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1,418 results for “Grasses”
Community species diversity mediates the trade-off between aboveground and belowground biomass for grasses and forbs in degraded alpine meadow, Tibetan Plateau
<p>Although many empirical experiments have shown that increasing degradation results in lower aboveground biomass (AGB), our knowledge of the magnitude of belowground biomass (BGB) for individual plants is a prerequisite for accurately revealing the biomass trade-off in degraded grasslands. Here, by linking the AGB and BGB of individual plants, species in the community, and soil properties, we explored the biomass partitioning patterns in different plant functional groups (grasses of <i>Stipa capillacea</i> and forbs of <i>Anaphalis xylorhiza</i>). Our results indicated that 81% and 60% of the biomass trade-off variations could be explained by environmental factors affecting grasses and forbs, respectively. The change in community species diversity dominated the biomass trade-off via either direct or indirect effects on soil properties and biomass. However, the community species diversity imparted divergent effects on the biomass trade-off for grasses (scored at -0.72) and forbs (scored at 0.59). Our findings suggest that plant communities have evolved two contrasting strategies of biomass allocation patterns in degraded grasslands. These are the "conservative" strategy in grasses, in which plants with larger BGB trade-off depends on gigantic roots for soil resources, and the "opportunistic" strategy in forbs, in which plants can adapt to degraded lands using high variation and optimal biomass allocation.</p>
Figure 2 from: Becerra-Chiron IM, Moya-Raygoza G, Muñoz-Urias A (2017) Host-Dryinidae (Hymenoptera) interactions on edge grasses of maize agroecosystem throughout winter in Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 57: 155-166. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.57.12990
Figure 2 - Quantitative food web of parasitoid-host interaction found on the edges of maize agroecosystem in the winter seasons of 2014 and 2015. Top names are the parasitoid species and bottom names are the host species.
Figure 1 from: Becerra-Chiron IM, Moya-Raygoza G, Muñoz-Urias A (2017) Host-Dryinidae (Hymenoptera) interactions on edge grasses of maize agroecosystem throughout winter in Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 57: 155-166. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.57.12990
Figure 1 - Total of parasitoid-host interactions found on the edges of maize agroecosystem in the winter seasons of 2014 and 2015. Name in parenthesis show the name of the host tribe.
Figure 6 from: de Lange PJ, Smissen RD, Rolfe JR, Ogle CC (2016) Systematics of Simplicia Kirk (Poaceae, Agrostidinae) – an endemic, threatened New Zealand grass genus. PhytoKeys 75: 119-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.75.10328
Figure 6 - Simplicia laxa. A habitat, Emerald Stream, McCraes, North Otago, South Island, New Zealand (image D.A. Houston) B growth habit and inflorescence C culm, leaf base, sheath and ligule D spikelet showing reduced glumes and lemma. (Photo credit images C and D: K. Ford, Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua)
Figure 2 from: de Lange PJ, Smissen RD, Rolfe JR, Ogle CC (2016) Systematics of Simplicia Kirk (Poaceae, Agrostidinae) – an endemic, threatened New Zealand grass genus. PhytoKeys 75: 119-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.75.10328
Figure 2 - Selected most parsimonious tree for nrDNA sequence data. Numbers above branches are bootstrap percentages. Diagonal lines indicate that the branches leading to the outgroup Nicoraepoa and Catabrosia sequences are not shown to scale.
Figure 5 from: de Lange PJ, Smissen RD, Rolfe JR, Ogle CC (2016) Systematics of Simplicia Kirk (Poaceae, Agrostidinae) – an endemic, threatened New Zealand grass genus. PhytoKeys 75: 119-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.75.10328
Figure 5 - Simplicia buchananii. A habitat, Kahurangi National Park, North West Nelson, South Island, New Zealand B growth habit and inflorescence C culm, leaf base, sheath and ligule D spikelet showing reduced glumes and lemma (images: J.R. Rolfe).
Figure 8 from: de Lange PJ, Smissen RD, Rolfe JR, Ogle CC (2016) Systematics of Simplicia Kirk (Poaceae, Agrostidinae) – an endemic, threatened New Zealand grass genus. PhytoKeys 75: 119-144. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.75.10328
Figure 8 - Simplicia felix. A habitat, Te Kanuka Farm Station, Upper Kaumingi Stream east Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand B growth habit and inflorescence C culm, leaf base, sheath and ligule D spikelet showing reduced glumes and lemma (images: J.R. Rolfe)
Figure 8 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 8 - A portion (part of Agrostidinae p.p.) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from ITS+ETS data. ML bootstrap support (left) and BI poster probabilities (right) are recorded along branches. A dash indicates bootstrap support <50%. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50% and posterior probability <.5. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the upper left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. Placements of samples with asterisks (***) are incongruent in nrDNA and plastid trees. Two indels in ETS are mapped onto the phylogram.
Figure 9 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 9 - A portion (part of Agrostidinae p.p., Anthoxanthinae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Phalaridinae, Scolochloinae and Torreyochloinae) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from ITS+ETS data. ML bootstrap support (left) and BI poster probabilities (right) are recorded along branches. A dash indicates bootstrap support <50%. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50% and posterior probability <.5. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. One indel in ETS is mapped onto the phylogram.
Figure 22 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 22 - A portion (part of Agrostidinae p.p.) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from combined plastid data (atpF–atpH, psbK–psbI, psbA–rps19–trnH, matK, trnL–trnF). ML bootstrap support (left) and BI poster probabilities (right) are recorded along branches. A dash indicates bootstrap support <50%. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50% and posterior probability <.5. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. Placement of the sample with asterisks (***) is incongruent in nrDNA and plastid trees. One indel in psbK–psbI and one in atpF–atpH are mapped onto the phylogram.
Figure 24 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 24 - A portion (part of Agrostidinae p.p., Anthoxanthinae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Phalaridinae and Torreyochloinae) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from combined plastid data (atpF–atpH, psbK–psbI, psbA–rps19–trnH, matK, trnL–trnF). ML bootstrap support (left) and BI poster probabilities (right) are recorded along branches. A dash indicates posterior probability <.5. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50% and posterior probability <.5. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. Placements of samples with asterisks (***) are incongruent in nrDNA and plastid trees. An indel in psbK–psbI is mapped onto the phylogram.
Figure 21 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 21 - A portion (Koeleriinae clade B) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from combined plastid data (atpF–atpH, psbK–psbI, psbA–rps19–trnH, matK, trnL–trnF). ML bootstrap support (left) and BI poster probabilities (right) are recorded along branches. A dash indicates bootstrap support <50%. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50% and posterior probability <.5. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the bottom left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. Placements of samples with asterisks (***) are incongruent in nrDNA and plastid trees. An indel in psbK–psbI is mapped onto the phylogram.
Figure 2 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 2 - Overview of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from ITS data. Major clades in the complete tree are collapsed. The corresponding figures showing details of subsections of the tree are indicated. ML bootstrap support is recorded along branches. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50%. The ML tree is presented in its entirety in Suppl. material 4.
Figure 3 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 3 - Overview of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from combined plastid data (atpF–atpH, psbK–psbI, psbA–rps19–trnH, matK, trnL–trnF). Major clades in the complete tree are collapsed. The corresponding figures showing details of subsections of the tree are indicated. ML bootstrap support (left) and BI poster probabilities (right) are recorded along branches. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50% and posterior probability <.5. The ML tree is presented in its entirety in Suppl. material 6.
Figure 19 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 19 - A portion (Agrostidinae p.p., Holcinae, Loliinae and Poinae) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from combined plastid data (atpF–atpH, psbK–psbI, psbA–rps19–trnH, matK, trnL–trnF). ML bootstrap support (left) and BI poster probabilities (right) are recorded along branches. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50% and posterior probability <.5. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. Slashes (//) identify a branch shortened for presentation. An indel in atpF–atpH is mapped onto the phylogram.
Figure 17 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 17 - A portion (Phalaridinae and Scolochloinae) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from ITS data. ML bootstrap support is recorded along branches when >50%. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. The subdivisional classification of Phalaris follows Voshell et al. (2016). The backbone branch represented by ellipses is shown only in Fig. 2.
Figure 7 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 7 - A portion (part of Agrostidinae p.p.) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from ITS+ETS data. ML bootstrap support (left) and BI poster probabilities (right) are recorded along branches. A dash indicates bootstrap support <50%. No support is shown for branches with bootstrap support <50% and posterior probability <.5. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. Placements of samples with asterisks (***) are incongruent in nrDNA and plastid trees. One indel in ETS is mapped onto the phylogram.
Figure 16 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 16 - A portion (Koeleriinae clade A, part of Koeleriinae clade B, Trisetum subsect. Sibirica and Brizinae p.p.) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from ITS data. ML bootstrap support is recorded along branches when >50%. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown.
Figure 14 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 14 - A portion (Aveninae s.str., Sesleriinae) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from ITS data. ML bootstrap support is recorded along branches when >50%. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the upper left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown.
Figure 18 from: Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Peterson PM, Soreng RJ, Paszko B (2017) Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PhytoKeys 87: 1-139. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774
Figure 18 - A portion (Agrostidinae p.p., Holcinae p.p. and Airinae p.p.) of the maximum likelihood phylogram inferred from ITS data. ML bootstrap support is recorded along branches when >50%. The shaded area of the smaller tree on the bottom left indicates the location in the overall tree of the portion shown. Backbone branches represented by ellipses are shown only in Fig. 2.
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