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FIGURE 18 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 18. (A–B) Pauropsalta tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E), (A) male, (B) female; (C–D) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°0'E), (C) male, (D) female; (E–F) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E), (E) male, (F) female. Approximately 1.6x natural size.

FIGURE 20 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 20. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta tremula sp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both introductory and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency. This specimen was recorded in the field at Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E).

FIGURE 7 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 7. Map of eastern Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt. Large triangles represent specimen records (see material examined), and small triangles are aural records (some recorded). The grey shaded area shows the distribution of the central highlands population (Clermont–Emerald) of P. annulata in Queensland (see description and morphological key).

FIGURE 2. Oscillograms providing a in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 2. Oscillograms providing a comparison of the calling song structure of each taxon (and hybrid population) in the Pauropsalta annulata species group: (A) Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (B) P. notialis notialis subsp. nov., Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E); (C) P. n. incitata subsp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (D) P. n. notialisxincitata hybrid, Upper Yarraman (26°54'S 151°54'E); (E) P. tremula sp. nov., Lake Broadwater (27°21'S 151°06'E); (F) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°44'S 149°07'E); (G) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (H) P. granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E); (I) P. subtropica sp. nov., Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (J) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E); (K) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E); (L) P. kobongoides sp. nov., Weengallon (28°22'S 149°03'E); (M) P. corymbiae sp. nov., Bull's Gully via Adavale (25°58'S 144°59'E); (N) P. inversa sp. nov., Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E); (O) P. rubristrigata (Goding and Froggatt), Nimmitabel (36°31'S 149°14'E); (P) P. ayrensis Ewart, Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E). All recordings were made with RS1, except (M) and (O), which were obtained by A. Ewart with RS3 and the author using RS5, respectively (see methods).

FIGURE 19 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 19. Map of eastern Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta tremula sp. nov., P. blackdownensis sp. nov. and P. simplex sp. nov. Large symbols represent specimen records (see type data) and small symbols represent aural records (some recorded).

FIGURE 15 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 15. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta notialis incitata subsp. nov. from six different localities, including: (i) Chinchilla (26°44'S 150°38'E), (ii) Eidsvold (25°22'S 151°07'E), (iii) Newell Highway, 4 km N. of Bellata (2953'S 149°47'E) (iv) Canberra (35°18'S 149°06'E), (v) 10 km W. of Diggers Rest (37°37'S 144°37'E), and (vi) Blackall (24°26'S 145°28'E). Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. The Blackall recording (vi) is a duet that includes a female's response, with each female wingflick indicated by an arrow. This recording includes short buzzing components, to which the female also responds. Recording (i) was made with RS2, recordings (iii) and (v) were made with RS4 (by D. Marshall), recording (iv) was made with RS5 and all other recordings were made with RS1 (see methods).

FIGURE 17 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 17. Waveform plots illustrating the lilting component of the male calling song of Pauropsalta notialis notialisxincitata hybrids from six different localities, including: (i) Upper Yarraman (26°54'S 151°54'E), (ii) Atkinsons Dam (27°26'S 152°27'E), (iii) Boonah (28°00'S 152°41'E), (iv) Woodford (26°56'S 152°46'E), (v) Cooyar (26°59'S 151°50'E), and (vi) Wuruma Dam Road (25°11'S 151°02'E). Mean phrase repetition rates (PRR) for each recording are provided to the right of each plot for reference. The Upper Yarraman recording (i) is a duet that includes the responses from a female, with each female wing-flick indicated by an arrow.

FIGURE 23 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 23. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta blackdownensis sp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8). The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency. This specimen was recorded in the field at Blackdown Tableland (23°44'S 149°07'E).

FIGURE 14 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 14. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta notialis incitata subsp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Goombungee (27°18'S 151°51'E).

FIGURE 11 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 11. Map of eastern Australia showing the geographical distribution of Pauropsalta notialis sp. nov. (including P. n. notialis subsp. nov. (solid circles), P. n. incitata subsp. nov. (solid triangles) and their hybrid P. n. notialisxincitata (crosses)). The large symbols represent specimen records (see type data and material examined), whereas small symbols represent aural records (some recorded).

FIGURE 22 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 22. Illustrations of male pygofer and internal genitalia, viewed ventrally (left) and laterally from left (right): (A) P. blackdownensis sp. nov., Blackdown Tableland (23°47'S 149°00'E); (B) P. simplex sp. nov., Atherton (17°16'S 145°29'E); (C) P. granitica sp. nov., Spear Creek via Palmer River (16°03'S 144°48'E); (D) P. subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E); (E) P. torrensis sp. nov., 65km E. of Hughenden (20°50'S 144°48'E); (F) P. decora sp. nov., 82km N. of St George (27°23'S 148°52'E).

FIGURE 27 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 27. (A–B) Pauropsalta granitica sp. nov., 7km SE. of Mount Carbine (16°34'S 145°10'E), (A) male, (B) female; (C– D) P. subtropica sp. nov., 1km N. of Auburn River National Park (25°43'S 151°03'E). (C) male, (D) female; (E–F) P. torrensis sp. nov., Torrens Creek (20°47'S 145°01'E), (E) male, (F) female. Approximately 1.6x natural size.

FIGURE 12 in A revision of the Pauropsalta annulata Goding & Froggatt species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) based on morphology, calling songs and ecology, with investigations into calling song structure, molecular phylogenetic relationships and a case of hybridisation between two subspecies

FIGURE 12. Male calling song structure of Pauropsalta notialis notialis subsp. nov. illustrated in expanded waveform plots (explained in Fig. 8), showing both buzzing and lilting components. The spectrogram at the bottom of the figure displays song frequency, which exhibits no modulation between the song components in this species. This specimen was recorded in the field at Concord (33°51'S 151°06'E).

Figure 3. Cave-adapted dipluran species described from 1871 in REVIEW Diplura in caves: diversity, ecology, evolution and biogeography

Figure 3. Cave-adapted dipluran species described from 1871 to 2020; photographs of the authors arranged from right to left and from top to bottom: Alpheus Spring Packard, Armand Viré, Filippo Silvestri, Jean Robert Denis, Petr Wygodzinsky, Boris Pimenovitch Chevrizov, Bruno Condé, Jean Pagés and Mark Alan Muegge. Courtesy of Bernd Hauser, Sergei Golovatch and Ernest C. Bernard.

opennotspecifiedDec 2016View details →

Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)

Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A, western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) specimens; B, eastern and nigrofasciatus OTUs. The model was reclassified into ten equal probability classes. Only classes with probabilities greater than 60% are presented here. Maximum training sensitivity plus specificity logistic threshold (dark grey) is equal to 15.7% in (A) and 23% in (B). In (A), circles indicate the south-western Iran sub-OTU, ◆ indicate the south-eastern Turkey and western Iran sub-OTU, and plus symbols indicate the northern Iran specimens. In (B), circles indicate specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU, triangles indicate the eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU, plus symbols indicate the north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU, and stars indicate the localities of the specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni.

Figure 4 in Review of the interactions of an ecological keystone species, Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae), with the associated fauna

Figure 4. Bipartite nets showing the relative proportion of interactions of Aechmea distichantha with animals registered for the different taxonomic groups classified according to the (a) use of the plant, (b) trophic level and (c) type (resource involved) of herbivory and ordered following the 'as few crossings of interactions as possible' criteria. Boxes represent the number of morphospecies, and categories and paths represent the number of interactions.

Figure 3 in Review of the interactions of an ecological keystone species, Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae), with the associated fauna

Figure 3. (a) Number of animal species associated with, and (b) number of interactions established with A. distichantha. In both graphs, the records are ordered taxonomically according to Hyman (1940).

Figure 2 in Review of the interactions of an ecological keystone species, Aechmea distichantha Lem. (Bromeliaceae), with the associated fauna

Figure 2. Evolution of the number of publications from the 1960s to the present grouped in 10-year periods about interactions of Aechmea distichantha with animals in the mid-latitudes of South America.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Ecomorphological relationships and invasion history of non-native terrestrial bird species on O'ahu, Hawai'i suggests ecological fitting during community assembly

The widespread introduction of species has created novel communities in many areas of the world. Since introduced species tend to have generalized ecologies and often lack shared evolutionary history with other species in their communities, it would be expected that the relationship between form and function (i.e. ecomorphology) may change in novel communities. We tested this expectation in a subset of the novel bird community on O'ahu, Hawai'i. By relating foraging behavior observations to morphology obtained from live birds at four sites across the island, we found many relationships between species' morphology and foraging ecology that mirrored relationships found in the literature for native dominated bird communities. Both movement and certain foraging behaviors were related to a species' tarsus to wing ratio. Further, bill morphology was related to gleaning, frugivory, and flycatching behaviors. The commonness of significant ecomorphological relationships suggests that, within O'ahu's novel bird community, form is strongly related to function. We hypothesize that ecological fitting likely played a major role in the assembly of this novel community conserving the relationships between form and function found in many other bird communities. To further support this hypothesis, we used niche data from EltonTraits 1.0 to determine if the establishment of bird species introduced to O'ahu was related to the distinctiveness of their ecological niche from the incumbent community. Introduced species were more likely to establish on O'ahu if their diets were less similar to the bird species already present on the island. Our results support the idea that ecological fitting is an important mechanism in shaping ecological communities, especially in the Anthropocene, thereby influencing novel community assembly and functioning.