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FIGURE 3 in Integrative taxonomy reveals two new narrowly-endemic crayfish species (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Yadkin River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 3. Cambarus lapidosus, new species. (A.) Lateral view of carapace; (B.) dorsal view of carapace; (C.) right antennal scale; (D.) dorsal view of carpus and chela; (E.) epistome; (F.) lateral and (G.) mesial view of form I gonopod; (H.) lateral and (I.) mesial view of form II gonopod; (J.) annulus ventralis. A–E, F–G from holotype; H–I from morphotype; J from allotype.

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy reveals two new narrowly-endemic crayfish species (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Yadkin River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction (MrBayes v3.2.7) of relationships among Cambarus lapidosus, C. burchfielae, and other related and outgroup taxa using the COI mtDNA barcoding region. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities (pp); probabilities>99% are denoted by an asterisk (*). Letters correspond to clades discussed in the text. Scale bar represents estimated number of nucleotide substitutions per site.

FIGURE 6 in Integrative taxonomy reveals two new narrowly-endemic crayfish species (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Yadkin River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 6. Stony Fork, facing south near the type locality of Cambarus lapidosus, in Watauga County, NC—25 October 2019 (photo credit: Michael A. Perkins, NCWRC).

FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals two new narrowly-endemic crayfish species (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Yadkin River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 1. Terrain map of collection sites and the known ranges of Cambarus lapidosus and C. burchfielae in the Blue Ridge mountains of western North Carolina. Red triangles represent genetic samples and specimens of C. lapidosus used in this study; the red star indicates the type locality and red shading represents the known range (one HUC12) of the species. Orange diamonds represent genetic samples and specimens of C. burchfielae used in this study; the orange star indicates the type locality and orange shading represents the known range (two HUC12s) of the species. Open circles indicate genetic sampling locations where neither focal species was detected during this study. Closed circles represent historic sampling locations (combined NCSM and NCWRC records) where specimens of the target species were not identified. Black lines represent major drainage boundaries (HUC6), pink-bordered line indicates the Eastern Continental Divide. Green shading represents conserved or protected lands, dark-gray shading represents developed areas. Inset: the boundaries of North Carolina's major river basins and bordering states; gray shading denotes the Yadkin-PeeDee basin. (Maps created in QGIS v3.1.2).

FIGURE 10 in Integrative taxonomy reveals two new narrowly-endemic crayfish species (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Yadkin River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 10. Fall Creek, facing south near the type locality of Cambarus burchfielae, in Wilkes County, NC—29 October 2021 (photo credit: Michael A. Perkins, NCWRC)

FIGURE 9 in Integrative taxonomy reveals two new narrowly-endemic crayfish species (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Yadkin River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 9. Cambarus burchfielae, (left) second form male morphotype (NCSM 90221) in life, North Prong Lewis Fork, Wilkes County, NC; (right) female allotype (NCSM 90220) in life from the type locality, Fall Creek, Wilkes County, NC; (photo credit: Michael A. Perkins, NCWRC).

FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy reveals two new narrowly-endemic crayfish species (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Yadkin River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 5. Cambarus lapidosus, (left) second form male morphotype (NCSM 90224) in life, Stony Fork, Wilkes County, NC; (right) female allotype (NCSM 90223) in life, Orchard Creek, Watauga County, NC (note: regenerated left chela with single row of mesial tubercles); (photo credit: Michael A. Perkins, NCWRC).

Figure 45 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 45. Sample of typical Nerudia habitats in Argentina. A, Jujuy, between San Salvador and Purmamarca (type locality of N. colina sp. nov.). B, Salta, NW of Campo Quijano (type locality of N. poma sp. nov.). C, Catamarca, near Paso de San Francisco (type locality of N. centaura sp. nov.). D, San Juan, W of Las Flores (type locality of N. rocio sp. nov.). E, La Rioja, SE of Aimogasta (N. ola sp. nov.). F, Córdoba, near Nono (type locality of N. nono sp. nov.).

Figure 43. A in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 43. A, density of records of arachnids surrounding the geographic distribution of Nerudia representatives, with numbered high density regions (reddish areas: 1. Santiago; 2. Córdoba; 3. Cafayate; 4. Tilcara). Dotted line represents 500 km buffer around Nerudia records (black dots). Note that Nerudia records are concentrated in poorly sampled regions (bluish areas). B, relative occurrence rate (ROR) of Nerudia species, with numbered biogeographic regions. Polygons represent the biogeographical regionalisation (sensu Morrone, 2017) in the Andean (5) and Neotropical (6–12) regions. Neotropical provinces: (6) Prepuna; (7) Monte; (8) Pampean; (9) Chaco; (10) Yungas; (11) Puna; and (12) Atacama. The reddish areas denote regions where Nerudia is expected to occur; in some of these, no Ninetinae have ever been recorded: the Atacama province in Chile and the Puna province in Bolivia.

Figure 29 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 29. Nerudia ola sp. nov.; male and female from Argentina, San Juan, San Agustín de Valle Fértil (ZFMK Arg141). A, female prosoma, frontal view. B, left procursus tip, prolateral-dorsal view. C, stridulatory file on male chelicera. D, lateral view of female chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. E, stridulatory pick (modified hair) on male palpal femur. F, right male cheliceral apophysis, frontal view. G, processes on male sternum. H, male gonopore. Scale lines: 100 µm (A, G), 10 µm (B, D, F, H), 20 µm (C), 2 µm (E).

Figure 36 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 36. Nerudia flecha sp. nov.; paratype female from Chile, Coquimbo, road to Pascua Lama Mine (MACN Ar 37782). A, abdomen and epigynum, ventral view. B, median structures in internal genitalia. C, D, cleared genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (A, C, D), 0.1 mm (B).

Figure 42 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 42. Gertschiola macrostyla sp. nov.; male chromosome plates. Panels A–C contain a scheme of the sex chromosome multivalent (blue – X chromosomes, orange – Y chromosome, black knob – supposed centromere).A–C, metaphases I consisting of 12 bivalents and a sex chromosome multivalent comprising three X chromosomes and a Y chromosome. Multivalent delimited by dotted line. D, plate composed of two sister metaphases II. Note the tiny Y chromosome. Abbreviations: m, sex chromosome multivalent; X, X chromosome; Y, Y chromosome. Scale lines: 10 µm.

Figure 41 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 41. Nerudia poma sp. nov., haploid karyotype (n = 14) based on metaphase II containing X chromosomes. It consists of nine metacentric (nos 1–8, 10) and five submetacentric chromosomes (nos 9, 11–14). It is impossible to distinguish X chromosomes on the basis of their morphology or behaviour. Scale line: 10 µm.

Figure 21 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 21. Nerudia rocio sp. nov.; non-type female from Argentina, San Juan, 35 km W Las Flores (ZFMK Ar 23893). A, abdomen and epigynum, ventral view. B, median structures in internal genitalia. C, D, cleared genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (A, C, D), 0.1 mm (B).

Figure 39 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 39. Nerudia ola sp. nov. (A–C) and Gertschiola macrostyla (D); male meiosis, detection of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs; red signals). Chromosomes counterstained with DAPI (blue). Panels B–D contain schemes of the sex chromosome multivalents. A, diffuse stage. Sex chromosome body and two decondensed bivalents exhibit a signal. B, metaphase I, one bivalent includes a NOR. Another NOR is at the end of a sex chromosome involved in pairing. C, metaphase I, sex chromosome multivalent collapsed. One bivalent and one end of a sex chromosome bear a NOR. D, metaphase I. One bivalent and one end of an X chromosome contains a NOR. Note the sex chromosome multivalent in the upper left corner of the panel. Symbols: arrow, NOR-bearing bivalent; arrowhead, sex chromosome body (A), sex chromosome multivalent (B, D) or particular sex chromosomes (C, numbered). Abbreviations: m, sex chromosome multivalent; SCB, sex chromosome body; X, X chromosome; Y, Y chromosome. Scale lines: 10 µm.

Figure 20 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 20. Nerudia rocio sp. nov.; holotype male (LABRE-Ar 588) and non-type female (ZFMK Ar 23893) from Argentina, San Juan, 35 km W Las Flores. A–C, left male palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. D–F, left male genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. G, H, male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. I, cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figure 15 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 15. Nerudia centaura sp. nov.; non-type male from Argentina, Catamarca, 20 km E Paso de San Francisco (ZFMK Ar 23891). Left palp, prolateral (A) and retrolateral (B) views. Scale line: 0.3 mm.

Figure 24 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 24. Nerudia trigo sp. nov.; female from Argentina, Salta, between Alemanía and Cafayate (ZFMK Arg206). A, female spinnerets. B, female palpal tarsal organ. C, tarsal organ on female right tarsus 4. D, 'regular' hairs on female abdomen. E, hairs on female anal cone. F, left female chelicera, lateral view (note absence of stridulatory file). G, epigynum, ventral view. H, female ALS. Scale lines: 20 µm (A, F), 2 µm (B, C), 10 µm (D, E, H), 100 µm (G).

Figure 28 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 28. Nerudia ola sp. nov.; paratype female from Argentina, San Juan, San Agustín de Valle Fértil (ZFMK Ar 23897). A, abdomen and epigynum, ventral view. B, median structures in internal genitalia. C, D, cleared genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (A, C, D), 0.1 mm (B).

Figure 32 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 32. Nerudia nono sp. nov.; paratype female from Argentina, Córdoba, 5 km E Nono (ZFMK Ar 23910). A, abdomen and epigynum, ventral view. B, median structures in internal genitalia. C, D, cleared genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (A, C, D), 0.1 mm (B).