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Stand Dynamics and Radial Growth Measurements from Old-Growth and Secondary-Growth Forests at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory and Joyce Kilmer Wilderness Area
Our objectives were to define disturbance causes, rates (percent disturbance per decade), magnitudes and frequency (time since last disturbance) for both secondary and old-growth mixed-oak stands, and to determine if all mixed oak stands experience similar disturbance history.
Measurements of leaf litter Carbon and Nitrogen from the Coweeta LTER Terrestrial Gradient sites, Coweeta Hydrological Laboratory, Otto, NC
This project was started by Haines and Crossley in 1992 to compare leaf litter weights among the five gradient plots (though data from the first collections were not included in this dataset because the original dataset did not represent a complete quarter of collection). Litter is collected from ten 91.4 x 91.4 cm leaf collectors within each of the gradient plots. Litter is collected on a quarterly basis (monthly in the autumn). The litter is then separated by category, dried, weighed, and processed in a Wiley mill for later carbon and nitrogen analyses. Since the project first started, the collection process has expanded to include non-leaf litter (e.g., lichens, bark, and seeds), fine twigs (0-2.5 cm diameter), and medium twigs (2.5-10 cm diameter).
Soil respiration and flux measurements from Watersheds 17 and 18,Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC.
In order to better understand soil respiration and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) fluxes, 90 closed container chambers were installed in 18 plots located at upper, mid, and lower-slope lcoations within Coweetas watersheds 17 and 18. For eighteen months, soil moisture, soil temperature, and CO2 measurements were taken through the collars of pipes located within each plots. These measurements were used to determine total flux and other statisitcal information in order to better understand these forest processes.
Air temperature and light intensity measurements within and near the Coweeta basin from 2011 to 2013
In this study 50 HOBO data loggers were deployed at 61 locations within and near the Coweeta basin to record air temperature and light intensity observations. The loggers were deployed between April 2011 and April 2012. The duration of observation at each location varied. All loggers were removed by February 2013. In April 2012, radiation shields constructed of two inverted plastic funnels were added to a subset of loggers in an attempt to reduce the effect of solar radiation on daytime temperature observations. Light intensity data collected by the loggers were used as a means of flagging potentially erroneous observations when the logger was exposed to direct sunlight. A light intensity threshold above which observations were flagged was determined by comparing logger observations to those collected by nearby (<5m) sensors protected with commercial gill style radiation shields. Despite attempts to flag potentially erroneous daytime temperature observations, it is likely that errors remain and these data should be used accordingly.
Hourly water quality measurements from 21 sites in the Little Tennessee River watershed, Macon County, NC
Water quality was monitored at nine intensive sites, nine hillslope sites, and three river sites in the Little Tennnesse River watershed, Macon County, NC in 2010-2013. The intensive sites were monitored in 2010-2011, the hillslope sites were monitored in 2012-2013, and the river sites were monitored 2010-2013. A Hach Hydrolab MS5 data sonde measured stream temperature, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity every hour.
Water Level, Water Temperature, and Flow Measurements from the Ball Creek weir house #9, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC.
This data set contains water level, water temperature, and calculated discharge values from the Ball Creek weir house #9, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC. Using a pressure transducer, measurements are taken every 60 seconds with the average, minimum, and maximum values for water pressure and water temperature saved to the output data table hourly. Water level and discharge are calculated using the hourly average water pressure, and saved to the online data files.
Hourly soil moisture, soil temperature, groundwater temperature, and groundwater stage height measurements from 9 Hillslope Study sites located in Macon County, North Carolina, within the Upper Little Tennessee River Basin
The Hillslope Study was established to directly link land use impacts to streamwater quality in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Nine sites were selected in the Little Tennessee River watershed in Macon County, NC, representing four land use types: forest, mountain development, traditional valley, and large river valley. At each of these sites, three subsurface flowpaths were identified, and four plots were established along the flowpath following the elevation gradient. At seven of the nine sites, the three lower elevation plots at one of the subsurface flowpaths had ground water wells installed in order to measure groundwater stage and temperature along an elevational gradient. Additional sensors were installed adjacent to the groundwater wells to measure soil moisture at 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm below the ground surface uphill and downhill of the well, and soil temperature at 5 cm below the ground surface. Measurements were taken every 60 seconds and output as hourly averages. Data were used as part of the Regional HydroEcological Simulation System (RHESSys) ecohydrologic model. Please see the accompanying well construction data for additional groundwater well information.
Groundwater stage height measurements of ten minute intervals from 9 sites located in Macon County, North Carolina, within the Upper Little Tennessee River Basin
The hillslope study was established to directly link land use impacts to streamwater quality in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Nine sites were selected in the Little Tennessee River watershed in Macon County, NC, representing four land use types: forest, mountain development, traditional valley, and large river valley. At each of these sites, three subsurface flowpaths were identified, and four plots were established along the flowpath following the elevation gradient. At seven of the nine sites, the three lower elevation plots at one of the subsurface flowpaths had ground water wells installed in order to measure groundwater stage along an elevational gradient. Measurements were taken every 60 seconds and output as ten minute averages. Data were used as part of the Regional HydroEcological Simulation System (RHESSys) ecohydrologic model. Please see the accompanying well construction data for additional groundwater well information.
Climate station measurements from 5 Hillslope Project sites located in Macon County, North Carolina, within the Upper Little Tennessee River Basin
The hillslope study was established to directly link land use impacts to streamwater quality in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Nine sites were selected in the Little Tennessee River watershed in Macon County, NC, representing four land use types: forest, mountain development, traditional valley, and large river valley. At five of the nine sites, a climate station was installed that measured air temperature, wind speed and direction, Relative Humidity, and Solar Radiation. Dew point, Wind Chill, and Heat index were also calculated based on these measurements. Sensor output was measured every minute and output as averages or totals every hour.
Manual well measurements from 9 Hillslope Project sites located in Macon County, North Carolina, within the Upper Little Tennessee River Basin
The hillslope study was established to directly link land use impacts to streamwater quality in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Nine sites were selected in the Little Tennessee Riverwatershed in Macon County, NC, representing four land use types: forest, mountain development,traditional valley, and large river valley. At each of these sites, three subsurface flowpathswere identified, and four plots were established along the flowpath following the elevation gradient. At seven of the nine sites, the three lower elevation plots at each of the subsurface flowpaths had ground water wells installed in order to measure groundwater stage along an elevational gradient. Measurements were taken every two weeks. Water depth in these wells was manually measured every two weeks using a water level indicator. Please see the accompanying well construction data for additional groundwater well information.
Weekly grab samples and manual specific conductivity, temperature, and turbidity measurements of streams at the LTER intensive and hillslope sites located in Macon County, North Carolina, within the Little Tennessee River Basin
Weekly grab samples and manual specific conductivity, temperature, and turbidity measurements were taken at 21 streams and rivers in Macon County, NC. Nine intensive sites were monitored weekly in 2010-2011, nine hillslope sites were monitored biweekly in 2012-2013, and three river sites were monitored weekly in 2010-2011 and biweekly in 2012-2013. Data from a brief study of three streams at the Buck Creek Pine Barrens in Clay County, NC, also was completed, as well as one grab sample at Porters Creek, Mountain View Intermediate School. Water samples were analyzed for chemistry at the Coweeta Analytical Lab. Specific conductivity and temperature data were collected using a YSI 30 handheld conductivity meter. Turbidity data were collected using a Hach 2100P turbidimeter.
Stream chemistry and stream temperature measurements (1998 - 2009) in Little Santeetlah Creek, Joyce Kilmer Wilderness Area, Graham County, North Carolina
This project began as a Coweeta LTER Schoolyard project in 1998. Students walked Joyce Kilmer Memorial Loop Trail to discuss forest ecology, air quality issues, and take grab samples. Later, students walked the Wolf Laurel - Naked Ground Trail and took an additional 14 grab samples along an elevational gradient in Little Santeetlah Creek. The project was continued by Brian Kloeppel and technicians on a quarterly basis to monitor water quality in a Class I Wilderness Area over a long time period. The last collection was made in February 2009.
In situ soil moisture measurements for the Hillslope study from 5 sites located in Macon County, North Carolina, within the Upper Little Tennessee River Basin
This study was conducted across 5 sites that served as part of the regional hillslope study. Synoptic soil moisture measurements were measured using a Theta Probe that measures surface soil moisture up to a depth of 6cm. Site locations include 18 plots in WS14, 17 plots in Fall Branch, 13 plots in WS18, 10 plots on Mica City Road, and 12 plots at Ammons Creek. The measurement period varied among sites. The most complete is WS14 lasting about 3 years of regular measurements starting in 2011.
Water Temperature measured at Shark River, Everglades National Park (FCE) from October 2007 to August 2008
American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are top predators in the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE), but their movement patterns and role in the ecosystem are largely unknown. Proposed restoration and management efforts in the Everglades are likely to influence both alligator movements and the spatiotemporal patterns of their effects on ecosystem and community dynamics, making studies of the factors influencing alligator movements important at this time. In October 2007, we initiated a study of alligators in the Shark River Slough of Everglades National Park using two tracking techniques that have yet to be used on crocodilians: GPS tracking and passive acoustic telemetry. GPS units attached to two alligators have provided 120 positions over a two month period while acoustic transmitters attached to 12 alligators have been detected 34,000 times on an array of 8 monitoring stations within the river system. GPS positions are more accurate than acoustic monitoring and can provide data over the entire range an alligator might move, but acoustic transmitters provide more temporally detailed information on movements within a monitoring array and over a longer duration (potentially years rather than months). Our preliminary results show that alligators may remain in localized areas for weeks at a time, but make long-distance moves from the mouth of the river system to the marsh-mangrove ecotone and likely into the marsh. In general, most alligators moved upstream as freshwater inputs decreased, but some individuals remained near the river mouth even when salinities were high. Ultimately, by characterizing alligator movements in relation to spatiotemporal variation in environmental factors we will be able to predict how alligator distributions and populations will respond to planned increases in freshwater flow. Furthermore, movement data combined with dietary and stable isotopic studies may shed light on the possible role of alligators in the redistribution of nutri
Water Temperature, Salinity and other physical measurements taken at Shark River, Everglades National Park (FCE LTER) from February 2010 to March 2014
In early 2010 we established three new permanent water quality monitoring stations in the Shark River Estuary. These stations expanded FCE's spatial coverage in terms of salinity and also established the first continuous dissolved oxygen monitoring in the estuary.
Water Temperature measured at Shark River, Everglades National Park (FCE) from July 2007 to June 2011
Between 2007 and 2011 we placed HOBO continuous water temperature loggers at 17 locations in the Shark River Estuary for various lengths of times. These stations expanded FCE's spatial coverage in terms of temperature monitoring in the estuary.
Soil respiration and temperature measurements at 5 GCE-LTER sampling sites from June 2003 to March 2005
Soil temperature and respiration were measured in tidal marshes at five GCE-LTER sampling sites. The sites represent estuaries of the Georgia coast (USA) that vary in delivery of freshwater and sediment. Replicate measurements were taken from several locations at each site (levee, marsh plain, and marsh dieback) on seven dates between June 2003 and March 2005 to evaluate the effects of freshwater input on soil respiration over time.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Soil Freezing Study (SFS) In Situ Measurements of Snow and Soil Frost Depth
Climate models for the northeastern United States (U.S.) over the next century predict an increase in air temperature between 2.8 and 4.3 °C and a decrease in the average number of days per year when a snowpack will cover the forest floor (Hayhoe et al. 2007, 2008; Campbell et al. 2010). Studies of forest dynamics in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems have been primarily conducted during the growing season, when most biological activity occurs. However, in recent years considerable progress has been made in our understanding of how winter climate change influences dynamics in these forests. The snowpack insulates soil from below-freezing air temperatures, which facilitates a significant amount of microbial activity. However, a smaller snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost amplify losses of dissolved organic C and NO3- in leachate, as well as N2O released into the atmosphere. The increase in nutrient loss following increased soil frost cannot be explained by changes in microbial activity alone. More likely, it is caused by a decrease in plant nutrient uptake following increases in soil frost. We conducted a snow-removal experiment at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest to determine the effects of a smaller winter snowpack and greater depth and duration of soil frost on trees, soil microbes, and arthropods. A number of publications have been based on these data: Comerford et al. 2013, Reinmann et al. 2019, Templer 2012, and Templer et al. 2012. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Campbell JL, Ollinger SV, Flerchinger GN, Wicklein H, Hayhoe K, Bailey AS. Past and projected future changes in snowpack and soil frost at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. Hydrological Processes. 2010; 24:2465–2480. Comerford DP, PG Schaberg, PH Te
Measurements of microbial biomass and activity in two snow manipulation experiments at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest 1998 – 2004
In 1997, as part of a study of the relationships between snow depth, soil freezing and nutrient cycling (http://www.ecostudies.org/people_sci_groffman_snow_summary.html), we established eight 10 x 10-m plots located within four stands; two dominated (80%) by sugar maple and two dominated by yellow birch, with one snow reduction (freeze) and one reference plot in each stand. In 2001, we established eight new 10-m x 10-m plots (4 treatment, 4 reference) in four new sites; two high elevation, north facing and two low elevation, south facing maple-beech-birch stands. To establish plots for the “freeze” study, we cleared minor amounts of understory vegetation from all (both freeze and reference) plots (to facilitate shoveling). We then installed soil solution samplers (zero tension lysimeters), thermistors for soil temperature monitoring, water content (time domain) reflectometers (for measuring soil moisture), soil atmosphere sampling probes, minirhizotron access tubes, and trace gas flux measurement chambers (described below). All plots were equipped with dataloggers to allow for continuous monitoring of soil moisture and temperature. Treatments (keep plots snow free by shoveling through the end of January) were applied in the winters of 1997/98, 1998/99, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. Measurements of soil nitrate (NO3 -) and ammonium (NH4 +) concentrations, microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, microbial respiration, potential nitrification and N mineralization rates, pH, and denitrification potential were measured on these plots at multiple time points during these studies. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES) using funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation. The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: In-situ Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification measurements for 4 winter climate change projects
These data are from four separate projects undertaken between 1997 and 2017. The first of these are two snow manipulation (freeze) projects: 1) In 1997, as part of a study of the relationships between snow depth, soil freezing and nutrient cycling, we established eight 10 x 10-m plots located within four stands; two dominated (80%) by sugar maple (SM1 and SM2) and two dominated by yellow birch(YB1 and YB2), with one snow reduction (shoveling) and one reference plot in each stand. 2) In 2001, we established eight new 10-m x 10-m plots (4 treatment, 4 reference) in four new sites; two high elevation, north facing and (East Kineo and West Kineo) two low elevation, south facing (Upper Valley and Lower Valley) maple-beech-birch stands. To establish plots, we cleared minor amounts of understory vegetation from all (both treatment and reference) plots (to facilitate shoveling). Treatments (keeping plots snow free by shoveling through the end of January) were applied in the winters of 1997/98, 1998/99, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. The Climate Gradient Project was established in October 2010. Here we evaluated relationships between snow depth, soil freezing and nutrient cycling along an elevation/aspect gradient that created variation in climate with little variation in soils or vegetation. We established 6 20 x 20-m plots (intensive plots) and 14 10 x 10-m plots (extensive plots), with eight of the plots facing north and twelve facing south. The Ice Storm project was designed to evaluate the damage and changes ice storms cause to northern hardwood forests in forest structure, nutrient cycling and carbon storage. Ten 20x30 meter plots were established in a predominately sugar maple stand, with 4 icing treatments and 2 control plots. The treatments are as follows: Low (0.25"), Mid (0.5"), Midx2 (0.5") 2 Years in a row, High: (0.75"), Control. The icing treatment was conducted in the winter of 2015-2016, with a second year of icing on the Midx2 treatments plots in the winter of 20
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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