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Figure 12 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 12. Nerudia poma sp. nov.; male and female from Argentina, Salta, 15 km NW Campo Quijano (ZFMK Ar 23884, ZFMK Arg184). A, tip of female pedipalp, dorsal view; arrow points at tarsal organ. B, female palpal tarsal organ. C, left female ALS and PMS. D, left female PLS. E, male left tarsus 1 tip, prolateral view. F, male left tarsus 4 tip, prolateral view; arrow: comb-hair. Scale lines: 10 µm (A, C–F), 2 µm (B).

Figure 33 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 33. Nerudia atacama; holotype male and paratype female from Chile, Atacama, S of Domeyko (AMNH). A–C, left male palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal and retrolateral views. D–F, left male genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. G, H, male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. I, cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figure 16 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 16. Nerudia centaura sp. nov.; non-type male and non-type female from Argentina, Catamarca, 20 km E Paso de San Francisco (ZFMK Ar 23891). A–C, left male palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow points at dorsal hump at basis of procursus. D–F, left male genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. G, H, male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. I, cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figure 22 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 22. Nerudia trigo sp. nov.; paratype male and paratype female from Argentina, Salta, between Alemanía and Cafayate (ZFMK Ar 23894). A–C, left male palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. D–F, left male genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. G, H, male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. I, cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figure 40 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 40. Nerudia poma sp. nov., male chromosome plates. Panels B, C contain a scheme of the sex chromosome multivalent (blue – X chromosomes, orange – Y chromosome). A, mitotic metaphase, 2n = 26. Note the predomination of biarmed chromosomes. The Y chromosome is the smallest element of the complement. B, C, metaphases I consisting of 11 bivalents and a sex chromosome multivalent comprising three X chromosomes and a Y chromosome. Multivalent delimited by dotted line. D, metaphase II containing X chromosomes (n = 14). It is impossible to distinguish the X chromosomes from other chromosomes. E, early metaphase II containing the Y chromosome (n = 12). The Y chromosome is the smallest chromosome of the plate. F, late metaphase II containing the X chromosomes (n = 14). Note the predomination of biarmed chromosomes. This plate was used to construct the haploid karyotype of the species (Fig. 41). Abbreviations: m, sex chromosome multivalent; X, X chromosome; Y, Y chromosome. Scale lines: 10 µm.

Figure 17 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 17. Nerudia centaura sp. nov.; non-type female from Argentina, Catamarca, 20 km E Paso de San Francisco (ZFMK Ar 23891). A, abdomen and epigynum, ventral view. B, anterior median tube-like structure in internal genitalia (arrow). C, posterior median structures in internal genitalia; arrow: 'receptacle'. D, E, cleared genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (A, D, E), 0.1 mm (B, C).

Figure 7 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 7. Nerudia colina sp. nov.; male and female from Argentina, Jujuy, between San Salvador and Purmamarca (ZFMK Ar 23883 and ZFMK Arg178). A, male clypeus and chelicerae, frontal view (arrows point at indentations for genital bulb at rest). B, female prosoma, frontal view. C, left male chelicera, frontal view. D, female chelicerae and right palp, proximal segments, lateral view. E, male palpal tarsal organ. F, female tarsal organ on tarsus 1. Scale lines: 20 µm (A), 100 µm (B, D), 10 µm (C), 2 µm (E, F).

Figure 37 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 37. Epigyna of two formally undescribed putative species, ventral views. A, Nerudia 'Arg23a' from Argentina, San Juan, 35 km W Las Flores (ZFMK Ar 23911). B, N. 'Arg163' from Argentina, La Rioja, SE Aimogasta, 'site 2' (ZFMK Arg163). Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figure 25 in High and dry: integrative taxonomy of the Andean spider genus Nerudia (Araneae: Pholcidae)

Figure 25. Nerudia guirnalda sp. nov.; paratype male and paratype female from Argentina, Catamarca, El Rodeo (ZFMK Ar 23896). A–C, left male palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow points at prolateral– ventral ridge. D–F, left male genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. G, H, male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. I, cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figure 11 in A widespread Ponto-Caspian invader with a mistaken identity: integrative taxonomy elucidates the confusing taxonomy of Trichogammarus trichiatus (= Echinogammarus) (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Figure 11. Chaetogammarus trichiatus, ♂ (A–D, F–J) and ♀ (E, K), Shahe River, Krasnodar region. A–C, epimeral plates 1–3. D, E, telson. F, pleopod 1. G, retinacula of pleopod 1. H, uropod 1. I, uropod 2; J, K, uropod 3.

Figure 8 in A widespread Ponto-Caspian invader with a mistaken identity: integrative taxonomy elucidates the confusing taxonomy of Trichogammarus trichiatus (= Echinogammarus) (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Figure 8. Chaetogammarus trichiatus, ♂ (A–C, F, G, I) and ♀ (D, E, H), Shahe River, Krasnodar region. A, antenna 1. B, accessory flagellum of antenna 1. C, D, antenna 2. E, F, gnathopod 1. G, distoventral corner of chela of gnathopod 1. H, I, gnathopod 2.

Figure 5. Morphological differentiation among the focal taxa. A in A widespread Ponto-Caspian invader with a mistaken identity: integrative taxonomy elucidates the confusing taxonomy of Trichogammarus trichiatus (= Echinogammarus) (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Figure 5. Morphological differentiation among the focal taxa. A, principal components analysis showing variability in morphospace across the first three axes (PC 1–PC 3) for males (top) and females (below). B, dendrogram based on squared Mahalanobis distances. C, boxplots depicting variation in length of selected morphological traits (corrected for body size).

Figure 3 in A widespread Ponto-Caspian invader with a mistaken identity: integrative taxonomy elucidates the confusing taxonomy of Trichogammarus trichiatus (= Echinogammarus) (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Figure 3. Mitochondrial (COI and 16S) time-calibrated tree and species delimitation results. Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities (not shown if <0.7). Turquoise bars indicate 95% confidence intervals for node ages (shown only for supported nodes). Bars on the right depict the results of the species delimitation analyses (abbreviations: Morpho, morphology; BIN, Barcode Index number; GMYC, General Mixed Yule Coalescent; PTP, Poisson Tree Processes; ASAP, Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning; PDT, Patristic Distance Threshold). Red stars indicate the clades of Chaetogammarus ischnus and Chaetogammarus trichiatus that were used in the multilocus Bayes factors species delimitation approach.

Figure 26 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 26. COI gene tree by maximum likelihood (ML) and species delimitation of Petrarca. Bootstrap support for neighbour-joining (NJ) and ML and posterior probability for Bayesian inference (BI) are presented at the main nodes. Results of species delimitation were presented by vertical bars, and the numbers in the black boxes were as follows: 1–3, results of ASAP with three highest ASAP-score; 4, 5, results of PTP method with maximum likelihood and the highest Bayesian supported solution; 6, result of GMYC.

Figure 25 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 25. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, thoracopods and penis, SEM. A, thoracopod 1. B, ctenoid scales on thoracopod 3. C, rudimentary abdomen, ventral side. D, distal end of penis. Abbreviations: pe, penis (base); rab, rudimentary abdomen; thp1, thoracopod 1. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 21 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 21. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., holotype, thoracopods, penis and abdomen. A, rudimentary setiform thoracopod 1. B, left thoracopods 2–6 (numbered) with groups of seminal receptacles. C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, distal part of penis. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 24 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 24. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, mouthparts, SEM. A, labrum, lateroventral view. B, C, distal part and cutting edge of mandible respectively (tiny setae on cutting edge indicated by arrowheads). D, dense thin setae on proximal half of outer margin of mandible. E, maxillule. F, G, middle and lower parts of cutting edge of maxillule. H, basal 'pore-field' of maxillule. I, maxillules and maxillae. J, thickened and wrinkled cuticle on distal surface of maxilla. K, ctenoid scale on lateral surface of maxilla. Abbreviations: mx1, maxillules; mx2, maxillae. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs. A, antenna 1. B, antenna 2. C in A widespread Ponto-Caspian invader with a mistaken identity: integrative taxonomy elucidates the confusing taxonomy of Trichogammarus trichiatus (= Echinogammarus) (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs. A, antenna 1. B, antenna 2. C, basis of pereopod 7. D, pereopod 3. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 22 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 22. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratypes, general view and mantle (carapace) structures, SEM. A, general view, lateral view, left side. B, external surface of mantle, central part, papillae coloured in magenta. C, external surface of mantle with papillae, ventral side. D, tip of papilla with central micropore. E, habitus with left valve removed (first abdominal segment numbered). F, surface of internal cuticle of mantle with two tiny pores. Abbreviations: oc, oral cone; pe, penis; thp2–6, thoracopods. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 19 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 19. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., general view, light microscopy (A, B, holotype; C, D, paratypes). A, B, lateral view, right and left sides, respectively. C, adult specimen, right side. D, young specimen, left side. Scale bars in µm.