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1,256 results for “Plant biomass”
Sediment characteristics and plant biomass for Spartina alterniflora in intertidal marshes on Hog Island, Parramore Island, Quinby inlet, and Phillips Creek of the Virginia Coast Reserve 1988-1989
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Data from: Biomass–density relationships of plant communities deviate from the self‐thinning rule due to age structure and abiotic stress
<p>A pertinent debate in plant ecology centers around the generality of the self-thinning rule. However, studies focused on highly simplified settings such as even-aged monospecific populations or optimal conditions. This neglects the fact that most natural communities, to which the classical self-thinning slope is often applied, are age-structured, composed of multiple species and exposed to various types of abiotic stress.</p> <p>With the help of an individual-based model, we relax these simplified assumptions and systematically test for changes in the biomass–density relationships of uneven-aged, functionally diverse plant communities across a complete stress gradient, using excessive to insufficient soil water as a case study.</p> <p>We show that frequent recruitment, which resulted in an uneven-aged community, and stress intensity caused predictable changes in the entire biomass–density trajectory. Increasing stress resulted in steeper (more negative) slopes and increased the intercept in the classical self-thinning section irrespective of excessive or insufficient soil water as a stress type. Recruitment steepened the slope, too and enabled a novel section in the biomass–density trajectory. This novel section represented a quasi-steady state of the density-dependent dynamics of new generations which occurred locally within patches of recruitment. At the community level, the slope of the biomass–density relationship at quasi-steady state had a significantly flatter slope of −1.1 under optimal soil water conditions. Functional diversity showed little impact on density-dependent mortality. Namely, it resulted in an earlier onset of mortality but not in changes in the values of the slope and intercept.</p> <p>We conclude that the classical −3/2 slope is not useful to describe the biomass–density relationship in natural and semi-natural plant communities. The magnitude and direction of variation in the slope are related to the age–structure and abiotic stress intensity in the plant community.</p>
Impacts of rodent eradication on seed predation and plant community biomass on a tropical atoll
<p>Invasive rodent eradications are frequently undertaken to curb island biodiversity loss. However, the breadth of rodents' ecological impact, even after eradication, is not always fully recognized. For example, the most widespread invasive rodent, the black rat (<i>Rattus rattus</i>),<i> </i>while omnivorous,<i> </i>eats predominantly seeds and fruit. Yet, the effects of seed predation release after eradication on plant communities and ecological functions are not well understood, posing a gap for island restoration. We examined the role of seed predation release following black rat eradication in changes to tree composition and above-ground biomass across an islet network (Palmyra Atoll) in the Central Pacific. We conducted repeated surveys of seed, juvenile, and adult tree biomass and survival in permanent vegetation plots before and after the eradication of rats. We observed a 95% reduction in seed predation for an introduced, previously cultivated tree population (<i>Cocos nucifera</i>). Juvenile tree biomass of all species increased 14-fold, with <i>C. nucifera </i>increasing the most, suggesting that eradication increased this tree's competitive advantage. Indeed, based on stage-structured demographic models, rat eradication led to a 10% increase in <i>C. nucifera </i>population growth rate. The effect of invasive rodent seed predation varies considerably among the plant species in a community and can shift competitive dynamics, sometimes in favor of invasive plants. These bottom-up effects should be considered in evaluating the costs and benefits of eradication. Documenting the variation in invasive rodent diet items, along with long-term surveys, can help prioritize island eradications where restoration is most likely to be successful. </p>
Retrofitting coal-fired power plants with biomass co-firing and CCS for net zero carbon emission: A plant-by-plant assessment based on GIS-LCA framework
<p>Dataset for "Retrofitting coal-fired power plants with biomass co-firing and CCS for net zero carbon emission: A plant-by-plant assessment based on GIS-LCA framework"</p>
Contrasting biomass allocation responses across ontogeny and stress gradients reveal plant adaptations to drought and cold
How plants allocate their biomass to different organs is essential to understand plant adaptation and distribution. Overall, biomass allocation may follow fixed rules across taxa. They are also likely to exhibit substantial departure from these rules during ontogeny and in response to particular limiting factors to optimize their growth and maximize their survival. However, how plants adjust their allocation priorities depending on size and age across stress gradients remain largely unkown in wild populations. We examined ontogenetic variation in biomass allocation in Himalayan forb Potentilla pamirica across its 5250-5900 m elevation range, between populations from dry steppe, wet alpine and cold subnival zone. We tested whether biomass allocation followed optimal partitioning or fixed allometric rules using organ mass in 1019 individuals spanning 1-73 years. We found shifting biomass fractions with plant size and age, supporting the optimal partitioning theory. Young plants (<10 years) allocated similar proportions of biomass to leaves, stems, and roots, intermediate-aged plants (10-30 years) allocated more biomass to roots, while the oldest plants had 90% biomass in belowground stems. Major developmental processes including secondary thickening, branching and flowering begin 10-15 years earlier under more thermally favorable steppe conditions. Young steppe plants are larger than alpine and subnival plants, but these differences disappear in plants aged ~30, and the oldest alpine and subnival plants are larger than steppe plants. Plant age exerted significant control over biomass allocation after controlling for plant size. While in steppe plants the preference for stem biomass allocation increases with both size and age, for large alpine and subnival plants the stem prioritization decreases with age in favour of root and leaf mass fractions. We interpret the root and leaf prioritization in the oldest plants as a way to reduce carbon imbalances and the risk of frost damage to secure long life. Our analyses rejected ontogenetically fixed allometry and instead found high variation in biomass allocation depending on age, size and environment, supporting optimal partitioning theory. The uneven allocation of resources to different structures and functions during ontogenesis reflects plant adaptations to different levels of low-temperature and water stress across species elevation range.
What drives temporal stability of biomass production? Testing the roles of species diversity, dominance, asynchrony and spatial scale in annual plant communities
<p><span><b><span>Aims:</span></b><span> Primary biomass production is a fundamental process for ecosystem functioning. Yet, little is known on the mechanisms driving temporal stability of biomass production in annual plant communities, particularly in communities </span>subjected to highly variable environments and undergoing temporal changes in species composition.<span> We aimed to disentangle </span>the relative importance of biomass production, species <span>diversity, dominance and asynchrony of species fluctuations as drivers of biomass stability in Mediterranean and semiarid annual plant communities. </span></span></p> <p><span><b><span>Location:</span></b><span> Mediterranean (</span><span>N31<sup>o</sup>42'; E35<sup>o</sup>03') and Semiarid (N31<sup>o</sup>23'; E34<sup>o</sup>54') sites, Israel.</span></span></p> <p><span><b><span>Methods:</span></b><span> Aboveground biomass and species abundance were monitored in 15 plots of 250m<sup>2</sup> per site during eight consecutive years. Relationships between stability drivers and community stability were studied at the regional (between-sites) and local (within-sites) spatial scales.</span></span></p> <p><span><b><span>Results:</span></b><span> Community biomass stability (temporal mean/SD) increased from the Semiarid to the Mediterranean site concomitantly with higher </span>biomass production, richness, and evenness, but was not associated with changes in species synchrony. Differences in stability between sites were due to opposite effects of site conditions on the mean and SD of community biomass, leading to higher stability in the Mediterranean site. Within sites, species asynchrony was the key driver of stability at the local spatial-scale. Richness and biomass production affected stability indirectly through asynchrony, but in different ways at each site. At the Mediterranean site, these factors had indirect negative effects on stability by reducing asynchrony, but did not rescind a positive effect of asynchrony on community stability. At the Semiarid site, biomass production had indirect positive effects on stability through asynchrony, while richness had no effect on asynchrony and stability. Stability was not driven by species evenness in either site. </span></p> <p><span><b><span>Conclusions: </span></b>Our study provides new insights into the complex control of biomass stability in the dynamics of <span>Mediterranean and semiarid annual plant communities, with d</span>ifferent mechanisms driving stability across the regional <i>vs.</i> local spatial scales. </span></p>
Water availability drives above-ground biomass and bird richness in forest restoration plantings to achieve carbon and biodiversity co-benefits
<p>To combat global warming and biodiversity loss we require effective forest restoration that encourages recovery of species diversity and ecosystem function to deliver essential ecosystem services, such as biomass accumulation. Further, understanding how and where to undertake restoration to achieve carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation would provide an opportunity to finance ecosystem restoration under carbon markets. We surveyed 30 native mixed-species plantings in subtropical forests and woodlands in Australia, and used structural equation modelling to determine vegetation, soil and climate variables most likely driving above-ground biomass accrual and bird richness, and investigate the relationships between plant diversity, above-ground biomass accrual and bird diversity. We focussed on woodland and forest-dependent birds, and functional groups at risk of decline (insectivorous, understorey-nesting, and small-bodied birds). We found that mean moisture availability strongly limits above-ground biomass accrual and bird richness in restoration plantings, indicating potential synergies in choosing sites for carbon and biodiversity purposes. Counter to theory, woody plant richness was a poor direct predictor of above-ground biomass accrual, but was indirectly related via significant, positive effects of stand density. We also found no direct relationship between above-ground biomass accrual and bird richness, likely because of the strong effects of moisture availability on both variables. Instead, moisture availability and patch size strongly and positively influenced the richness of woodland and forest dependent birds. For understorey-nesting birds, however, shrub cover and patch size predicted richness. Stand age or area of native vegetation surrounding the patch did not influence bird richness. Our results suggest that in subtropical biomes, planting larger patches to higher densities, ideally using a diversity of trees and shrubs (characteristics of ecological plantings) in more mesic locations will enhance the provision of carbon and biodiversity co-benefits. Further, ecological plantings will aid the rapid recovery of woodland and forest bird richness, with comparable above-ground biomass accrual to less diverse forestry plantations.</p>
Data from: Trait correlation network analysis identifies biomass allocation traits and stem specific length as hub traits in herbaceous perennial plants
Correlations among plant traits often reflect important trade‐offs or allometric relationships in biological functions like carbon gain, support, water uptake, and reproduction that are associated with different plant organs. Whether trait correlations can be aggregated to "spectra" or "leading dimensions," whether these dimensions are consistent across plant organs, spatial scale, and growth forms are still open questions. To illustrate the current state of knowledge, we constructed a network of published trait correlations associated with the "leaf economics spectrum," "biomass allocation dimension," "seed dimension," and carbon and nitrogen concentrations. This literature‐based network was compared to a network based on a dataset of 23 traits from 2,530 individuals of 126 plant species from 381 plots in Northwest Europe. The observed network comprised more significant correlations than the literature‐based network. Network centrality measures showed that size traits such as the mass of leaf, stem, below‐ground, and reproductive tissues and plant height were the most central traits in the network, confirming the importance of allometric relationships in herbaceous plants. Stem mass and stem‐specific length were "hub" traits correlated with most traits. Environmental selection of hub traits may affect the whole phenotype. In contrast to the literature‐based network, SLA and leaf N were of minor importance. Based on cluster analysis and subsequent PCAs of the resulting trait clusters, we found a "size" module, a "seed" module, two modules representing C and N concentrations in plant organs, and a "partitioning" module representing organ mass fractions. A module representing the plant economics spectrum did not emerge. Synthesis. Although we found support for several trait dimensions, the observed trait network deviated significantly from current knowledge, suggesting that previous studies have overlooked trait coordination at the whole‐plant level. Furthermore, network analysis suggests that stem traits have a stronger regulatory role in herbaceous plants than leaf traits.
Advancing Plant Biomass Measurements: Integrating Smartphone-based 3D Scanning Techniques for Enhanced Ecosystem Monitoring
<p>This dataset accompanies the study "Advancing Plant Biomass Measurements: Integrating Smartphone-based 3D Scanning Techniques for Enhanced Ecosystem Monitoring." It provides resources supporting a novel approach to plant biomass measurement using smartphone-based 3D scanning. The following materials are included:</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Scaniverse.zip</strong>: Raw 3D scan data obtained using the Scaniverse app on an iPhone 15 Pro. These unprocessed scans represent the initial point cloud data as captured in the field.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Scaniverse_clipped.zip</strong>: Preprocessed datasets where the raw point clouds have been clipped to the extent of the vegetation, removing extraneous elements using CloudCompare's clipping tools. This ensures a focus on the relevant plant data for subsequent analyses.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Point2Voxel.ipynb</strong>: A Jupyter Notebook automating the transformation of preprocessed point clouds into a voxel-based representation. This pipeline includes volume calculation and other analyses. Additionally, a "Colab-ready" version of the notebook is provided to facilitate accessible execution and adaptation of the workflow.</p> </li> </ol> <p>These materials, processed and documented under a CC BY 4.0 license, aim to foster reproducibility and wider adoption of smartphone-based 3D scanning in ecological research, enabling non-destructive, cost-effective, and high-resolution monitoring of vegetation structure and biomass.</p>
Data linked to publication entitled "Biochar derived from Acai agroindustry waste enhances nutritional status and biomass in young Eucalyptus urophylla plants: Evidence connected to root development and leaf performance"
<p>Data linked to publication entitled "Biochar derived from Acai agroindustry waste enhances nutritional status and biomass in young Eucalyptus urophylla plants: Evidence connected to root development and leaf performance"</p>
Data from: Plant diversity improves resistance of plant biomass and soil microbial communities to drought
<p>1. Biodiversity is known to affect ecosystem resistance and have implications for the maintenance of ecosystem functions and services under climate change. Compared to numbers of studies focusing on aboveground vegetation, the response of belowground communities to abiotic stresses along plant diversity gradients is often ignored and is considered an important knowledge gap in ecosystem ecology. Here we conducted an integrative research to evaluate the resistance of plant biomass, and soil microbial communities and associated functional profiles to drought under varying plant diversity.</p> <p>2. We carried out a three-year manipulation experiment by factorially controlling plant diversity gradient (1, 2, 4, and 8 species richness) and soil moisture treatment (drought and non-drought), and investigated the responses of plant biomass, soil bacterial and fungal diversity and community composition, soil glomalin, and five key soil enzymes.</p> <p>3. We found that plant diversity significantly improved the resistance of soil fungal communities and microbial functional profiles characterized by soil glomalin and five key enzymes, which was partly driven by the availability and accessibility of soil resources (e.g., soil moisture and organic matter) mediated by plant diversity. Further, our results indicated that the enhanced resistance of fungal communities was consistent with ecological insurance theory that diverse fungal communities at high plant diversity had a higher probability of containing taxa that adapt to drought.</p> <p>4. <em>Synthesis</em>. Our study provides novel empirical insights into the mechanism underlying the regulatory effect of plant diversity on resistance of aboveground vegetation and belowground biota to drought, with implications for understanding ecosystem response to climate change and improving biodiversity conservation practices.</p>
Data from: Links across ecological scales: Plant biomass responses to elevated CO2
<p>Despite the wide agreement that increased plant biomass accumulation under <span>elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) might play a key role in climate change, the effect of e[CO2] on plant biomass levels remains a major uncertainty in climate models. In the review associated with this dataset, we discuss the evidence for increased biomass levels under e[CO2] across multiple levels of ecological organization, scaling from physiological responses to changes in population-, community-, ecosystem-, and global-scale dynamics. We find that evidence for a sustained biomass response to e[CO2] varies across ecological scales, leading to diverging conclusions about the responses of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. We identify key research gaps in our understanding of the effect of e[CO2] on plant biomass and highlight the need to integrate knowledge across scales of ecological organization so that large-scale modeling can represent the finer-scale mechanisms needed to constrain our understanding of future terrestrial C storage.</span></p>
Disentangling the effects of biomass and productivity in plant competition
<p>The relationship between competition and productivity in plant communities is unclear, likely due to (i) a confusion in the literature between productivity and biomass, (ii) the lack of studies assessing variation in competition in all combinations of biomass and productivity. We assessed the outcome of plant-plant interactions by removing neighbors around five focal species in 14 herbaceous communities with contrasting biomasses and productivities: meadows with high biomass and productivity, heathlands with high biomass and low productivity, understorey communities of deciduous forests with low biomass and high productivity and calcareous grasslands with low biomass and low productivity. Competition intensity was quantified with the relative interaction index (RII) calculated for both survival and growth of the transplanted targets assessed with the increase in leaf number. To examine which traits better explain variation in competition and what drives variation in diversity, we e also quantified litter decomposition rate, species composition and diversity and six morphological traits related to plant size and growth rate for eight dominant species of each community. Our main questions were: (i) is competition mostly related to biomass or productivity? (ii) which traits of the community dominants better explain variation in competition? (iii) is variation in competition and related-traits correlated with variation in diversity? Competition for survival significantly increased with increasing community biomass (but not productivity). In addition, competition for survival increased with the size traits and competitive effects of the dominant species of the communities, while diversity decreased. Competition for growth also increased with increasing productivity, but only for high biomass communities. Additionally, the increase in competition for growth with increasing soil fertility, as measured with litter decomposition rate, was only due to an increase in target growth in plots without neighbors and was unrelated to community competitive effects and species diversity. The results of our study illustrate how the confusion between productivity and biomass could have contributed to the longstanding debate on variation in competition along productivity gradients and its consequence for diversity.</p>
Dryness weakens the positive effects of plant and fungal β diversities on above- and belowground biomass
<p><span>Plant and microbial diversity are key to determine ecosystem functioning. Despite the well-known role of local-scale α diversity in affecting vegetation productivity, it still remains unclear about the effects of community heterogeneity (β diversity) of plants and soil microbes on above- and belowground productivity (AGB and BGB) across contrasting environments. Here, we conducted a dryness-gradient transect survey over 3000 km across grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. We found that plant β diversity was more dominant than α diversity in stimulating AGB, while soil fungal β diversity was the key driver in enhancing BGB. However, these positive effects of plant and microbial β diversity on AGB and BGB were strongly weakened by increasing climatic dryness, mainly because higher soil available phosphorus caused by increasing dryness reduced both plant and soil fungal </span><span>β diversities. </span><span>Overall, these new findings highlight the </span><span>critical role of</span><span> above- and belowground </span><span>β diversity in sustaining grassland productivity, raising our awareness to the ecological risks of large-scale biotic homogenization under future climate change.</span></p>
The convex relationship between plant cover and biomass: implications for assessing species and community properties
<p>Datasets and R script for the article "The convex relationship between plant cover and biomass: implications for assessing species and community properties" in Journal of Vegetation Science. </p>
Techno-economic comparison of power-to-Ammonia and biomass- to-Ammonia plants using electrolyzer, CO 2 capture and water-gas- shift membrane reactor
<p>A set of imput data used for the paper entitled: Techno-economic comparison of power-to-Ammonia and biomass-<br>to-Ammonia plants using electrolyzer, CO 2 capture and water-gas-shift membrane reactor </p>
Restored legume acts as a 'nurse' to facilitate plant compensatory growth and biomass production in mown grasslands
<p>Legume restoration was conducted in a temperate grassland in Hulunbuir, northeastern Inner Mongolia, China, by reseeding native legumes. This process was followed by annual mowing and phosphorus (P) application over a seven-year period (2014–2020). Throughout this period, we measured aboveground biomass, plant diversity, and the relative biomass of five functional plant groups each year. In 2020, we assessed six functional traits of 15 common plant species in both legume-restored and naturally-restored grasslands, respectively. Using these trait values and relative biomass data, we calculated community-weighted means and functional diversity indices for each plot.</p> <p> </p>
Soil engineering by ants facilitates plant compensation for large herbivore removal of aboveground biomass
<p>The interplay between top-down and bottom-up processes determines ecosystem productivity. Yet, the factors that mediate the balance between these opposing forces remain poorly understood. Furthering this challenge, complex and often cryptic factors like ecosystem engineering and trait-mediated interactions may play major roles in mediating the outcomes of top-down and bottom-up interactions. In semi-arid grasslands of northeastern China, we conducted a large-scale, three-year experiment to evaluate how soil engineering by ants and plasticity in plants independently and jointly influenced the top-down effects of grazing by a ubiquitous herbivore (cattle) on aboveground standing biomass of the dominant perennial grass, <i><span>Leymus chinensis</span></i>. Herbivory had strong top-down effects, reducing <i><span>L. chinensis</span></i> AB by 25% relative to baseline levels without cattle or ants. In contrast, soil engineering by ants facilitated weak bottom-up effects in the absence of herbivory. However, in the presence of herbivory, soil engineering effects were strong enough to fully offset herbivore removal of aboveground biomass. This outcome was mediated by <i><span>L. chinensis</span></i>'s plasticity in reallocating growth from below- to aboveground biomass, a result linked to additive effects of engineers and herbivores increasing soil N availability and engineering effects improving soil structure. Soil engineering increased soil N by 12%, promoting aboveground biomass. Herbivores increased soil N by 13% via defecation, but this increase failed to offset their reductions in aboveground biomass in isolation. However, when combined, engineers and herbivores increased soil N by 26% and engineers improved soil bulk density, facilitating <i><span>L. chinensis</span></i> to shift resource allocations from below- to aboveground biomass sufficiently to fully offset herbivore suppression of aboveground biomass. Our results demonstrate that soil engineering and trait-mediated effects of plant plasticity can strongly mediate the outcome of top-down and bottom-up interactions. These cryptic but perhaps ubiquitous processes may help to explain the long-debated phenomenon of plant compensatory responses to large grazers. </p>
Data from: Nitrogen addition and warming modulate the pathogen impact on plant biomass by shifting intraspecific functional traits and reducing species richness
<p><span>1. </span><span>Foliar fungal pathogens can substantially reduce plant biomass. This effect can be modulated by environment conditions, such as soil nitrogen availability and air temperature. The ongoing global changes are altering these variables and thus interact with pathogens to influence plant biomass, but experimental test of their interactions is scarce. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We conducted a 4-year field experiment in a Tibetan alpine meadow to examine the interactive effects of nitrogen addition, warming and foliar pathogens (via fungicide application) on plant biomass. We also measured plant functional traits, species richness and abundance to test the possible mechanisms underlying these interactions. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>Our results showed that foliar fungal pathogens reduced plant community biomass under nitrogen addition, which in turn weakened the positive nitrogen effect on community biomass. Mechanistically, nitrogen addition shifted the plant communities towards fast-growing traits; this happened predominantly because of changes in within-species trait values, including an increase in specific leaf area and height. These trait changes resulted in greater suppression of plant biomass by pathogens, likely because of the trade-offs associated with the allocation of resources to plant growth and defense. Moreover, the reduction in species richness amplified the pathogen effect under nitrogen addition due to the increased density and susceptibility of the most dominant species (i.e. Kobresia capillifolia). Furthermore, warming did not interact with pathogens and nitrogen addition to influence plant community biomass, but their three-way interaction modified the biomass of K. capillifolia. Specifically, warming enhanced the positive effect of nitrogen addition on the biomass of K. capillifolia in the fungicide, low infection plots, while it weakened the nitrogen effect in the no fungicide, high infection plots.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis:</span> <span>Our results demonstrate how pathogens interact with nitrogen addition and warming to influence the biomass of dominant species and the whole plant community. Our study highlights the importance of considering foliar fungal pathogens when assessing ecosystem responses to multiple global change factors.</span></p>
Point intercept and biomass data for vascular plants in a manipulative experiment of rear-round, winter-only, summer-only grazing, mowing and full exclosure at Molslab, Denmark
<p>Data from two sets of sample quadrats included, both from nine experimental blocks, each replicating the treatments: rear-round grazing, winter-only grazing (summer exclosure), summer-only grazing (winter exclosure), mowing (one annual event in autumn) and full exclosure (no cattle or horse grazing, no mowing, but grazing by wild roe deer and hare).</p> <p>1) Each of the 24 sample plots (six blocks times four treatments, mowing excluded) was first sampled non-destructively with the point intercept method, then above-ground biomass was cut at the soil surface, sorted into species fractions, dried and weighed. Data recording <span>September 1–16, 2020</span>.</p> <p>2) Each of the 45 sample plots (nine blocks times five treatments) was sampled non-destructively with the point intercept method. Data recording <span>August 2–20, 2021</span>.</p>
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