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Fig. 2 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 2. Cluster dendrogram showing parasite species detected in mammalian hosts. Sequences detected in each specimen using nUPDx were clustered alongside parasite-derived reference sequences of known identity obtained from GenBank. These reference sequences are labelled on the dendrogram branch tips (where appropriate). A peripheral color-coded heat map ring indicates the host animal from which the parasite-derived sequence was detected. Gray branches and blocks on the heat map reflect the position of reference sequences within the tree. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 1. Schematic describing the nested UPDx protocol employed in this study. This schematic provides a summary of the nested UPDx (nUPDx) protocol originally described by Flaherty et al. (Flaherty et al., 2021). Briefly, the DNA extract is subjected to a restriction digestion using the PstI restriction enzyme, and the digest product is subjected to PCR1 using primers 5'TTGATCCTGC- CAGTAGTCATATGC'3 (outer forward) and 5'GGTGTGTA- CAAAGGGCAGGGAC'3 (outer reverse). The resultant ~2 kb amplicon is digested using the restriction enzymes BamHI and BsoBI. The digest product is then subjected to PCR2 using internal primers 5'CCGGAGAGGGAGCCTGAGA'3 (inner forward) and 5'GAGCTGGAATTACCGCGG'3 (inner reverse) originally described by Flaherty et al. (Flaherty et al., 2018, 2021). The amplicon of PCR2 (~200 base pairs) is finally subjected to Illumina amplicon sequencing.

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Fig. 3 in Exorchis sp. in the catfish Silurus asotus and Oncomelania hupensis in marshlands of Poyang Lake, China: A potential biological control tool for Schistosoma japonicum

Fig. 3. The prevalence of Exorchis sp. in S. asotus collected from the marshland of Poyang Lake from 2012 to 2016. (A) The adult S. asotus fish collected from Shi Li Hu were kept in plastic containers supplied with water. (B) The intestine of collected S. asotus fish were dissected in a glass Petri dish containing 0.75% saline solution. (C) The isolated Exorchis sp. adult trematodes isolated from the intestine of infected S. asotus. (D) The infection rate of Exorchis sp. in S. asotus is 56.82%, 75.56%, 67.09%, 63.81% and 72.18% from 2012 to 2016, respectively. (E) The intensity of infection of Exorchis sp. in S. asotus is 14.45, 15.24, 16.87, 14.18 and 12.22 per fish from 2012 to 2016, respectively. (F) The average infection rate of Exorchis sp. in S. asotus collected from the marshland of Poyang Lake from 2012 to 2016 was 65.79%. (G) The average intensity of infection of Exorchis sp. in S. asotus collected from the marshland of Poyang Lake from 2012 to 2016 was 14.21 per fish.

Fig. 3 in Application of a universal parasite diagnostic test to biological specimens collected from animals

Fig. 3. Cluster dendrogram showing parasite species detected in avian and reptilian hosts. Sequences detected in each specimen using nUPDx were clustered in this dendrogram alongside parasite-derived reference sequences of known identity obtained from GenBank. These reference sequences are labelled on the dendrogram branch tips (where appropriate). A peripheral color-coded heat map ring indicates the host animal from which the parasite-derived sequence was detected. Gray branches and blocks on the heat map reflect the position of reference sequences within the tree. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 2 in Exorchis sp. in the catfish Silurus asotus and Oncomelania hupensis in marshlands of Poyang Lake, China: A potential biological control tool for Schistosoma japonicum

Fig. 2. The infection rate of Exorchis sp. in O. hupensis collected from the marshland of Poyang Lake from 2012 to 2015. (A) The natural habitat of O. hupensis. (B) High grass region inhabited by large numbers of O. hupensis are shown, and the snails were marked with red arrows. (C) The cercaria of Exorchis sp. collected from O. hupensis. (D) The infection rate of Exorchis sp. in O. hupensis was 1.87%, 0.51%, 1.06% and 0.14% from 2012 to 2015, respectively. (E) The average infection rate of Exorchis sp. in O. hupensis collected from the marshland of Poyang Lake from 2012 to 2015 was 1.11%. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Fig. 1 in Exorchis sp. in the catfish Silurus asotus and Oncomelania hupensis in marshlands of Poyang Lake, China: A potential biological control tool for Schistosoma japonicum

Fig. 1. Geographical location of the study area. Poyang Lake is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in the north of Jiangxi Province. This study was conducted at Shi Li Hu (29◦ 25′ N, 116◦ 01′ E) in Xingzi county, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, which is located on the western bank of the Poyang Lake in southern China.

Fig. 4 in Integrated characterisation of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. (Nematoda: Daubayliidae) from a freshwater gastropod in South Africa, with comments on the biology of Daubaylia spp.

Fig. 4. Light (A–C) and scanning electron (D,E) micrographs of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. female. A, ovary anterior end; B, uterus and vulvular region; C, caudal region; D, ventral view of vulva and D, lateral view of anus. Abbreviations: a, anus; gz, germinal zone; k, knob-like protrusion; l, larva; o, oocyte; pvs, post-vulvular sac; tt, tail tip and v, vulva.

Fig. 1 in Integrated characterisation of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. (Nematoda: Daubayliidae) from a freshwater gastropod in South Africa, with comments on the biology of Daubaylia spp.

Fig. 1. Map showing Southern Africa (A) and the study area (B). S1: below Vaal Dam (26.872364 ◦S, 28.117173 ◦E) and S2: below Vaal Barrage (26.734854 ◦S, 27.634372 ◦E).

Fig. 6 in Integrated characterisation of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. (Nematoda: Daubayliidae) from a freshwater gastropod in South Africa, with comments on the biology of Daubaylia spp.

Fig. 6. Spicules of Daubaylia spp. A, D. burnupiae n. sp.; B, D. seistanensis; C, D. potomaca; D, D. dewiti; E, D. elegans; F, D. malayanum; G, D. helicophilus; H, D. olsoni; I, D. pearsoni and J, D. bonaerensis. Abbreviations: m, manubrium; la, lamina. B-J, redrawn from Baylis and Daubney (1922), Chitwood and Chitwood (1934), Schuurmans-Stekhoven (1956), Honer and Jansen (1961), Sullivan and Palmieri (1978), Poinar and Richards (1979), Poinar (1984), Anderson and Bartlett (1993), Camino and Gonzalez (2011), respectively.

Fig. 3 in Integrated characterisation of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. (Nematoda: Daubayliidae) from a freshwater gastropod in South Africa, with comments on the biology of Daubaylia spp.

Fig. 3. Light (A–C) and scanning electron (D–F) micrographs of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. anterior end. A, oesophagus male; B, oesophagus female; C, anterior region of corpus female; D, dorsal view of cephalic end female; E, subventral view showing excretory pore; F, apical view cephalic end male, showing papillae on lateral lips (broken line circles), and on the dorso-ventral lips (solid line circles). Abbreviations: a, amphids; co, corpus; ep, excretory pore; gb, glandular basal bulb; i, isthmus; nr, nerve ring and pl, pharyngeal lobes.

Fig. 5 in Integrated characterisation of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. (Nematoda: Daubayliidae) from a freshwater gastropod in South Africa, with comments on the biology of Daubaylia spp.

Fig. 5. Light (A–C) and scanning electron (D,E) micrographs of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. male. A, testis anterior end; B, genital armature; C, paired spicules; D, caudal region, subventral view; E, cloacal region, subventral. Abbreviations: c, cloaca; g, gubernaculum; lp, latero-ventral papilla; mp, median papilla; r, reflexed part of testis; s, spicules; st, spicule tip and tt, tail tip.

Fig. 2 in Integrated characterisation of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. (Nematoda: Daubayliidae) from a freshwater gastropod in South Africa, with comments on the biology of Daubaylia spp.

Fig. 2. Line drawings of Daubaylia burnupiae n. sp. A, female; B, anterior end female; C, anterior end male; D, male; E, posterior end female; F, posterior end male (arrows with no fill show lateroventral genital papillae) and G, gubernaculum. A-F, lateral view; G, subventral view. Abbreviations: a, anus; co, corpus; ep, excretory pore; g, gubernaculum; gb, glandular basal bulb; i, isthmus; nr, nerve ring and s, spicule.

Fig. 5 in Influence of seasonality and biological activity on infection by helminths in Cantabrian bear

Fig. 5. Seasonal kinetics of helminths egg-output in Cantabrian brown bears (n = 248) according to their activity periods. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Influence of seasonality and biological activity on infection by helminths in Cantabrian bear

Fig. 2. Seasonal variations in the prevalence of helminth infection in feces of brown bears (n = 248) from the western part of the Cantabrian Mountains (Asturias and Le´on provinces, Spain). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Influence of seasonality and biological activity on infection by helminths in Cantabrian bear

Fig. 4. Seasonal variations in the prevalence of helminth infection in feces of brown bears (n = 248) from Cantabrian Mountains (Spain) according to their activity periods. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Influence of seasonality and biological activity on infection by helminths in Cantabrian bear

Fig. 1. Distribution of the sampling of brown bear feces (n = 248) in the western part of the Cantabrian Mountains (Asturias and Le´on provinces, Spain). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 8 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 8. Map of the distribution of Spirometra spp. in the world (in yellow). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 4. Microphotographs of Spirometra spp. from North and South America. A–C – Scolex and gravid proglottids of S. decipiens syntype from Puma concolor, Brazil (NMW 2682, 2699). D, E – gravid proglottids of S. decipiens syntype from Herpailurus yagouaroundi (NMW 12781). F–J – Gravid proglottids and sagittal section of S. decipiens hologenophore from Chrysocyon brachyurus, Bolivia (USNM 1233899). K–O – Scolex and proglottids of S. mansonoides syntype from Felis catus, USA (USNM 1333923). P – Immature proglottid of Spirometra sp. 2 hologenophore from Lynx rufus, USA Illinois (IPCAS C-987).

Fig. 7 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 7. Microphotographs of Spirometra spp. and Dibothrium folium from Africa. A–D – Scolex, proglottids and sagittal section of S. theileri from Panthera leo, DR Congo material of Baer (1959) (RMCA 32316). E – Scolex of D. folium, type specimen (NMW No. 2616). F, G – Gravid proglottid and sagittal section of hologenophore from Panthera pardus, South Africa (IPCAS C-986). H, I – Gravid proglottid and sagittal section from P. pardus, Siera Leone (NHMUK 1924.6.12.116). J – Gravid proglottid from P. pardus, DR Congo (NHMUK 1934.12.18.51). K, P – Gravid proglottid and mounted specimen from Crocuta crocuta, Tanzania (NHMUK 1937.10.20.26–30). L, M – Gravid proglottid and sagittal section from P. leo (RMCA 32316). N, O – Gravid proglottid and sagittal section from P. pardus, DR Congo (1934.12.18.51–54). Q, R – Syntype slides of Diphyllobothrium theileri from Leptailurus serval, South Africa (MHNG-PLAT 40726). S – Syntype slide of Lueheella pretoriensis from Otocyon megalotis, South Africa (MHNG-PLAT 41517).

Fig. 6 in Diversity and biology of Spirometra tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea), zoonotic parasites of wildlife: A review

Fig. 6. Line drawing of gravid proglottid of the neotype of Spirometra mansoni from Canis familiaris, Japan (IPCAS C-988), ventral view; note the shape of the ovary, which is long, with narrow lateral wings. Vitelline follicles and testes illustrated in one side of proglottids only, except for lateral-most and median-most vitelline follicles.