paratype, French Guiana, Oyapok River (CMNH). Bia decaerulea pallida Casagrande & Penz, new ssp: g, male holotype, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Padauari (DZUP); h, female paratype, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Rio Padauari (DZUP).