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Fig. 9 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 9. Phylogeny of Apheliscidae. This figure converts a simplified version of the cladogram in Fig. 8B into a phylogenetic tree, incorporating the authors' subjective opinions of the likelihood that certain taxa may be directly ancestral to taxa included in the analysis. The distinctive but poorly known louisinine Monshyus is excluded from this figure, as available material is insufficient to confidently reconstruct its phylogenetic position. Gray bars indicate taxa not included in the analysis that may help complete the record of potential lineages. Biochronology follows Lofgren et al. (2004). Temporal correlations of North American faunal zones follow Williamson (1996), Gingerich (2003), and Lofgren et al. (2004). Correlation of European faunas with North American faunas is largely based on the discussion in Lofgren et al. (2004) and on the correlations of European faunas to the marine record in Smith and Smith (2003).

Fig. 3 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 3. Upper teeth of Gingerichia geoteretes gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Glennie Quarry, Montana, USA. A. Right M1?, UM 54892 in occlusal view. B. Right P4, UM 54891 in occlusal (B1), posterior (B2), and buccal (B3) views.

Fig. 6 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 6. Comparison of the dentitions of Gingerichia spp. from the early Tiffanian of Montana, USA and Alberta Canada (A–D) and Phenacodaptes sabulosus from the middle Tiffanian of Wyoming (E, F). A–C. Composite upper dentition of Gingerichia spp. in occlusal view. A. G. hystrix, left M2? (reversed), UALVP 43088. B. G. hystrix, right M1?, UALVP 42546. C. G. geoteretes, right P4, UM 54891. D. G. geoteretes, right dentary with p4–m3, UM 84535 in occlusal (D1, reversed) and buccal (D2) views. E. P. sabulosus, left maxilla with P4–M3, YPM:PU 17591 in occlusal view (reversed). F. P. sabulosus, left dentary with c, p2–m3 (p4–m3 shown), YPM:PU 14398 in occlusal (F1) and buccal (F2, reversed) views. Scales bars 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 1. Dentaries of Gingerichia geoteretes gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Douglass Quarry, Montana, USA. A. Holotype, left p4–m3, UM 83932 in occlusal (A1, stereophotograph) and buccal (A2) views. B. Right p4–m3 (reversed), UM 84535 in occlusal (B1, stereophotograph) and buccal (B2) views.

Fig. 5 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 5. Upper teeth of Gingerichia hystrix gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Cochrane 2 locality, Alberta, Canada. A. Right M1?, UALVP 42546 in occlusal (A1), posterior (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. Right M1 or M2, UALVP 25063 in buccal view. C. Left M2? (reversed), UALVP 43088 in occlusal view. D. Right M1 or M2, UALVP 43084 in anterior view.

Fig. 8 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 8. Phylogenetic relationships of "hyopsodontids," mioclaenids, and Aphronorus. A. Results with all characters unordered. B. Results with some characters ordered. In A, black lines represent the strict consensus of six trees, while in B, black lines represent the strict consensus of ten trees. In both trees, the gray line indicates the position of Aphronorus when that taxon is included. In both cases, with Aphronorus included, the number of most parsimonious trees remains the same, while inclusion of Aphronorus does not affect the topology of the remainder of the ingroup. See text for tree statistics. The consensus presented in B is our preferred tree. Named nodes correspond to the new classification proposed in this work.

Fig. 2 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 2. Lower teeth of Gingerichia geoteretes gen. et sp. nov. from the early Tiffanian Douglass (A, C) and Glennie (B) quarries, both Montana, USA. A. Left m2, UM 84536 in buccal (A1), occlusal (A2), lingual (A3), anterior (A4) and posterior (A5) views. B. Left p4, UM 54890 in buccal (B1), occlusal (B2), and lingual (B3) views. C. Right p2 or p3 (reversed), UM 83937 in buccal (C1), occlusal (C2), and lingual (C3) views.

Fig. 7 in A new apheliscine "condylarth" mammal from the late Paleocene of Montana and Alberta and the phylogeny of "hyopsodontids"

Fig. 7. Comparison of phylogenetically significant dental features in Apheliscidae, Hyopsodus, and other Hyopsodontidae to illustrate the differences between apheliscids and hyopsodontids. A. Litomylus dissentaneus, left m2, USNM 9318 (Torrejonian, Montana, USA). B. Phenacodaptes sabulosus, left m2, YPM:PU 19504 (Tiffanian, Wyoming, USA). C. Aletodon gunnelli, right M2, UM 63307 (Clarkforkian, Wyoming, USA). D. Hyopsodus latidens, left m2, USNM 525587 (Wasatchian, Wyoming, USA). E. Hyopsodus latidens, right M2, USNM 525388 (Wasatchian, Wyoming, USA). F. Choeroclaenus turgidunculus, left m2, USNM 15465 (Puercan, New Mexico, USA). G. Promioclaenus lemuroides, left m2, USNM 407572 (Torrejonian, New Mexico, USA). H. Litaletes disjunctus, right M2, USNM 9324 (Torrejonian, Montana, USA). The left column compares paraconids (asterisk) on left m2 in occlusal (A1, D1, F1) and lingual (A2, D2, F2) views. The D3 represents the oblique anterobuccal view of the tooth figured also in D1 and D2. The paraconid is low and median in apheliscids but tall, lingual, and basally fused with the metaconid in hyopsodontids. The center column compares postentocristids on left m2 in oblique anterobuccal view. The postentocristid is notched between the hypoconulid and entoconid in apheliscids, while it forms a smooth crest between the hypoconulid and entoconid in hyopsodontids. The right column compares the positions of the anterior cingulum (ant. cing.) and posterior cingulum (post. cing.) on right M2 in lingual view. In apheliscids, both cingula arise from the same level on the base of the protocone, while in hyopsodontids, the posterior cingulum arises higher on the protocone than does the anterior cingulum. Scale bars 1 mm.

Figure 1. A in The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology

Figure 1. A North American giant salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) shows the characteristic morphology of the cryptobranchids; large robust dorso-ventrally flattened head and body, small eyes, thick legs with stubby digits, lateral folds of skin for respiration, and sensory papillae for detecting water movement and prey (laterally flattened tail not shown). Image and copyright by Ray Miebaum.

Figure 4 in The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology

Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree showing ancestry of cryptobranchids and their hypothesized relationships to other amphibians. Adapt- ed from Roelants et al. 2007.

Figure 6 in The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology

Figure 6. An early figure of Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus, showing the dorso-ventrally flattened tail, the very broad head, and massive bulk of the Andrias species. The skeleton has remained almost unchanged for tens of millions of years. Image from G. Mösch, Der Japanische Riesensalaman- der und der fossile Salamander von Oeningen, Neujahrsblatt der NGZH Nr. 89, 1887. Cryptobranchus japoniens Y. de Hoev. (Japanischer Riesensalamander.) Nach einer Photographie gezeichnet, in etwas mehr als 1/3 der natürlichen Grösse.

Figure 3 in The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology

Figure 3. The Late Oligocene to Early Pliocene (23.0 to 5.3 MYA) species A. scheuchzeri was distributed from Central Europe to the Zaissan Basin on the border of Kazakhstan and China. Fossil room II, Teylers Museum, The Netherlands Andrias scheuchzeri Oeningen. Courtesy of: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrias_scheuchzeri

Figure 2 in The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology

Figure 2. Fossil salamanders strongly support an east Asian (red ellipse) origin for the Cryptobranchoidea. The continents were distributed very differently in the Mid-Jurassic (170 MYA) before continental drift moved them to their present locations. However, Eurasia and North America remained in the Northern Hemisphere. By the Late Pliocene (3 MYA) the continents had moved to their present positions. Image courtesy of palaeos site: http://palaeos.com/mesozoic/jurassic/midjura.html. Adapted from Gao and Shubin, 2003.

Figure 5 a, b in The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology

Figure 5 a, b. Taking tissue samples from tail clips (Image: Amy McMillan) or blood samples (Image: Jeff Briggler) enables conservation geneticists to assess an individual's relationship to other individual cryptobranchids and the relationship of its population to other populations of the same species.

Fig. 7 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 7. Length (l) and height (h) ratio of early Tyrrhenocythere species from Pezinok (Danube Basin). The male valves are longer than the female ones.

Fig. 6 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 6. Marginal pore canals on anterior margin and their transformation from straight Hemicytheria arrangement to brush−like Tyrrhenocythere one. A. Hemicytheria reniformis (Reuss, 1850), Hemicytheria folliculosa (Reuss, 1850), Hemicytheria omphalodes (Reuss, 1850), original by author. B. Hemicytheria biornata (Zalányi, 1944), original by author, Hemicytheria maeotica Olteanu 1989 after Olteanu and Vekua (1989). C. Hemicytheria major Sokač, 1972. D. Hemicytheria marginata Sokač, 1972 after Sokać (1972). E. Tyrrhenocythere transitivum sp. nov. F. Tyrrhenocythere pezinokensis (Jiříček, 1985). G. Tyrrhenocythere rastislavi sp. nov. original by author.

Fig. 2 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 2. Geographical sketch (A) and lithological column (B) of Pezinok clay pit (Pipík 1998). C. Detail of the sequence with Tyrrhenocythere mirror swamps and shallow water sedimentation on the bord of freshwater−/miohaline lake (Baráth et al. 1999).

Fig. 5. Late Miocene hemicytherid ostracods from the layer 36 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 5. Late Miocene hemicytherid ostracods from the layer 36+37A in Pezinok, Slovakia. A–C, I, L. Tyrrhenocythere transitivum sp. nov. A. RV♂, paratype, SNM RP27−21, external lateral view. B. LV♂, paratype, SNM RP27−18, external lateral view. C. LV♀, paratype, SNM RP26−4−4, external lateral view. I. LV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−19, internal lateral view; I1, central muscle scars; I2, detail of hinge. L. RV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−22, internal lateral view, detail of hinge. D. Tyrrhenocythere sp. 1, RV, SNM RP27−2, external lateral view; D1, SEM photo; D2, valve in transparent light. F. Tyrrhenocythere sp. 2, RV♀, SNM RP28−2, external lateral view. G, J. Tyrrhenocythere pezinokensis (Jiříček, 1985). G. LV♀, SNM RP27−8, internal lateral view, G1, central muscle scars; G2, detail of hinge. J. RV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−5, internal lateral view, detail of hinge. E, H, K. Tyrrhenocythere rastislavi sp. nov. E. RV♂, paratype, SNM RP26−16−1, external lateral view. H. RV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−15, internal lateral view; H1, central muscle scars; H2, detail of hinge. K. LV♀, paratype, SNM RP27−12, internal lateral view, detail of hinge.

Fig. 8 in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 8. Change of salinity tolerance in the course of phylogeny from fully marine/brackish Aurila through brackish Hemicytheria to brackish/freshwater Tyrrhenocythere; black, fully marine; grey, brackish; white, freshwater/oligohaline.

Fig. 1. A in Phylogeny, palaeoecology, and invasion of non-marine waters by the late Miocene hemicytherid ostracod Tyrrhenocythere from Lake Pannon

Fig. 1. A. Palaeogeographical map of Europe in the upper Miocene (9.5 Ma) (after Steininger and Rögl 1985). B. Lake Pannon in a time of maximum flooding surface in Pannonian zone E (Spiniferites paradoxus Biochron) (after Kováč 2000).