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opennotspecifiedJul 2008View details →

FIGURES 18–23 in Molecular and morphological evidence reveals three species within the California sister butterfly, Adelpha bredowii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae)

FIGURES 18–23. Male genitalia of A. bredowii, A. eulalia, and A. californica, showing genital capsule in left-lateral view (with left valve attached), inner surface of right valve, tegumen and uncus in dorsal view, and penis in left-lateral and dorsal views. Figs. 18 (Mexico: Mexico State: km. 14, carretera Ocuilan – Cuernavaca, 15-III-1990), 19 (Mexico: Oaxaca, Xiacui, 22-III-1992) of A. bredowii. Figs. 20 (Mexico: Puebla: Apulco, XI-1944; vesica slightly everted), 21 (Mexico: Chihuahua: Mesa de la Arena, 13-XI-1972) of A. eulalia. Figs. 22 (USA: California: Siskiyou County: nr. McCloud, 24-VI-1967), 23 (USA: California: Maricopa County: Yosemite National Park, 14-VI-1961) of A. californica.

opennotspecifiedJul 2008View details →

FIGURES 7–12 in Molecular and morphological evidence reveals three species within the California sister butterfly, Adelpha bredowii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae)

FIGURES 7–12. Adults of Adelpha eulalia from Arizona and Mexico, collected by A. D. Warren. Figs. 7 (dorsal), 8 (ventral), female, from USA: Arizona: Cochise County: Huachuca Mountains, Garden Canyon, 4-X-1997. Figs. 9 (dorsal), 10 (ventral), male, from same locality and date as female in Figs. 7–8. Figs. 11 (dorsal), 12 (ventral), male, from Mexico: Oaxaca: Mpio. Teotitlán del Valle / Díaz Ordaz: Rd. to Benito Juárez, ca. 8–10 mi N Teotitlán del Valle, ca. 8000', 22-VIII-2003, DNA voucher KLP253.

opennotspecifiedApr 2009View details →

FIGURES 1–13 in Threatened butterflies: a new subspecies of Neptis manasa Moore, 1858 from Hainan Island (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

FIGURES 1–13. Butterflies of Neptis manasa. 1, Neptis manasa manasa Moore, type (N. India), dorsal; 2, ibidem, ventral; 3, ibidem, labels; 4, N. m. narcissina Oberthür, type (Lou-tse-Kiang), dorsal; 5, ibidem, ventral; 6, ibidem, labels; 7, N. m. antigone Leech, type (Ichang), dorsal; 8, ibidem, ventral; 9, ibidem, labels © Natural History Museum; 10, N. m. hainana subsp. nov., holotype ♂ (Hainan Island), dorsal; 11, ibidem, ventral; 12, N. m. hainana subsp. nov., paratype ♀ (Hainan Island), dorsal; 13, ibidem, ventral. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 7. Cisandina philippa n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 7. Cisandina philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. head capsule illustration based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0336: (a) penultimate instar in frontal view; (b) last instar in frontal view. Cisandina castanya n. sp. head capsule illustrations based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0188: c) second instar in frontal view; (d) third instar in frontal view; (e) fourth (last) instar in frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 6. Cisandina n. gen. immature stages, C. philippa n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 6. Cisandina n. gen. immature stages, C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0336: (a) penultimate instar in dorso-lateral view; (b) last instar in dorso-lateral view; (c) host plant of C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat., Taquara micrantha (Poaceae) in situ; (d) inflorescence material of (c); C. castanya n. sp. based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0188: (e) second instar in lateral view; (f) third instar in lateral view; (g) fourth instar in lateral view; (h) pupa in lateral view; (i) pupa in ventral view; (j) host plant of C. castanya n. sp., Olyra latifolia (Poaceae) in situ. Scale bar = 1 mm for a, b, e-g; 5 mm for h, i.

Fig. 4. Cisandina n. gen. female genitalia, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 4. Cisandina n. gen. female genitalia, C. lea n. comb.: (a) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; illustration showing arrangement of signa below (not to scale); (b) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([a and b] based on dissection SN-20-53); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (c) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded; illustration showing arrangement of signa to right (not to scale); (d) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([c and d] based on dissection SN-20-11); C. castanya n. sp.: (e) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; (f) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([e and f] based on dissection SN-20-13); C. fida n. comb.: (g) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; (h) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([g and h] based on dissection SN-15-180); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (i) female genitalia

Fig. 3. Cisandina n. gen. male genitalia, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 3. Cisandina n. gen. male genitalia, C. lea n. comb.: (a) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (b) posterior view of juxta; (c) lateral view of phallus; (d) posterior view of genitalic capsule indicating the reduced appendices angulares ([a to c] based on dissection KW-14-18, [d] based on dissection SN-20-16); C. esmeralda n. sp.: (e) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (f) posterior view of juxta; (g) lateral view of phallus (e to g) based on dissection SN-20- 14); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (h) lateral view of genitalic capsule with phallus; (i) posterior view of juxta; (j) lateral view of phallus ([h to j] based on dissection SN-20-34); C. castanya n. sp.: (k) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (l) posterior view of juxta; (m) lateral view of phallus; (n) vesica everted to visualize cornuti ([k to m] based on dissection SN-20-12, [n] based on SN-20-32); C. fida n. comb.: (o) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (p) posterior view of juxta; (q) lateral view of phallus ([o to q] based on dissection SN-20-40); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (r) lateral view of genitalic capsule with phallus; (s) posterior view of juxta; (t) lateral view of phallus ([r to t] based on dissection SN-14-149); C. trinitesis n. comb.: (u) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (v) posterior view of juxta; (w) lateral view of phallus ([u to w] based on dissection SN-20-84). Scale bar = 1 mm. Drawings of C. sanmarcos n. comb. are reproduced from Nakahara et al. (2018a).

Fig. 2. Cisandina n. gen. adults, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 2. Cisandina n. gen. adults, C. lea n. comb.: (a) male lectotype of Papilio lea in dorsal view; (b) male lectotype of Papilio lea in ventral view (associated labels to the right); (c) female lectotype of Papilo junia in dorsal view; (d) female lectotype of Papilo junia in ventral view (associated labels to the right); C. esmeralda n. sp., e) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (f) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (g) male indivdual in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP-103081); (h) female individual in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP-103092); C. castanya n. sp.: (i) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (j) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (BC-DZ-139); C. fida fida n. comb.: (k) male paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (l) female lectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); C. fida directa n. ssp.: (m) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (n) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (DNA voucher LEP-14650, but sequence not obtained); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (o) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (p) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP 103661); C. trinitesis n. comb.: (q) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (r) female allotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree (LnL = −11380.331) inferred in IQ-TREE v2.0.5, showing monophyly of Cisandina n. gen., as well as relationships of taxa within these genera. Numbers beside branches are SH-aLRT/UFBoot values. HT denotes holotype specimens.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

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Chemical profiling of milkweed and monarch butterfly wing extracts via mass spectrometry

Herbivores that sequester toxins are thought to have cracked the code of plant defenses. Nonetheless, coevolutionary theory predicts that plants should evolve toxic variants that also negatively impact specialists. We propose and test the selective sequestration hypothesis, that specialists preferentially sequester compounds that are less toxic to themselves, while maintaining toxicity to enemies. Using chemically distinct plants, we show that monarch butterflies sequester only a subset of cardenolides from milkweed leaves that are less potent against their target enzyme (Na+/K+-ATPase) compared to several dominant cardenolides from leaves. However, sequestered compounds remain highly potent against sensitive Na+/K+-ATPases found in most predators. We confirmed this differential toxicity with mixtures of purified cardenolides from leaves and butterflies. The genetic basis of monarch adaptation to sequestered cardenolides was also confirmed with transgenic Drosophila that were CRISPR-edited with the monarch's Na+/K+-ATPase. Thus, the monarch's selective sequestration appears to reduce self-harm while maintaining protection from enemies.

Fig. 4. 2B in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 4. 2B-PLS analysis of T. septentrionis. (A) Forewing size; (B) Forewing shape; (C) Hindwing size; and (D) Hindwing shape.

Fig. 7 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 7. Forewing shape analysis. Mlp female (A) % of variance, (B) PC1, (C) PC2, (D) PC3. Mlp male (E) % of variance, (F) PC1, (G) PC2, (H) PC3. Wyn female (I) % of variance, (J) PC1, (K) PC2, (L) PC3. Wyn male (M) % of variance, (N) PC1, (O) PC2, (P) PC3.

Fig. 10 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1. T in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 1. T. septentrionis forewing (A) with 25 landmarks; hindwing (B) with 18 landmarks. male pouch represented in white circle.

Fig. 9 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 9. Morphospace analysis. (A) forewing PCs morphospace analysis, PC1 vs. PC2; (B) forewing CVs morphospace analysis; (C) hindwing PCs morphospace analysis, PC1 vs. PC2; (D) hindwing CVs morphospace analysis. Alphabet code used in image – first three letter code indicated as the collection site and fourth letter for sex (male or female). For eg: MlpF – Malappuram female.

Fig. 6 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 6. Sexual wing asymmetry (male vs. female) of T. septentrionis wings validated by Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Forewing of T. septentrionis (A–D) and hindwing of T. septentrionis (E–H). Alphabet code used in image – first three letter code indicated as the collection site and fourth letter for sex (male or female). For eg: MlpF – Malappuram female.

Fig. 8 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 8. Hindwing shape analysis. Mlp female (A) % of variance, (B) PC1, (C) PC2, (D) PC3. Mlp male (E) % of variance, (F) PC1, (G) PC2, (H) PC3. Wyn female (I) % of variance, (J) PC1, (K) PC2, (L) PC3. Wyn male (M) % of variance, (N) PC1, (O) PC2, (P) PC3.

Fig. 5 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 5. Wing asymmetry (right or left) of T. septentrionis wings validated by Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Forewing of T. septentrionis (A–D) and hindwing of T. septentrionis (E–H). Alphabet code used in image – first three letter code indicated as the collection site and fourth letter for sex (male or female), fifth letter for wing side (right or left). For eg: MlpFR – Malappuram female right.

Fig. 2. 30 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology

Fig. 2. 30 years mean climate data (A) Mlp region mean temperature, and precipitation; (B) Mean temperature of Mlp; (C) Wyn region mean temperature, and precipitation; (B) Mean temperature of Wyn.